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REPORTABLE
IN THE SUPREME COURT OF INDIA
CRIMINAL/CIVIL ORIGINAL JURISDICTION
WRIT PETITION (CRIMINAL) NO.167 OF 2012
SHREYA SINGHAL … PETITIONER
VERSUS
UNION OF INDIA … RESPONDENT
WITH
WRIT PETITION (CIVIL) NO.21 OF 2013
WRIT PETITION (CIVIL) NO.23 OF 2013
WRIT PETITION (CIVIL) NO. 97 OF 2013
WRIT PETITION (CRIMINAL) NO.199 OF 2013
WRIT PETITION (CIVIL) NO. 217 OF 2013
WRIT PETITION (CRIMINAL) NO.222 OF 2013
WRIT PETITION (CRIMINAL) NO.225 OF 2013
WRIT PETITION (CIVIL) NO.758 OF 2014
WRIT PETITION (CRIMINAL) NO.196 OF 2014
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!"0&+'% %'s"+%!' "% a !"00+(i!ai"(*'i!'? "%
6c 7 a( ')'!%"(i! 0ai) "% ')'!%"(i! 0ai)0'ssa2' #"% h' &+%&"s' "# !a+si(2a(("a(!' "% i(!"('(i'(!' "% "*'!'i' "% " 0is)'a* h' a**%'ss'' "%%'!i&i'( ab"+ h' "%i2i( "# s+!h0'ssa2's:
sha)) b' &+(ishab)' $ih i0&%is"(0'( #"% a '%0$hi!h 0a '4'(* " h%'' 'a%s a(* $ih #i('.
Explanation.> F"% h' &+%&"s's "# his s'!i"(:
'%0s =')'!%"(i! 0ai)B a(* =')'!%"(i! 0ai)0'ssa2'B 0'a(s a 0'ssa2' "% i(#"%0ai"( !%'a'*"% %a(s0i'* "% %'!'i'* "( a !"0&+'%: !"0&+'%ss'0: !"0&+'% %'s"+%!' "% !"00+(i!ai"(*'i!' i(!)+*i(2 aa!h0'(s i( '4: i0a2': a+*i":i*'" a(* a( "h'% ')'!%"(i! %'!"%*: $hi!h 0a b'%a(s0i'* $ih h' 0'ssa2'.B1
1
The genealogy of this Section may be traced back to Section 10(2)(a) of the U.K. Post Office
(mendment) ct! 1"#$! %hich made it an offence to send any message by tele&hone %hich is grosslyoffensi'e or of an indecent! obscene! or menacing character. This Section %as sbstantially re&rodced by
Section of the UK Post Office ct! 1"$# as follo%s*66. Prohibition of sending offensive or false telephone messages or false telegrams,
etc.
+f any &erson,
(a)sends any message by tele&hone %hich is grossly offensi'e or of an indecent! obscene
or menacing character -(b)sends any message by tele&hone! or any telegram! %hich he kno%s to be false! for the
&r&ose of casing annoyance! incon'enience or needless aniety to any other &erson - or
(c)&ersistently makes tele&hone calls %ithot reasonable case and for any sch &r&ose
as aforesaid!
he shall be liable on smmary con'iction to a fine not eceeding ten &onds! or to
im&risonment for a term not eceeding one month! or to both.This Section in trn %as re&laced by Section /" of the ritish Telecommnication ct! 1"1 and
Section /# of the ritish Telecommnication ct! 1"/. +n its &resent form in the UK! it is Section 12 ofthe Telecommnication ct! 200# %hich is rele'ant and %hich is as follo%s*3
127. Improper use of public electronic communications network
(1) &erson is gilty of an offence if he 3
(a) sends by means of a &blic electronic commnications net%ork a
message or other matter that is grossly offensi'e or of an indecent! obscene
or menacing character- or
(b) case any sch message or matter to be so sent.
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-. A %')a'* !ha))'(2' is a)s" 0a*' " S'!i"( 85A
i(%"*+!'* b h' sa0' a0'(*0'( $hi!h %'a*s as #"))"$s617 Wh'%' h' C'(%a)G"'%(0'( "% a( "# is "##i!'%s s&'!ia))a+h"%is'* b i i( his b'ha)# is sais#i'* ha i is('!'ssa% "% '4&'*i'( s" " *": i( h' i('%'s "#s"'%'i2( a(* i('2%i "# I(*ia: *'#'(!' "# I(*ia:s'!+%i "# h' Sa': #%i'(*) %')ai"(s $ih #"%'i2(Sa's "% &+b)i! "%*'% "% #"% &%''(i(2 i(!i'0'( "
h' !"00issi"( "# a( !"2(iab)' "##'(!' %')ai(2" ab"': i 0a s+b'! " h' &%"isi"(s "# s+bs'!i"( 6-7: #"% %'as"(s " b' %'!"%*'* i( $%ii(2: b"%*'%: *i%'! a( a2'(! "# h' G"'%(0'( "%i('%0'*ia% " b)"!@ #"% a!!'ss b h' &+b)i! "%!a+s' " b' b)"!@'* #"% a!!'ss b h' &+b)i! a(i(#"%0ai"( 2'('%a'*: %a(s0i'*: %'!'i'*: s"%'*"% h"s'* i( a( !"0&+'% %'s"+%!'.
6-7 Th' &%"!'*+%' a(* sa#'2+a%*s s+b'! " $hi!h
s+!h b)"!@i(2 #"% a!!'ss b h' &+b)i! 0a b'!a%%i'* "+: sha)) b' s+!h as 0a b' &%'s!%ib'*.
6,7 Th' i('%0'*ia% $h" #ai)s " !"0&) $ih h'*i%'!i"( iss+'* +(*'% s+bs'!i"( 617 sha)) b'
(2) &erson is gilty of an offence if! for the &r&ose of casing
annoyance! incon'enience or needless aniety to another! he3
(a) sends by means of a &blic electronic commnications net%ork! a
message that he kno%s to be false!(b) cases sch a message to be sent- or
(c) &ersistently makes se of a &blic electronic commnications net%ork.
(#) &erson gilty of an offence nder this section shall be liable! on
smmary con'iction! to im&risonment for a term not eceeding si months
or to a fine not eceeding le'el $ on the standard scale! or to both.
(/) Sbsections (1) and (2) do not a&&ly to anything done in the corse of
&ro'iding a &rogramme ser'ice (%ithin the meaning of the roadcasting ct
1""0 (c./2)).
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&+(ish'* $ih a( i0&%is"(0'( #"% a '%0 $hi!h0a '4'(* " s''( 'a%s a(* sha)) a)s" b' )iab)'" #i('.B
,. Th' Sa'0'( "# Ob'!s a(* R'as"(s a&&'(*'* " h'
i)) $hi!h i(%"*+!'* h' A0'(*0'( A! sa'* i( &a%a2%a&h ,
ha<
=,. A %a&i* i(!%'as' i( h' +s' "# !"0&+'% a(*i('%(' has 2i'( %is' " ('$ #"%0s "# !%i0's )i@'&+b)ishi(2 s'4+a)) '4&)i!i 0a'%ia)s i( ')'!%"(i!#"%0: i*'" "'+%is0 a(* b%'a!h "# !"(#i*'(ia)ia(* )'a@a2' "# *aa b i('%0'*ia%: '!"00'%!'#%a+*s )i@' &'%s"(ai"( !"00"() @("$( asPhishi(2: i*'(i h'# a(* "##'(si' 0'ssa2'sh%"+2h !"00+(i!ai"( s'%i!'s. S": &'(a)&%"isi"(s a%' %'3+i%'* " b' i(!)+*'* i( h'I(#"%0ai"( T'!h(")"2 A!: h' I(*ia( P'(a) !"*':h' I(*ia( Ei*'(!' A! a(* h' !"*' "# C%i0i(a)P%"!'*+%' " &%''( s+!h !%i0's.B
. Th' &'ii"('%s !"('(* ha h' '% basis "# S'!i"( 88A
ha i has 2i'( %is' " ('$ #"%0s "# !%i0's is i(!"%%'!: a(*
ha S'!i"(s 88 " 8;C a(* a%i"+s S'!i"(s "# h' I(*ia(
P'(a) C"*' 6$hi!h $i)) b' %'#'%%'* " h'%'i(a#'%7 a%' 2""*
'("+2h " *'a) $ih a)) h's' !%i0's.
. Th' &'ii"('%s a%i"+s !"+(s') %ais'* a )a%2' (+0b'% "#
&"i(s as " h' !"(si+i"(a)i "# S'!i"( 88A. A!!"%*i(2 "
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A)s": h' %i2h "# i'$'%s is i(#%i(2'* as s+!h !hi))i(2 '##'!
$"+)* (" 2i' h'0 h' b'('#i "# 0a( sha*'s "# 2%' i(
'%0s "# a%i"+s &"i(s "# i'$ ha !"+)* b' i'$'* "'% h'
i('%('.
Th' &'ii"('%s a)s" !"('(* ha h'i% %i2hs +(*'%
A%i!)'s 1 a(* -1 a%' b%'a!h'* i(as0+!h h'%' is ("
i('))i2ib)' *i##'%'(ia b'$''( h"s' $h" +s' h' i('%(' a(*
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"b'! a(* $"+)* #a)) #"+) "# A%i!)' 1 i( a( !as'.
8. I( %'&): M%. T+sha% M'ha: )'a%('* A**ii"(a) S")i!i"%
G'('%a) *'#'(*'* h' !"(si+i"(a)i "# S'!i"( 88A. H'
a%2+'* ha h' )'2is)a+%' is i( h' b's &"sii"( " +(*'%sa(*
a(* a&&%'!ia' h' (''*s "# h' &'"&)'. Th' C"+% $i)):
h'%'#"%': i('%#'%' $ih h' )'2is)ai' &%"!'ss "() $h'( a
sa+' is !)'a%) i")ai' "# h' %i2hs !"(#'%%'* "( h' !ii'(
+(*'% Pa%III "# h' C"(si+i"(. Th'%' is a &%'s+0&i"( i(
#a"+% "# h' !"(si+i"(a)i "# a( '(a!0'(. F+%h'%: h'
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C"+% $"+)* s" !"(s%+' a sa+' " 0a@' i $"%@ab)' a(* i(
*"i(2 s" !a( %'a* i(" i "% %'a* *"$( h' &%"isi"(s ha a%'
i0&+2('*. Th' C"(si+i"( *"'s (" i0&"s' i0&"ssib)'
sa(*a%*s "# *''%0i(i(2 a)i*i. M'%' &"ssibi)i "# ab+s' "# a
&%"isi"( !a((" b' a 2%"+(* " *'!)a%' a &%"isi"( i(a)i*.
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$ih ("') 0'h"*s "# *is+%bi(2 "h'% &'"&)'s %i2hs b +si(2
h' i('%(' as a "") " *" s". F+%h'%: a2+'('ss is (" a
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)a%2' (+0b'% "# +*20'(s b'#"%' +s b"h #%"0 his C"+% a(*
#%"0 "'%s'as " b+%'ss his s+b0issi"(s.
F**/- -, ;** %/ E617 A))
!ii'(s sha)) ha' h' %i2h>
6a7 " #%''*"0 "# s&''!h a(* '4&%'ssi"(?B
;. A%i!)' 156-7 sa's<
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A+&* 19. P-+*+&-% -, *+&% &+'
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!"('0& "# !"+%: *'#a0ai"( "% i(!i'0'( " a(
"##'(!'.B
. Th' P%'a0b)' "# h' C"(si+i"( "# I(*ia inter alia s&'a@s
"# )ib'% "# h"+2h: '4&%'ssi"(: b')i'#: #aih a(* $"%shi&. I
a)s" sas ha I(*ia is a s"'%'i2( *'0"!%ai! %'&+b)i!. I
!a((" b' "'% '0&hasi'* ha $h'( i !"0's " *'0"!%a!:
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&a%a0"+( si2(i#i!a(!' +(*'% "+% !"(si+i"(a) s!h'0'.
5. Va%i"+s +*20'(s "# his C"+% ha' %'#'%%'* " h'
i0&"%a(!' "# #%''*"0 "# s&''!h a(* '4&%'ssi"( b"h #%"0 h'
&"i( "# i'$ "# h' )ib'% "# h' i(*ii*+a) a(* #%"0 h' &"i( "#
i'$ "# "+% *'0"!%ai! #"%0 "# 2"'%(0'(. F"% '4a0&)': i(
h' 'a%) !as' "# R-*' T . ;++* -, M/'" 159
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S.C.R. 5 a 89-: his C"+% sa'* ha #%''*"0 "# s&''!h )a
a h' #"+(*ai"( "# a)) *'0"!%ai! "%2a(iai"(s. I( ;
P*' (P) L+/. = O'. . U%&-% -, I%/&" 158- , S.C.R. -
a 88: a C"(si+i"( '(!h "# his C"+% sai* #%''*"0 "#
s&''!h a(* '4&%'ssi"( "# "&i(i"( is "# &a%a0"+( i0&"%a(!'
+(*'% a *'0"!%ai! !"(si+i"( $hi!h '(isa2's !ha(2's i(
h' !"0&"sii"( "# )'2is)a+%'s a(* 2"'%(0'(s a(* 0+s b'
&%'s'%'*. I( a s'&a%a' !"(!+%%i(2 +*20'( '2:J. sai*: i(
B*%%*++ C-*% = C-. = O'. . U%&-% -, I%/& = O' .:
15;, - S.C.R. ;; a -5: ha h' #%''*"0 "# s&''!h a(* "#
h' &%'ss is h' A%@ "# h' C"'(a( "# D'0"!%a! b'!a+s'
&+b)i! !%ii!is0 is 'ss'(ia) " h' $"%@i(2 "# is i(si+i"(s.-
19. E3+a)): i( ;. >$'-- . >%%& = A%.: 6-9197
SCC 899 his C"+% sa'*: i( &a%a2%a&h ha h' i0&"%a(!'
"# #%''*"0 "# s&''!h a(* '4&%'ssi"( h"+2h (" abs")+' $as
('!'ssa% as $' (''* " ")'%a' +(&"&+)a% i'$s. This %i2h
2
Incidentally, the rk of the !ovenant is perhaps the single most important focal point in "udaism.
The original ten commandments %hich the 4ord himself ga'e to 5oses %as hosed in a %ooden chest %hich %as
gold &lated and called the rk of the 6o'enant and carried by the 7e%s from &lace to &lace ntil it fond its final
re&ose in the first tem&le 3 that is the tem&le bilt by Solomon.
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%'3+i%'s h' #%'' #)"$ "# "&i(i"(s a(* i*'as 'ss'(ia) " s+sai(
h' !"))'!i' )i#' "# h' !ii'(%. Whi)' a( i(#"%0'* !ii'(% is
a &%'!"(*ii"( #"% 0'a(i(2#+) 2"'%(a(!': h' !+)+%' "# "&'(
*ia)"2+' is 2'('%a)) "# 2%'a s"!i'a) i0&"%a(!'.
11. This )as +*20'( is i0&"%a( i( ha i %'#'%s " h'
=0a%@' &)a!' "# i*'asB !"(!'& ha has &'%0'a'* A0'%i!a(
La$. This $as &+ i( h' #')i!i"+s $"%*s "# J+si!' H")0's i(
his #a0"+s *iss'( i( A' . U%&+*/ ;++*'" -9 US 818
615157: h+s<
=+ $h'( 0'( ha' %'a)i'* ha i0' has +&s'0a( #i2hi(2 #aihs: h' 0a !"0' " b')i'' ''(0"%' ha( h' b')i'' h' '% #"+(*ai"(s "# h'i%"$( !"(*+! ha h' +)i0a' 2""* *'si%'* is b''%
%'a!h'* b #%'' %a*' i( i*'asha h' b's 's "#%+h is h' &"$'% "# h"+2h " 2' is')# a!!'&'* i(h' !"0&'ii"( "# h' 0a%@': a(* ha %+h is h'"() 2%"+(* +&"( $hi!h h'i% $ish's sa#') !a( b'!a%%i'* "+. Tha a a( %a' is h' h'"% "# "+%C"(si+i"(.B
1-. J+si!' %a(*'is i( his #a0"+s !"(!+%%i(2 +*20'( i(
W&+%*: . C&,-%&" ;1 L. E*. 195 sai*<
=Th"s' $h" $"( "+% i(*'&'(*'(!' b')i''* ha
h' #i(a) '(* "# h' sa' $as " 0a@' 0'( #%'' "
*'')"& h'i% #a!+)i's: a(* ha i( is 2"'%(0'(
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h' *')ib'%ai' #"%!'s sh"+)* &%'ai) "'% h'
a%bi%a%. Th' a)+'* )ib'% b"h as a( '(* a(* as
a 0'a(s. Th' b')i''* )ib'% " b' h' s'!%' "#
ha&&i('ss a(* !"+%a2' " b' h' s'!%' "# )ib'%.
Th' b')i''* ha #%''*"0 " hi(@ as "+ $i)) a(*" s&'a@ as "+ hi(@ a%' 0'a(s i(*is&'(sab)' "
h' *is!"'% a(* s&%'a* "# &")ii!a) %+h? ha
$ih"+ #%'' s&''!h a(* ass'0b) *is!+ssi"( $"+)*
b' #+i)'? ha $ih h'0: *is!+ssi"( a##"%*s
"%*i(a%i) a*'3+a' &%"'!i"( a2ai(s h'
*iss'0i(ai"( "# ("4i"+s *"!%i('? ha h' 2%'a's
0'(a!' " #%''*"0 is a( i('% &'"&)'? ha &+b)i!
*is!+ssi"( is a &")ii!a) *+? a(* ha his sh"+)* b'
a #+(*a0'(a) &%i(!i&)' "# h' A0'%i!a(
2"'%(0'(. Th' %'!"2(i'* h' %is@s " $hi!h a))
h+0a( i(si+i"(s a%' s+b'!. + h' @('$ ha
"%*'% !a((" b' s'!+%'* 0'%') h%"+2h #'a% "#
&+(ish0'( #"% is i(#%a!i"(? ha i is haa%*"+s "
*is!"+%a2' h"+2h: h"&' a(* i0a2i(ai"(? ha #'a%
b%''*s %'&%'ssi"(? ha %'&%'ssi"( b%''*s ha'? ha
ha' 0'(a!'s sab)' 2"'%(0'(? ha h' &ah "#
sa#' )i's i( h' "&&"%+(i " *is!+ss #%'')s+&&"s'* 2%i'a(!'s a(* &%"&"s'* %'0'*i's? a(*
ha h' #ii(2 %'0'* #"% 'i) !"+(s')s is 2""*
"('s. ')i'i(2 i( h' &"$'% "# %'as"( as a&&)i'*
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!"'%!'* b )a$h' a%2+0'( "# #"%!' i( is $"%s
#"%0. R'!"2(ii(2 h' "!!asi"(a) %a((i's "#
2"'%(i(2 0a"%ii's: h' a0'(*'* h' C"(si+i"(
s" ha #%'' s&''!h a(* ass'0b) sh"+)* b'
2+a%a(''*.
F'a% "# s'%i"+s i(+% !a((" a)"(' +si#
s+&&%'ssi"( "# #%'' s&''!h a(* ass'0b). M'(
#'a%'* $i!h's a(* b+%( $"0'(. I is h' #+(!i"( "#
s&''!h " #%'' 0'( #%"0 h' b"(*a2' "# i%%ai"(a)
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#'a%s. T" +si# s+&&%'ssi"( "# #%'' s&''!h h'%'
0+s b' %'as"(ab)' 2%"+(* " #'a% ha s'%i"+s 'i)
$i)) %'s+) i# #%'' s&''!h is &%a!i!'*. Th'%' 0+s b'
%'as"(ab)' 2%"+(* " b')i'' ha h' *a(2'%
a&&%'h'(*'* is i00i('(. Th'%' 0+s b'%'as"(ab)' 2%"+(* " b')i'' ha h' 'i) " b'
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'4isi(2 )a$ '(*s i( s"0' 0'as+%' " i(!%'as' h'
&%"babi)i ha h'%' $i)) b' i")ai"( "#
i. C"(*"(ai"( "# a b%'a!h '(ha(!'s h'
&%"babi)i. E4&%'ssi"(s "# a&&%"a) a** " h'
&%"babi)i. P%"&a2ai"( "# h' !%i0i(a) sa' "# 0i(*
b 'a!hi(2 s(*i!a)is0 i(!%'as's i. A*"!a! "#
)a$b%'a@i(2 h'i2h'(s i si)) #+%h'%. + ''(
a*"!a! "# i")ai"(: h"$''% %'&%'h'(sib)'
0"%a)): is (" a +si#i!ai"( #"% *'(i(2 #%'' s&''!h
$h'%' h' a*"!a! #a))s sh"% "# i(!i'0'( a(*
h'%' is ("hi(2 " i(*i!a' ha h' a*"!a! $"+)*
b' i00'*ia') a!'* "(. Th' $i*' *i##'%'(!'
b'$''( a*"!a! a(* i(!i'0'(: b'$''(
&%'&a%ai"( a(* a'0&: b'$''( ass'0b)i(2 a(*
!"(s&i%a!: 0+s b' b"%(' i( 0i(*. I( "%*'% "s+&&"% a #i(*i(2 "# !)'a% a(* &%'s'( *a(2'% i 0+s
b' sh"$( 'ih'% ha i00'*ia' s'%i"+s i")'(!'
$as " b' '4&'!'* "% $as a*"!a'*: "% ha h'
&as !"(*+! #+%(ish'* %'as"( " b')i'' ha s+!h
a*"!a! $as h'( !"('0&)a'*.B 6a &a2' 119:
11987
1,. This )'a*s +s " a *is!+ssi"( "# $ha is h' !"('( "# h'
'4&%'ssi"( =#%''*"0 "# s&''!h a(* '4&%'ssi"(B. Th'%' a%'
h%'' !"(!'&s $hi!h a%' #+(*a0'(a) i( +(*'%sa(*i(2 h'
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%'a!h "# his 0"s basi! "# h+0a( %i2hs. Th' #i%s is
*is!+ssi"(: h' s'!"(* is a*"!a!: a(* h' hi%* is i(!i'0'(.
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h"$s"''% +(&"&+)a% is a h' h'a% "# A%i!)' 156176a7. I is
"() $h'( s+!h *is!+ssi"( "% a*"!a! %'a!h's h' )'') "#
i(!i'0'( ha A%i!)' 156-7 @i!@s i(., I is a his sa2' ha a
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i('4"%ab) " "% '(*s " !a+s' &+b)i! *is"%*'% "% '(*s "
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3
good eam&le of the difference bet%een ad'ocacy and incitement is 5ark ntony8s s&eech in
Shakes&eare8s immortal classic 7lis 6aesar. 5ark ntony begins catiosly. rts is chastised for calling 7lis
6aesar ambitios and is re&eatedly said to be an 9honorable man:. ;e then sho%s the cro%d 6aesar8s mantle and
describes %ho strck 6aesar %here. +t is at this &oint! after the interTO>?3 @ood friends! s%eet friends! let me not stir yo &
To sch a sdden flood of mtiny.
They that ha'e done this deed are honorable*
Ahat &ri'ate griefs they ha'e! alas! + kno% not!
That made them do it* they are %ise and honorable!
nd %ill! no dobt! %ith reasons ans%er yo.
+ come not! friends! to steal a%ay yor hearts*+ am no orator! as rts is-
t! as yo kno% me all! a &lain blnt man!
That lo'e my friend- and that they kno% fll %ell
That ga'e me &blic lea'e to s&eak of him*
Bor + ha'e neither %it! nor %ords! nor %orth!
ction! nor tterance! nor the &o%er of s&eech!To stir menCs blood* + only s&eak right on-
+ tell yo that %hich yo yorsel'es do kno%-Sho% yo s%eet 6aesarCs %onds! &oor &oor dmb moths!
nd bid them s&eak for me* bt %ere + rts!
nd rts ntony! there %ere an ntony
Aold rffle & yor s&irits and &t a tonge
+n e'ery %ond of 6aesar that shold mo'e
The stones of Dome to rise and mtiny.
443 AeCll mtiny.:
14
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s'!+%i "# h' Sa': #%i'(*) %')ai"(s $ih #"%'i2( Sa's: '!.
Wh i is i0&"%a( " ha' h's' h%'' !"(!'&s i( 0i(* is
b'!a+s' 0"s "# h' a%2+0'(s "# b"h &'ii"('%s a(*
%'s&"(*'(s '(*'* " ''% a%"+(* h' '4&%'ssi"( =&+b)i!
"%*'%B.
1. I is a his &"i( ha a $"%* (''*s " b' sai* ab"+ h'
+s' "# A0'%i!a( +*20'(s i( h' !"('4 "# A%i!)' 156176a7. I(
i%+a)) ''% si2(i#i!a( +*20'( "# his C"+%: %'#'%'(!' has
b''( 0a*' " +*20'(s #%"0 a!%"ss h' A)a(i!. Is i sa#' "
*" s"
1. I is si2(i#i!a( " ("i!' #i%s h' *i##'%'(!'s b'$''( h'
US Fi%s A0'(*0'( a(* A%i!)' 156176a7 %'a* $ih A%i!)' 156-7.
Th' #i%s i0&"%a( *i##'%'(!' is h' abs")+'('ss "# h' U.S.
#i%s A0'(*0'( C"(2%'ss sha)) 0a@' (" )a$ $hi!h ab%i*2's
h' #%''*"0 "# s&''!h. S'!"(*: $h'%'as h' U.S. Fi%s
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$ih"+ a( %'#'%'(!' " ='4&%'ssi"(B: A%i!)' 156176a7 s&'a@s "#
#%''*"0 "# s&''!h a(* '4&%'ssi"( $ih"+ a( %'#'%'(!' "
=h' &%'ssB. Thi%*: +(*'% h' US C"(si+i"(: s&''!h 0a b'
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ab%i*2'*: $h'%'as +(*'% "+% C"(si+i"(: %'as"(ab)'
%'s%i!i"(s 0a b' i0&"s'*. F"+%h: +(*'% "+% C"(si+i"(
s+!h %'s%i!i"(s ha' " b' i( h' i('%'s "# 'i2h *'si2(a'*
s+b'! 0a'%s ha is a( )a$ s''@i(2 " i0&"s' a %'s%i!i"(
"( h' #%''*"0 "# s&''!h !a( "() &ass 0+s'% i# i is
&%"4i0a') %')a'* " a( "# h' 'i2h s+b'! 0a'%s s' "+ i(
A%i!)' 156-7.
18. I(s"#a% as h' #i%s a&&a%'( *i##'%'(!' is !"(!'%('*: h'
U.S. S+&%'0' C"+% has (''% 2i'( )i'%a) '##'! " h'
*'!)a%ai"( ha C"(2%'ss sha)) 0a@' (" )a$ ab%i*2i(2 h'
#%''*"0 "# s&''!h. Th' a&&%"a!h "# h' C"+% $hi!h is
s+!!i(!) sa'* i( "(' "# h' 'a%) U.S. S+&%'0' C"+%
J+*20'(s: !"(i(+'s ''( "*a. I( C&%': . N*
?'&*" 8 L. E*. 19,1: J+si!' M+%&h $h" *')i'%'* h'
"&i(i"( "# h' C"+% &+ i h+s
8/9/2019 The Section 66A judgment
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%ais' a( C"(si+i"(a) &%"b)'0. Th's' i(!)+*' h')'$* a(* "bs!'(': h' &%"#a(': h' )ib')"+s: a(*h' i(s+)i(2 "% #i2hi(2 $"%*s>h"s' $hi!h bh'i% '% +'%a(!' i(#)i! i(+% "% '(* " i(!i' a(i00'*ia' b%'a!h "# h' &'a!'. I has b''( $'))"bs'%'* ha s+!h +'%a(!'s a%' (" 'ss'(ia) &a%"# a( '4&"sii"( "# i*'as: a(* a%' "# s+!h s)i2hs"!ia) a)+' as a s'& " %+h ha a( b'('#i ha0a b' *'%i'* #%"0 h'0 is !)'a%) "+$'i2h'* bh' s"!ia) i('%'s i( "%*'% a(* 0"%a)i. R's"% "'&ih's "% &'%s"(a) ab+s' is (" i( a( &%"&'%s'(s' !"00+(i!ai"( "# i(#"%0ai"( "% "&i(i"(sa#'2+a%*'* b h' C"(si+i"(: a(* is &+(ish0'(as a !%i0i(a) a! $"+)* %ais' (" 3+'si"( +(*'% ha
i(s%+0'(. Ca($')) . C"(('!i!+: ,19 U.S. -58:,95: ,19: 89 S.C. 599: 598: L.E*.1-1,: 1-
A.L.R. 1,-.B 6a &a2' 19,7
1;. S" #a% as h' s'!"(* a&&a%'( *i##'%'(!' is !"(!'%('*:
h' A0'%i!a( S+&%'0' C"+% has i(!)+*'* ='4&%'ssi"(B as &a%
"# #%''*"0 "# s&''!h a(* his C"+% has i(!)+*'* =h' &%'ssB as
b'i(2 !"'%'* +(*'% A%i!)' 156176a7: s" ha: as a 0a'% "#
+*i!ia) i('%&%'ai"(: b"h h' US a(* I(*ia &%"'! h'
#%''*"0 "# s&''!h a(* '4&%'ssi"( as $')) as &%'ss #%''*"0.
I(s"#a% as ab%i*2'0'( a(* %'as"(ab)' %'s%i!i"(s a%'
!"(!'%('*: b"h h' U.S. S+&%'0' C"+% a(* his C"+% ha'
h')* ha a %'s%i!i"( i( "%*'% " b' %'as"(ab)' 0+s b'
(a%%"$) ai)"%'* "% (a%%"$) i('%&%''* s" as " ab%i*2' "%
17
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%'s%i! "() $ha is abs")+') ('!'ssa%. I is "() $h'( i
!"0's " h' 'i2h s+b'! 0a'%s ha h'%' is a as
*i##'%'(!'. I( h' U.S.: i# h'%' is a !"0&'))i(2 ('!'ssi "
a!hi'' a( i0&"%a( 2"'%(0'(a) "% s"!i'a) 2"a): a )a$
ab%i*2i(2 #%''*"0 "# s&''!h 0a &ass 0+s'%. + i( I(*ia:
s+!h )a$ !a((" &ass 0+s'% i# i is i( h' i('%'s "# h' 2'('%a)
&+b)i!. S+!h )a$ has " b' !"'%'* b "(' "# h' 'i2h s+b'!
0a'%s s' "+ +(*'% A%i!)' 156-7. I# i *"'s (": a(* is "+si*'
h' &a)' "# 156-7: I(*ia( !"+%s $i)) s%i@' *"$( s+!h )a$.
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ha' 2%'a &'%s+asi' a)+' "( h' !"('( "# #%''*"0 "#
s&''!h a(* '4&%'ssi"( a(* h' 'ss )ai* *"$( #"% is
i(#%i(2'0'(. I is "() $h'( i !"0's " s+bs'%i(2 h'
2'('%a) &+b)i! i('%'s ha h'%' is h' $"%)* "# a *i##'%'(!'.
This is &'%ha&s $h i( >*' P'/ = O'. . T*
;++* -, B& = A%." 158- S+&&. 6,7 S.C.R. ,85: his C"+%
h')*<
=As %'2a%*s h's' *'!isi"(s "# h' A0'%i!a( C"+%s:i sh"+)* b' b"%(' i( 0i(* ha h"+2h h' Fi%s
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&"$'% "( h' C"(2%'ss " i0&"s' a( %'s%i!i"( "(h' '4'%!is' "# h' 2+a%a(''* %i2h: si)) i hasa)$as b''( +(*'%s""* ha h' #%''*"02+a%a(''* is s+b'! " h' &")i!' &"$'% h's!"&' "# $hi!h h"$''% has (" b''( *'#i('* $ih&%'!isi"( "% +(i#"%0). I is "( h' basis "# h' &")i!'&"$'% " ab%i*2' ha #%''*"0 ha h' !"(si+i"(a)a)i*i "# )a$s &'(a)isi(2 )ib')s: a(* h"s' %')ai(2" s'*ii"(: "% " "bs!'(' &+b)i!ai"(s '!.: hasb''( s+sai('*. Th' %'s+)a( #)'4ibi)i "# h'%'s%i!i"(s ha !"+)* b' a)i*) i0&"s'* %'(*'%sh' A0'%i!a( *'!isi"(s i(a&&)i!ab)' " a(* $ih"+0+!h +s' #"% %'s")i(2 h' 3+'si"(s a%isi(2 +(*'%
A%. 15617 6a7 "% 6b7 "# "+% C"(si+i"( $h'%'i( h'
2%"+(*s "( $hi!h )i0iai"(s 0i2h b' &)a!'* "( h'2+a%a(''* %i2h a%' s' "+ $ih *'#i(i'('ss a(*&%'!isi"(.B 6 A &a2' ,;7
15. + $h'( i !"0's " +(*'%sa(*i(2 h' i0&a! a(*
!"('( "# #%''*"0 "# s&''!h: i( I%/&% E
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is '%0s. Th' %i2hs 2+a%a(''* +(*'% A%i!)' 15 6176a7 a(* A%i!)' 15 617 627 "# h' C"(si+i"( a%' " b'%'a* a)"(2 $ih !)a+s's 6-7 a(* 687 "# A%i!)'15 $hi!h !a%' "+ a%'as i( %'s&'! "# $hi!h a)i*)'2is)ai"( !a( b' 0a*'.B 6a &a2' ,-7
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as&'!s "# h' !ha))'(2' 0a*' i( h's' $%i &'ii"(s a(*
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S'!i"( 88A has b''( !ha))'(2'* "( h' 2%"+(* ha i
!ass h' (' '% $i*' =a)) i(#"%0ai"(B ha is *iss'0i(a'*
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("' ha S'!i"( -67 "# I(#"%0ai"( T'!h(")"2 A!: -999
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0'*i+0 h%"+2h $hi!h s+!h i(#"%0ai"( is *iss'0i(a'*. I is
!)'a%: h'%'#"%': ha h' &'ii"('%s a%' !"%%'! i( sai(2 ha
h' &+b)i!s %i2h " @("$ is *i%'!) a##'!'* b S'!i"( 88A.
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s!i'(i#i!: )i'%a% "% a%isi! a)+': i 0a %'#'% " !+%%'( ''(s:
i 0a b' "bs!'(' "% s'*ii"+s. Tha s+!h i(#"%0ai"( 0a
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is 0a*' "+. I is !)'a% ha h' %i2h "# h' &'"&)' " @("$ h'
0a%@' &)a!' "# i*'as $hi!h h' i('%(' &%"i*'s " &'%s"(s
"# a)) @i(*s is $ha a%a!s S'!i"( 88A. Tha h' i(#"%0ai"(
s'( has " b' a(("i(2: i(!"('(i'(: 2%"ss) "##'(si' '!.:
a)s" sh"$s ha (" *isi(!i"( is 0a*' b'$''( 0'%'
*is!+ssi"( "% a*"!a! "# a &a%i!+)a% &"i( "# i'$ $hi!h 0a
b' a(("i(2 "% i(!"('(i'( "% 2%"ss) "##'(si' " s"0' a(*
i(!i'0'( b $hi!h s+!h $"%*s )'a* " a( i00i('( !a+sa)
!"(('!i"( $ih &+b)i! *is"%*'%: s'!+%i "# Sa' '!. Th'
&'ii"('%s a%' %i2h i( sai(2 ha S'!i"( 88A i( !%'ai(2 a(
"##'(!' a2ai(s &'%s"(s $h" +s' h' i('%(' a(* a((" "%
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-1. U(*'% "+% !"(si+i"(a) s!h'0': as sa'* 'a%)i'%: i is ("
"&'( " h' Sa' " !+%ai) #%''*"0 "# s&''!h " &%"0"' h'
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=I 0a $')) b' $ihi( h' &"$'% "# h' Sa' "&)a!': i( h' i('%'s "# h' 2'('%a) &+b)i!:%'s%i!i"(s +&"( h' %i2h "# a !ii'( " !a%% "(b+si('ss b+ i is (" "&'( " h' Sa' " a!hi''his "b'! b *i%'!) a(* i00'*ia') !+%ai)i(2 a(
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"# !"+%: *'#a0ai"( "% i(!i'0'( " a( "##'(!'. I!a((": )i@' h' #%''*"0 " !a%% "( b+si('ss: b'!+%ai)'* i( h' i('%'s "# h' 2'('%a) &+b)i!. I# a )a$*i%'!) a##'!i(2 i is !ha))'(2'*: i is (" a(s$'% hah' %'s%i!i"(s '(a!'* b i a%' +si#iab)' +(*'%!)a+s's 6,7 " 687. F"%: h' s!h'0' "# A%i!)' 15 is "'(+0'%a' *i##'%'( #%''*"0s s'&a%a') a(* h'(" s&'!i# h' '4'( "# %'s%i!i"(s " $hi!h h'0a b' s+b'!'* a(* h' "b'!s #"% s'!+%i(2
$hi!h his !"+)* b' *"('. A !ii'( is '(i)'* "'(" 'a!h a(* ''% "(' "# h' #%''*"0s "2'h'%a(* !)a+s' 617 *"'s (" &%'#'% "(' #%''*"0 "a("h'%. Tha is h' &)ai( 0'a(i(2 "# his !)a+s'. I#"))"$s #%"0 his ha h' Sa' !a((" 0a@' a )a$$hi!h *i%'!) %'s%i!s "(' #%''*"0 ''( #"%s'!+%i(2 h' b''% '("0'( "# a("h'% #%''*"0.
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A)) h' 2%'a'% %'as"(: h'%'#"%' #"% h")*i(2 ha h'Sa' !a((" *i%'!) %'s%i! "(' #%''*"0 b &)a!i(2a( "h'%$is' &'%0issib)' %'s%i!i"( "( a("h'%#%''*"0.B 6a &a2' 8,7
--. '#"%' $' !"0' " 'a!h "# h's' '4&%'ssi"(s: $' 0+s
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=Th' %'s%i!i"( 0a*' i( h' i('%'ss "# &+b)i!"%*'% 0+s a)s" ha' %'as"(ab)' %')ai"( " h'"b'! " b' a!hi''*: i.'.: h' &+b)i! "%*'%. I# h'%'s%i!i"( has (" &%"4i0a' %')ai"(shi& " h'a!hi''0'( "# &+b)i! "%*'%: i !a((" b' sai* hah' %'s%i!i"( is a %'as"(ab)' %'s%i!i"( $ihi( h'0'a(i(2 "# h' sai* !)a+s'.B 6a &a2' ,7
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=Th' *'!isi"(: i( "+% i'$: )as *"$( h' !"%%'!'s. Th' )i0iai"( i0&"s'* i( h' i('%'ss "# &+b)i!"%*'% " b' a %'as"(ab)' %'s%i!i"(: sh"+)* b' "('
$hi!h has a &%"4i0a' !"(('!i"( "% ('4+s $ih&+b)i! "%*'%: b+ (" "(' #a%#'!h'*: h&"h'i!a) "%&%"b)'0ai!a) "% "" %'0"' i( h' !hai( "# is%')ai"( $ih h' &+b)i! "%*'%.………Th'%' is ("&%"4i0a' "% ''( #"%'s''ab)' !"(('!i"( b'$''(s+!h i(si2ai"( a(* h' &+b)i! "%*'% s"+2h " b'&%"'!'* +(*'% s'!i"(. W' !a((" a!!'& h'a%2+0'( "# h' )'a%('* A*"!a' G'('%a) hai(si2ai"( "# a si(2)' i(*ii*+a) (" " &a a4 "%
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0'a(s i( s''%a) !as's. I( C&%+% R- . T* ;++* -,
M/: P/*'" 159 S.C.R. ;5: his C"+% sai*<
=Th' &h%as' %'as"(ab)' %'s%i!i"( !"(("'sha h' )i0iai"( i0&"s'* "( a &'%s"( i( '("0'("# h' %i2h sh"+)* (" b' a%bi%a% "% "# a('4!'ssi' (a+%': b'"(* $ha is %'3+i%'* i( h'i('%'ss "# h' &+b)i!. Th' $"%* %'as"(ab)'i0&)i's i('))i2'( !a%' a(* *')ib'%ai"(: ha is: h'!h"i!' "# a !"+%s' $hi!h %'as"( *i!a's.L'2is)ai"( $hi!h a%bi%a%i) "% '4!'ssi') i(a*'sh' %i2h !a((" b' sai* " !"(ai( h' 3+a)i "#%'as"(ab)'('ss a(* +()'ss i s%i@'s a &%"&'%
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ba)a(!' b'$''( h' #%''*"0 2+a%a(''* i( a%i!)'15617627 a(* h' s"!ia) !"(%") &'%0i'* b !)a+s'687 "# a%i!)' 15: i 0+s b' h')* " b' $a(i(2 i( ha3+a)i.B 6a &a2' ;8,7
-. I( ;++* -, M/' . V.!. R-" 15- S.C.R. 5;: his
C"+% sai*<
=This C"+% ha* "!!asi"( i( D%. ha%'s !as' 61597S.C.R. 15 " *'#i(' h' s!"&' "# h' +*i!ia) %'i'$+(*'% !)a+s' 67 "# A%i!)'15 $h'%' h' &h%as'
i0&"si(2 %'as"(ab)' %'s%i!i"( "( h' '4'%!is' "#h' %i2h a)s" "!!+%s a(* #"+% "+ "# h' #i' J+*2's&a%i!i&ai(2 i( h' *'!isi"( '4&%'ss'* h' i'$ 6h'"h'% J+*2' )'ai(2 h' 3+'si"( "&'(7 ha b"h h's+bsa(i' a(* h' &%"!'*+%a) as&'!s "# h'i0&+2('* %'s%i!i' )a$ sh"+)* b' '4a0i('* #%"0h' &"i( "# i'$ "# %'as"(ab)'('ss? ha is " sa:h' C"+% sh"+)* !"(si*'% (" "() #a!"%s s+!h ash' *+%ai"( a(* h' '4'( "# h' %'s%i!i"(s: b+a)s" h' !i%!+0sa(!'s +(*'% $hi!h a(* h' 0a(('%i( $hi!h h'i% i0&"sii"( has b''( a+h"%is'*. I isi0&"%a( i( his !"('4 " b'a% i( 0i(* ha h' 's"# %'as"(ab)'('ss: $h'%' ''% &%'s!%ib'*: sh"+)*b' a&&)i'* " 'a!h: i(*ii*+a) sa+' i0&+2('* a(*(" abs%a! sa(*a%*: "% 2'('%a) &a'%( "#%'as"(ab)'('ss !a( b' )ai* *"$( as a&&)i!ab)' "a)) !as's. Th' (a+%' "# h' %i2h a))'2'* " ha'b''( i(#%i(2'*: h' +(*'%)i(2 &+%&"s' "# h'%'s%i!i"( i0&"s'*: h' '4'( a(* +%2'(! "# h'
'i) s"+2h " b' %'0'*i'* h'%'b: h'*is&%"&"%i"( "# h' i0&"sii"(: h' &%'ai)i(2!"(*ii"(s a h' i0': sh"+)* a)) '('% i(" h'
+*i!ia) '%*i!. I( 'a)+ai(2 s+!h ')+si' #a!"%sa(* #"%0i(2 h'i% "$( !"(!'&i"( "# $ha is%'as"(ab)': i( a)) h' !i%!+0sa(!'s "# a 2i'(!as': i is i('iab)' ha h' s"!ia) &hi)"s"&h a(*
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h' s!a)' "# a)+'s "# h' +*2's &a%i!i&ai(2 i( h'*'!isi"( sh"+)* &)a a( i0&"%a( &a%: a(* h' )i0i" h'i% i('%#'%'(!' $ih )'2is)ai' +*20'( i(s+!h !as's !a( "() b' *i!a'* b h'i% s'(s' "#%'s&"(sibi)i a(* s')# %'s%ai( a(* h' s"b'%i(2%'#)'!i"( ha h' C"(si+i"( is 0'a( (" "() #"%&'"&)' "# h'i% $a "# hi(@i(2 b+ #"% a)): a(* hah' 0a"%i "# h' ')'!'* %'&%'s'(ai's "# h'&'"&)' ha': i( a+h"%isi(2 h' i0&"sii"( "# h'%'s%i!i"(s: !"(si*'%'* h'0 " b' %'as"(ab)'.B 6a&a2' 89889;7
-. Si0i)a%): i( M-/. F$ . ;++* -, M/: P/*' =
O'.: 15;9 1 S.C.R. 18: his C"+% sai*<
=Th' C"+% 0+s i( !"(si*'%i(2 h' a)i*i "# h'i0&+2('* )a$ i0&"si(2 a &%"hibii"( "( h' !a%%i(2"( "# a b+si('ss "% &%"#'ssi"(: a'0& a('a)+ai"( "# is *i%'! a(* i00'*ia' i0&a! +&"(h' #+(*a0'(a) %i2hs "# h' !ii'(s a##'!'*
h'%'b a(* h' )a%2'% &+b)i! i('%'s s"+2h " b''(s+%'* i( h' )i2h "# h' "b'! s"+2h " b'a!hi''*: h' ('!'ssi " %'s%i! h' !ii'(s#%''*"0: h' i(h'%'( &'%(i!i"+s (a+%' "# h' a!&%"hibi'* "% is !a&a!i "% '(*'(! " b' ha%0#+)" h' 2'('%a) &+b)i!: h' &"ssibi)i "# a!hi'i(2 h'"b'! b i0&"si(2 a )'ss *%asi! %'s%ai(: a(* i(h' abs'(!' "# '4!'&i"(a) si+ai"(s s+!h as h'&%'a)'(!' "# a sa' "# '0'%2'(!(ai"(a) "%)"!a)"% h' ('!'ssi " 0ai(ai( 'ss'(ia) s+&&)i's:"% h' ('!'ssi " s"& a!iii's i(h'%'()*a(2'%"+s: h' '4is'(!' "# a 0a!hi('% " sais#h' a*0i(is%ai' a+h"%i ha (" !as' #"%i0&"si(2 h' %'s%i!i"( is 0a*' "+ "% ha a )'ss*%asi! %'s%i!i"( 0a '(s+%' h' "b'! i('(*'* "b' a!hi''*.B 6a &a2' 1817
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-8. I( . N. B. >* . ;++* -, *&" 159 S.C.R. 15: a
C"(si+i"( '(!h a)s" s&"@' "# %'as"(ab)' %'s%i!i"(s $h'(
i !"0's " &%"!'*+%'. I sai*<
=Whi)' h' %'as"(ab)'('ss "# h' %'s%i!i"(s has "b' !"(si*'%'* $ih %'2a%* " h' '4'%!is' "# h'%i2h: i *"'s (" ('!'ssa%i) '4!)+*' #%"0 h'!"(si*'%ai"( "# h' C"+% h' 3+'si"( "#
%'as"(ab)'('ss "# h' &%"!'*+%a) &a% "# h' )a$. Iis "bi"+s ha i# h' )a$ &%'s!%ib's #i' 'a%s'4'%(0'( "% '( 'a%s '4'%(0'(: h' 3+'si"($h'h'% s+!h &'%i"* "# '4'%(0'( is %'as"(ab)':b'i(2 h' s+bsa(i' &a%: is ('!'ssa%i) #"% h'!"(si*'%ai"( "# h' !"+% +(*'% !)a+s' 67.Si0i)a%): i# h' )a$ &%"i*'s h' &%"!'*+%' +(*'%$hi!h h' '4'%!is' "# h' %i2h 0a b' %'s%i!'*: h'sa0' is a)s" #"% h' !"(si*'%ai"( "# h' C"+%: as i
has " *''%0i(' i# h' '4'%!is' "# h' %i2h hasb''( %'as"(ab) %'s%i!'*.B 6a &a2' -7
-;. I $as a%2+'* b h' )'a%('* A**ii"(a) S")i!i"% G'('%a)
ha a %')a4'* sa(*a%* "# %'as"(ab)'('ss "# %'s%i!i"( sh"+)*
a&&) %'2a%* b'i(2 ha* " h' #a! ha h' 0'*i+0 "# s&''!h
b'i(2 h' i('%(' *i##'%s #%"0 "h'% 0'*i+0s "( s''%a)
2%"+(*s. T" a&&%'!ia' h' $i*h a(* s!"&' "# his
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s+b0issi"(s: $' a%' s'i(2 "+ his $%i'( s+b0issi"(
'%bai0<
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*"$()"a* a( "b'!i"(ab)' &"s "% a i*'"?
6iii7 I( !as' "# ')'isi"(s s'%ia)s '4!'& )i'sh"$s a(* 0"i's: h'%' is a &'%0i'* &%'!'(s"%shi& $hi!h '(s+%'s %i2h "# i'$'%s (" "%'!'i' a( i(#"%0ai"( $hi!h is *a(2'%"+s " "% ("i( !"(#"%0i $ih h' s"!ia) i('%'s. Whi)' i( h'!as' "# a( i('%(': (" s+!h &%'!'(s"%shi& is
&"ssib)' a(* 'a!h i(*ii*+a) is &+b)ish'%: &%i('%:&%"*+!'%: *i%'!"% a(* b%"a*!as'% "# h' !"('($ih"+ a( sa+"% %'2+)ai"(?
6i7 I( !as' "# &%i( 0'*ia "% 0'*i+0 "# ')'isi"( a(*#i)0s $ha''% is %+) %'!"%*'* !a( "() b'&+b)ish'* "% b%"a*!as'* I ')'is'* I i'$'*. Whi)'i( !as' "# a( i('%(': 0"%&hi(2 "# i0a2's: !ha(2'"# "i!'s a(* 0a( "h'% '!h(")"2i!a)) a*a(!'0'h"*s " !%'a' s'%i"+s &"'(ia) s"!ia) *is"%*'%!a( b' a&&)i'*.
67 h' 0'*i+0 "# i('%(': %+0"%s hai(2 a s'%i"+s&"'(ia) "# !%'ai(2 a s'%i"+s s"!ia) *is"%*'% !a(
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b' s&%'a* " %i))i"(s "# &'"&)' $ih"+ a( !h'!@$hi!h is (" &"ssib)' i( !as' "# "h'% 0'*i+0s.
6i7 I( !as' "# 0'*i+0s )i@' &%i( 0'*ia: ')'isi"( a(*#i)0s: i is b%"a*) (" &"ssib)' " i(a*' &%ia! "#+($i))i(2 &'%s"(s. Whi)' i( !as' "# a( i('%(': i is'% 'as " i(a*' +&"( h' &%ia! "# a(i(*ii*+a) a(* h'%'b i")ai(2 his %i2h +(*'%
A%i!)' -1 "# h' C"(si+i"( "# I(*ia.
6ii7 is '% (a+%': i( h' 0'*i+0s )i@' ('$s&a&'%:0a2ai(': ')'isi"( "% a 0"i': i is (" &"ssib)' "s'4+a)) ha%ass s"0'"(': "+%a2' h' 0"*'s "#a("(': +s' +(a!!'&ab)' #i)h )a(2+a2' a(*'"@' !"00+(a) #%'( $hi!h $"+)* )'a* " s'%i"+ss"!ia) *is"%*'%. Whi)' i( h' !as' "# a( i('%(': i is'asi) &"ssib)' " *" s" b a 0'%' !)i!@ "# a b+"($ih"+ a( 2'"2%a&hi!a) )i0iai"(s a(* a)0"s i(a)) !as's $hi)' '(s+%i(2 a("(0i "# h' "##'(*'%.
6iii7 h' '% (a+%' "# h' 0'*i+0: h' $i*h a(*%'a!h "# i('%(' is 0a(i#")* as a2ai(s ('$s&a&'%a(* #i)0s. Th' sai* 0'*i+0s ha' i(b+i) )i0iai"(si.'. a &'%s"( $i)) ha' " b+ / b"%%"$ a ('$s&a&'%a(* / "% $i)) ha' " 2" " a h'a'% " $a!h a0"i'. F"% ')'isi"( a)s" "(' (''*s a )'as a %""0$h'%' a ')'isi"( is &)a!'* a(* !a( "() $a!hh"s' !ha((')s $hi!h h' has s+bs!%ib'* a(* ha"" "() a a i0' $h'%' i is b'i(2 ')'!as. Whi)' i(
!as' "# a( i('%(' a &'%s"( ab+si(2 h' i('%(':!a( !"00i a( "##'(!' a a( &)a!' a h' i0' "#his !h"i!' a(* 0ai(ai(i(2 his a("(0i i( a)0"sa)) !as's.
6i47 I( !as' "# "h'% 0'*i+0s: i is i0&"ssib)' "0ai(ai( a("(0i as a %'s+) "# $hi!h s&''!h
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i*'a) "&i(i"(s #i)0s hai(2 s'%i"+s &"'(ia) "#!%'ai(2 a s"!ia) *is"%*'% (''% 2's 2'('%a'*si(!' is "%i2i( is b"+(* " b' @("$(. Whi)' i( !as'"# a( i('%(' 0"s) is ab+s' a@'s &)a!' +(*'% h'2a%b "# a("(0i $hi!h !a( b' +('i)'* "() a#'%h"%"+2h i('si2ai"(.
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&"ssibi)i "# h' 0'*i+0 b'i(2 ab+s'*. As a2ai(sha +s' "# i('%(' is s")') bas'* +&"(i(*ii*+a)isi! a&&%"a!h "# 'a!h i(*ii*+a) $ih"+a( !h'!@: ba)a(!' "% %'2+)a"% 'hi!a) ("%0s #"%'4'%!isi(2 #%''*"0 "# s&''!h a(* '4&%'ssi"( +(*'%
A%i!)' 15 1 a.
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"# '4&%'ssi"( $as )'ss *+' " i(h'%'(i(#%as%+!+%a) a(* )"2isi!a) !"(s%ai(s. I( h' !as'"# sai* 0'*i+0s: i $as a)0"s i0&"ssib)' #"% a(i(*ii*+a) " !%'a' a(* &+b)ish a( ab+si' !"('(a(* 0a@' i aai)ab)' " %i))i"(s "# &'"&)'. Wh'%'as:i( h' &%'s'( i('%(' a2' h' sai* i(#%as%+!+%a)a(* )"2isi!a) !"(s%ai(s ha' *isa&&'a%'* as a(i(*ii*+a) +si(2 ''( a s0a% 0"bi)' &h"(' "% a&"%ab)' !"0&+'% *'i!' !a( !%'a' a(* &+b)ishab+si' 0a'%ia) "( is "$(: $ih"+ s''@i(2 h')& "#
a("(' ')s' a(* 0a@' i aai)ab)' " %i))i"(s "#&'"&)' b +s "(' !)[email protected]
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-. As sa'*: a)) h' ab"' #a!"%s 0a 0a@' a *isi(!i"(
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a)i*i "# s+!h a )a$ $i)) ha' " b' 's'* "( h' "+!hs"(' "#
h' 'ss a)%'a* i(*i!a'* ab"'.
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C&*+ A''-&+&-% -, B*%: 61557 - SCC 181 i( &a%a ,;:
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is+a) i0&a! a(* is $i*'s %'a!h !"'%i(2 h's'!i"( "# h' s"!i' $h'%' h' &%i( 0'*ia *"'s(" %'a!h. Th' %i2h " +s' h' ai%$a's a(* h'!"('( "# h' &%"2%a00's: h'%'#"%': (''*s%'2+)ai"( #"% ba)a(!i(2 i a(* as $')) as " &%''(0"("&") "# i(#"%0ai"( a(* i'$s %')a'*: $hi!h isa &"'(ia) *a(2'% #)"$i(2 #%"0 h' !"(!'(%ai"( "#h' %i2h " b%"a*!as/')'!as i( h' ha(*s 'ih'% "#a !'(%a) a2'(! "% "# #'$ &%ia' a##)+'(b%"a*!as'%s. Tha is $h h' (''* " ha' a!'(%a) a2'(! %'&%'s'(ai' "# a)) s'!i"(s "# h's"!i' #%'' #%"0 !"(%") b"h "# h' G"'%(0'(a(* h' *"0i(a( i(#)+'(ia) s'!i"(s "# h' s"!i'.This is (" *is&+'*. + " !"('(* ha "( haa!!"+( h' %'s%i!i"(s " b' i0&"s'* "( h' %i2h+(*'% A%i!)' 156176a7 sh"+)* b' i( a**ii"( " h"s'
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&'%0issib)' +(*'% A%i!)' 156-7 a(* *i!a'* b h'+s' "# &+b)i! %'s"+%!'s i( h' b's i('%'ss "# h's"!i' a )a%2': is " 0is!"(!'i' b"h h' !"('("# h' #%''*"0 "# s&''!h a(* '4&%'ssi"( a(* h'&%"b)'0s &"s'* b h' ')'0'( "# &+b)i! &%"&'%i(: a(* h' a))'2'* s!a%!i "#: h' #%'3+'(!i's as$')) as b h' $i*'% %'a!h "# h' 0'*ia. I# h' %i2h" #%''*"0 "# s&''!h a(* '4&%'ssi"( i(!)+*'s h'%i2h " *iss'0i(a' i(#"%0ai"( " as $i*' a s'!i"("# h' &"&+)ai"( as is &"ssib)': h' a!!'ss $hi!h'(ab)'s h' %i2h " b' s" '4'%!is'* is a)s" a(i('2%a) &a% "# h' sai* %i2h. Th' $i*'% %a(2' "#!i%!+)ai"( "# i(#"%0ai"( "% is 2%'a'% i0&a!!a((" %'s%i! h' !"('( "# h' %i2h ("% !a( i
+si# is *'(ia). Th' i%+'s "# h' ')'!%"(i! 0'*ia!a((" b'!"0' is '('0i's. I 0a $a%%a( a2%'a'% %'2+)ai"( "'% )i!'(si(2 a(* !"(%") a(*i2i)a(!' "( h' !"('( "# h' &%"2%a00' ')'!as.H"$''%: his !"(%") !a( "() b' '4'%!is'* $ihi(h' #%a0'$"%@ "# A%i!)' 156-7 a(* h' *i!a's "#&+b)i! i('%'ss. T" &)'a* #"% "h'% 2%"+(*s is "&)'a* #"% +(!"(si+i"(a) 0'as+%'s. I is #+%h'%*i##i!+) " a&&%'!ia' s+!h !"('(i"( "( h' &a% "#h' G"'%(0'( i( his !"+(% $h'( h' ha' a!"0&)'' !"(%") "'% h' #%'3+'(!i's a(* h'!"('( "# h' &%"2%a00' " b' ')'!as. Th'!"(%") h' s")' a2'(! "# ')'!asi(2. Th' a%' a)s"a%0'* $ih h' &%"isi"(s "# A%i!)' 156-7 a(* h'&"$'%s "# &%'!'(s"%shi& +(*'% h' Ci('0a"2%a&h
A! a(* R+)'s. Th' "() )i0iai"( "( h' sai* %i2his: h'%'#"%': h' )i0iai"( "# %'s"+%!'s a(* h'(''* " +s' h'0 #"% h' b'('#i "# a)). Wh'(:h"$''%: h'%' a%' s+%&)+s "% +()i0i'* %'s"+%!'s
a(* h' &+b)i! i('%'ss s" *'0a(* "% i( a( !as'*" (" &%''( ')'!asi(2: h' a)i*i "# h'a%2+0'( bas'* "( )i0iai"( "# %'s"+%!'s*isa&&'a%s. I is %+' ha " "$( a #%'3+'(! #"% h'&+%&"s's "# b%"a*!asi(2 is a !"s) a##ai% a(* ''($h'( h'%' a%' s+%&)+s "% +()i0i'* #%'3+'(!i's:"() h' a##)+'( #'$ $i)) "$( h'0 a(* $i)) b' i( a
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&"sii"( " +s' i " s+bs'%' h'i% "$( i('%'s b0a(i&+)ai(2 ('$s a(* i'$s. Tha a)s" &"s's a*a(2'% " h' #%''*"0 "# s&''!h a(* '4&%'ssi"( "#h' ha'("s b *'(i(2 h'0 h' %+h#+)i(#"%0ai"( "( a)) si*'s "# a( iss+' $hi!h is s"('!'ssa% " #"%0 a s"+(* i'$ "( a( s+b'!.Tha is $h h' *"!%i(' "# #ai%('ss has b''('")'* i( h' US i( h' !"('4 "# h' &%ia'b%"a*!as'%s )i!'(s'* " sha%' h' )i0i'*#%'3+'(!i's $ih h' !'(%a) a2'(! )i@' h' FCC "%'2+)a' h' &%"2%a00i(2. + his &h'("0'("("!!+%s ''( i( h' !as' "# h' &%i( 0'*ia "# a)) h'!"+(%i's. H'(!' h' b"* )i@' h' P%'ss C"+(!i) "#I(*ia $hi!h is '0&"$'%'* " '(#"%!': h"$''%
i0&'%#'!): h' %i2h " %'&). Th' &%i( 0'*ia #+%h'%'("s as i( "+% !"+(%: #%''*"0 #%"0 &%'!'(s"%shi& +()i@' h' ')'!%"(i! 0'*ia.B
P$& O/*
,9. I( A%i!)' 156-7 6as i "%i2i(a)) s""*7 his s+bh'a* $as
!"(s&i!+"+s) abs'(. '!a+s' "# is abs'(!': !ha))'(2's
0a*' " a( "%*'% 0a*' +(*'% S'!i"( ; "# h' P+(ab
Mai('(a(!' "# P+b)i! O%*'% A! a(* " a( "%*'% 0a*' +(*'%
S'!i"( 5 6176a7 "# h' Ma*%as Mai('(a(!' "# P+b)i! O%*'% A!
$'%' a))"$'* i( $" 'a%) +*20'(s b his C"+%. Th+s i(
R-*' T . ;++* -, M/'" 159 S.C.R. 5: his
C"+% h')* ha a( "%*'% 0a*' +(*'% S'!i"( 56176a7 "# h'
Ma*%as Mai('(a(!' "# P+b)i! O%*'% A! 6QQIII "# 1557 $as
+(!"(si+i"(a) a(* "i* i( ha i !"+)* (" b' +si#i'* as a
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0'as+%' !"(('!'* $ih s'!+%i "# h' Sa'. Whi)' *'a)i(2
$ih h' '4&%'ssi"( =&+b)i! "%*'%B: his C"+% h')* ha =&+b)i!
"%*'%B is a( '4&%'ssi"( $hi!h si2(i#i's a sa' "# %a(3+i)i
$hi!h &%'ai)s a0"(2s h' 0'0b'%s "# a &")ii!a) s"!i' as a
%'s+) "# h' i('%(a) %'2+)ai"(s '(#"%!'* b h' G"'%(0'(
$hi!h h' ha' 'sab)ish'*.
,1. Si0i)a%): i( Brij Bhushan & Anr. v. State of Delhi,
[1950] S.C.R. 605, an order made under Section 7 of te !a"t
#un$a% #u%&ic Safet' (ct, 1949, )a" e&d to %e uncon"titutiona&
and void for te "e&f*"ame rea"on.
,-. As a( a#'%0ah "# h's' +*20'(s: h' C"(si+i"( Fi%s
A0'(*0'( a**'* h' $"%*s =&+b)i! "%*'%B " A%i!)' 156-7.
,,. I( ;$*&%+*%/*%+" C*%+ P&'-%" F+* . R
M%- L-&" 1589 - S.C.R. -1: his C"+% h')* ha
&+b)i! "%*'% is s("(0"+s $ih &+b)i! sa#' a(* %a(3+i)i? i
is h' abs'(!' "# *is"%*'% i(")i(2 b%'a!h's "# )"!a)
si2(i#i!a(!' i( !"(%a*isi(!i"( " (ai"(a) +&h'aa)s: s+!h as
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8/9/2019 The Section 66A judgment
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%'")+i"(: !ii) s%i#': $a%: a##'!i(2 h' s'!+%i "# h' Sa'.
This *'#i(ii"( $as #+%h'% %'#i('* i( . R M%- L-& .
;++* -, B& = O'." 1588 1 S.C.R. ;95: $h'%' his C"+%
h')*<
=I $i)) h+s a&&'a% ha +s as &+b)i! "%*'% i( h'%+)i(2s "# his C"+% 6'a%)i'% !i'*7 $as sai* "!"0&%'h'(* *is"%*'%s "# )'ss 2%ai ha( h"s'a##'!i(2 s'!+%i "# Sa': )a$ a(* "%*'% a)s"!"0&%'h'(*s *is"%*'%s "# )'ss 2%ai ha( h"s'
a##'!i(2 &+b)i! "%*'%. O(' has " i0a2i(' h%''!"(!'(%i! !i%!)'s. La$ a(* "%*'% %'&%'s'(s h')a%2's !i%!)' $ihi( $hi!h is h' ('4 !i%!)'%'&%'s'(i(2 &+b)i! "%*'% a(* h' s0a))'s !i%!)'%'&%'s'(s s'!+%i "# Sa'. I is h'( 'as " s''ha a( a! 0a a##'! )a$ a(* "%*'% b+ (" &+b)i!"%*'% +s as a( a! 0a a##'! &+b)i! "%*'% b+ ("s'!+%i "# h' Sa'.B 6a &a2' ;87
,. I( A$% !-' . ;++* -, W*'+ B*%" 15;9 , S.C.R.
-: R M%- L-&@' '* $as %'#'%%'* " $ih a&&%"a)
i( h' #"))"$i(2 '%0s<
=I( D%. Ra0 Ma("ha% L"hias !as' his C"+%&"i('* "+ h' *i##'%'(!' b'$''( 0ai('(a(!' "#)a$ a(* "%*'% a(* is *is+%ba(!' a(* h'0ai('(a(!' "# &+b)i! "%*'% a(* is *is+%ba(!'.P+b)i! "%*'% $as sai* " '0b%a!' 0"%' "# h'!"00+(i ha( )a$ a(* "%*'%. P+b)i! "%*'% is h'''( '0&" "# h' )i#' "# h' !"00+(i a@i(2 h'!"+(% as a $h")' "% ''( a s&'!i#i'* )"!a)i.Dis+%ba(!' "# &+b)i! "%*'% is " b' *isi(2+ish'*:
37
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38/122
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!"00+(i. His a! 0a@'s a)) h' $"0'(a&&%'h'(si' "# h'i% h"("+% a(* h' !a( b' sai* "b' !a+si(2 *is+%ba(!' "# &+b)i! "%*'% a(* ("0'%') !"00ii(2 i(*ii*+a) a!i"(s $hi!h 0a b'a@'( ("' "# b h' !%i0i(a) &%"s'!+i"( a2'(!i's.I 0'a(s h'%'#"%' ha h' 3+'si"( $h'h'% a 0a(has "() !"00i'* a b%'a!h "# )a$ a(* "%*'% "%has a!'* i( a 0a(('% )i@') " !a+s' a *is+%ba(!'"# h' &+b)i! "%*'% is a 3+'si"( "# *'2%'' a(* h''4'( "# h' %'a!h "# h' a! +&"( h' s"!i'. Th'F%'(!h *isi(2+ish )a$ a(* "%*'% a(* &+b)i! "%*'%b *'si2(ai(2 h' )a'% as "%*'% &+b)i3+'. Th')a'% '4&%'ssi"( has b''( %'!"2(is'* as 0'a(i(2s"0'hi(2 0"%' ha( "%*i(a% 0ai('(a(!' "# )a$
a(* "%*'%. J+si!' Ra0as$a0i i( W%i P'ii"( N".1;5 "# 158 *%'$ a )i(' "# *'0a%!ai"( b'$''( h's'%i"+s a(* a22%aa'* #"%0s "# b%'a!h's "# &+b)i!"%*'% $hi!h a##'! h' !"00+(i "% '(*a(2'% h'&+b)i! i('%'s a )a%2' #%"0 0i("% b%'a!h's "#&'a!' $hi!h *" (" a##'! h' &+b)i! a )a%2'. H'*%'$ a( a(a)"2 b'$''( &+b)i! a(* &%ia' !%i0's.Th' a(a)"2 is +s'#+) b+ (" " b' &+sh'* "" #a%. A)a%2' (+0b'% "# a!s *i%'!'* a2ai(s &'%s"(s "%i(*ii*+a)s 0a "a) +& i(" a b%'a!h "# &+b)i!"%*'%. I( D%. Ra0 Ma("ha% L"hias !as' '4a0&)'s$'%' 2i'( b Sa%@a%: a(* Hi*aa+))ah: JJ. Th'sh"$ h"$ si0i)a% a!s i( *i##'%'( !"('4s a##'!*i##'%'() )a$ a(* "%*'% "( h' "(' ha(* a(* &+b)i!"%*'% "( h' "h'%. I is a)$as a 3+'si"( "# *'2%''"# h' ha%0 a(* is '##'! +&"( h' !"00+(i. Th'3+'si"( " as@ is< D"'s i )'a* " *is+%ba(!' "# h'!+%%'( "# )i#' "# h' !"00+(i s" as " a0"+( " a*is+%ba(!' "# h' &+b)i! "%*'% "% *"'s i a##'!
0'%') a( i(*ii*+a) )'ai(2 h' %a(3+i)i "# h's"!i' +(*is+%b'* This 3+'si"( has " b' #a!'*i( ''% !as' "( #a!s. Th'%' is (" #"%0+)a b $hi!h"(' !as' !a( b' *isi(2+ish'* #%"0 a("h'%.B 6a&a2's -59 a(* -517.
39
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,. This *'!isi"( )as *"$( h' 's ha has " b' #"%0+)a'*
i( a)) h's' !as's. W' ha' " as@ "+%s')'s h' 3+'si"(<
*"'s a &a%i!+)a% a! )'a* " *is+%ba(!' "# h' !+%%'( )i#' "# h'
!"00+(i "% *"'s i 0'%') a##'! a( i(*ii*+a) )'ai(2 h'
%a(3+i)i "# s"!i' +(*is+%b'* G"i(2 b his 's: i is !)'a%
ha S'!i"( 88A is i('(*'* " &+(ish a( &'%s"( $h" +s's h'
i('%(' " *iss'0i(a' a( i(#"%0ai"( ha #a))s $ihi( h' s+b
!)a+s's "# S'!i"( 88A. I $i)) b' i00'*ia') ("i!'* ha h'
%'!i&i'( "# h' $%i'( $"%* ha is s'( b h' &'%s"( $h" is
a!!+s'* "# h' "##'(!' is (" "# a( i0&"%a(!' s" #a% as his
S'!i"( is !"(!'%('*. 6Sa' a(* '4!'& $h'%' +(*'% s+b
!)a+s' 6!7 h' a**%'ss'' "% %'!i&i'( is *'!'i'* "% 0is)'*
ab"+ h' "%i2i( "# a &a%i!+)a% 0'ssa2'.7 I is !)'a%: h'%'#"%':
ha h' i(#"%0ai"( ha is *iss'0i(a'* 0a b' " "('
i(*ii*+a) "% s''%a) i(*ii*+a)s. Th' S'!i"( 0a@'s ("
*isi(!i"( b'$''( 0ass *iss'0i(ai"( a(* *iss'0i(ai"( "
"(' &'%s"(. F+%h'%: h' S'!i"( *"'s (" %'3+i%' ha s+!h
0'ssa2' sh"+)* ha' a !)'a% '(*'(! " *is%+& &+b)i! "%*'%.
S+!h 0'ssa2' (''* (" ha' a( &"'(ia) $hi!h !"+)* *is+%b
h' !"00+(i a )a%2'. Th' ('4+s b'$''( h' 0'ssa2' a(*
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a!i"( ha 0a b' a@'( bas'* "( h' 0'ssa2' is
!"(s&i!+"+s) abs'( h'%' is (" i(2%'*i'( i( his "##'(!' "#
i(!ii(2 a(b"* " *" a(hi(2 $hi!h a %'as"(ab)' 0a( $"+)*
h'( sa $"+)* ha' h' '(*'(! "# b'i(2 a( i00'*ia' h%'a
" &+b)i! sa#' "% %a(3+i)i. O( a)) h's' !"+(s: i is !)'a% ha
h' S'!i"( has (" &%"4i0a' %')ai"(shi& " &+b)i! "%*'%
$has"''%. Th' '4a0&)' "# a 2+'s a a h"') a(("i(2 2i%)s
is '))i(2 his C"+% has h')* ha 0'%' a(("a(!' (''* ("
!a+s' *is+%ba(!' "# &+b)i! "%*'%. U(*'% S'!i"( 88A: h'
"##'(!' is !"0&)'' b s'(*i(2 a 0'ssa2' #"% h' &+%&"s' "#
!a+si(2 a(("a(!': 'ih'% &'%sis'() "% "h'%$is' $ih"+ i(
a( 0a(('% i0&a!i(2 &+b)i! "%*'%.
C* %/ *'*%+ /%* +*%/*%: +- ,,*+.
,8. I $i)) b' %'0'0b'%'* ha J+si!' H")0's i( ;*% .
U%&+*/ ;++*'" 8, L. E*. ;9 '(+(!ia'* h' !)'a% a(* &%'s'(
*a(2'% 's as #"))"$s<
=…Th' 0"s s%i(2'( &%"'!i"( "# #%'' s&''!h$"+)* (" &%"'! a 0a( i( #a)s') sh"+i(2 #i%' i( ah'a%' a(* !a+si(2 a &a(i!. I *"'s (" ''(&%"'! a 0a( #%"0 a( i(+(!i"( a2ai(s +'%i(2$"%*s ha 0a ha' a)) h' '##'! "# #"%!'.G"0&'%s . +!@s S"' K Ra(2' C".: --1 U. S.
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1: ,5: ,1 S+&. C. 5-: L. '*. ;5;: , L. R. A.6N. S.7 ;. Th' 3+'si"( i( ''% !as' is $h'h'%h' $"%*s +s'* a%' +s'* i( s+!h !i%!+0sa(!'s a(*a%' "# s+!h a (a+%' as " !%'a' a !)'a% a(*&%'s'( *a(2'% ha h' $i)) b%i(2 ab"+ h's+bsa(i' 'i)s ha C"(2%'ss has a %i2h "&%''(. I is a 3+'si"( "# &%"4i0i a(* *'2%''.B6A &a2' ;,: ;7
,;. This $as #+%h'% %'#i('* i( A' . U%&+*' ;++*' -9
U.S. 818 615157: his i0' i( a H")0'sia( *iss'(: " b' !)'a%
a(* i00i('( *a(2'%. H"$''%: i( 0"s "# h' s+bs'3+'(
+*20'(s "# h' U.S. S+&%'0' C"+%: h' 's has b''(
+(*'%s""* " 0'a( " b' =!)'a% a(* &%'s'( *a(2'%B. Th' 's
"# =!)'a% a(* &%'s'( *a(2'%B has b''( +s'* b h' U.S.
S+&%'0' C"+% i( 0a( a%i(2 si+ai"(s a(* has b''(
a*+s'* a!!"%*i(2 " a%i(2 #a! si+ai"(s. I a&&'a%s " ha'
b''( %'&'a'*) a&&)i'*: s'' T*&%&*- . C&+: -, C&-
5, L. E*. 11,1 61557 a &a2' 11,11,: B%/*%$ .
O&- -, L. E*. -* ,9 615857 a ,, K ,8: V&&%& .
B 1 L. E*. -* , 6-99,7 a &a2' 1: - a(* ,.
4
+n its &resent form the clear and &resent danger test has been reformlated to say that*
9The constittional garantees of free s&eech and free &ress do not &ermit a State to forbid or &roscribe
ad'ocacy of the se of force or of la% 'iolation ece&t %here sch ad'ocacy is directed to inciting or &rodcing
imminent la%less action and is likely to incite or &rodce sch action.:
+nterestingly! the US 6orts ha'e gone on to make a frther refinement. The State may ban %hat is called a
9tre threat:.
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,. W' ha' '!h"'s "# i i( "+% )a$ as $')) ;. R%% .
P. J&% = O'." 61557 - SCC ; a &a%a2%a&h <
=. Th' &%"b)'0 "# *'#i(i(2 h' a%'a "# #%''*"0 "#'4&%'ssi"( $h'( i a&&'a%s " !"(#)i! $ih h'a%i"+s s"!ia) i('%'ss '(+0'%a'* +(*'% A%i!)'156-7 0a b%i'#) b' "+!h'* +&"( h'%'. Th'%' *"'si(*''* ha' " b' a !"0&%"0is' b'$''( h'i('%'s "# #%''*"0 "# '4&%'ssi"( a(* s&'!ia)i('%'ss. + $' !a((" si0&) ba)a(!' h' $"i('%'ss as i# h' a%' "# '3+a) $'i2h. O+%
!"00i0'( "# #%''*"0 "# '4&%'ssi"( *'0a(*s hai !a((" b' s+&&%'ss'* +()'ss h' si+ai"(s!%'a'* b a))"$i(2 h' #%''*"0 a%' &%'ssi(2 a(*h' !"00+(i i('%'s is '(*a(2'%'*. Th'a(i!i&a'* *a(2'% sh"+)* (" b' %'0"':!"('!+%a) "% #a%#'!h'*. I sh"+)* ha' &%"4i0a'a(* *i%'! ('4+s $ih h' '4&%'ssi"(. Th''4&%'ssi"( "# h"+2h sh"+)* b' i(%i(si!a))*a(2'%"+s " h' &+b)i! i('%'s. I( "h'% $"%*s: h'
'4&%'ssi"( sh"+)* b' i(s'&a%ab) )"!@'* +& $ih h'a!i"( !"('0&)a'* )i@' h' '3+ia)'( "# a =s&a%@i( a &"$*'% @'2B.
98Tre threats8 encom&ass those statements %here the s&eaker means to commnicate a serios e&ression
of an intent to commit an act of nla%fl 'iolence to a &articlar indi'idal or gro& of indi'idals.:
9The s&eaker need not actally intend to carry ot the threat. Dather! a &rohibition on tre threats &rotects
indi'idals from the fear of 'iolence and from the disr&tion that fear engenders! in addition to &rotecting &eo&le
from the &ossibility that the threatened 'iolence %ill occr. +ntimidation in the constittionally &roscribable sense of
the %ord is a ty&e of tre threat! %here a s&eaker directs a threat to a &erson or gro& of &ersons %ith the intent of
&lacing the 'ictim in fear of bodily harm or death.:
See Eirginia '. lack (S&ra) and Aatts '. United States 22 4. Fd. 2d. / at
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,5. This C"+% has +s'* h' '4&%'ssi"( ='(*'(!B " a
&a%i!+)a% a!. Th+s: i( ;++* -, B& . ;& *&"
15- S.C.R. 8: a( 'a%) *'!isi"( "# his C"+% sai* ha a(
a%i!)': i( "%*'% " b' ba(('* 0+s ha' a '(*'(! " '4!i'
&'%s"(s " a!s "# i")'(!' 6a &a2' 88-88,7. Th' 's )ai*
*"$( i( h' sai* *'!isi"( $as ha h' a%i!)' sh"+)* b'
!"(si*'%'* as a $h")' i( a #ai% #%'' )ib'%a) s&i%i a(* h'( i 0+s
b' *'!i*'* $ha '##'! i $"+)* ha' "( h' 0i(* "# a
%'as"(ab)' %'a*'%. 6a &a2's 88887
9. I( R& L M-/& . T* ;++* -, U.P." 15; S.C.R.
89 a &a2' 8;: his !"+% +&h')* S'!i"( -5A "# h' I(*ia(
P'(a) C"*' "() b'!a+s' i $as %'a* *"$( " 0'a( ha
a22%aa'* #"%0s "# i(s+)s " %')i2i"( 0+s ha' a '(*'(! "
*is%+& &+b)i! "%*'%. Si0i)a%): i( >*/ N+ ;&% . ;++* -,
B&" 158- S+&&. 6-7 S.C.R. ;85: S'!i"( 1-A "# h' I(*ia(
P'(a) C"*' $as +&h')* b !"(s%+i(2 i (a%%"$) a(* sai(2
ha h' "##'(!' $"+)* "() b' !"0&)'' i# h' $"%*s
!"0&)ai('* "# ha' a '(*'(! "# !%'ai(2 &+b)i! *is"%*'% b
i")'(!'. I $as a**'* ha 0'%') !%'ai(2 *isa##'!i"( "%
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!%'ai(2 #'')i(2s "# '(0i i( !'%ai( &'"&)' $as (" 2""*
'("+2h "% ')s' i $"+)* i")a' h' #+(*a0'(a) %i2h "# #%''
s&''!h +(*'% A%i!)' 156176a7. A2ai(: i( . R*' *'%+
P-- . P >'&%+ >$%+* = O'." 1558 617
SCC 1,9: S'!i"( 1-, 6,A7 "# h' R'&%'s'(ai"( "# P'"&)'
A! $as +&h')* "() i# h' '(0i "% ha%'* ha $as s&"@'(
ab"+ i( h' S'!i"( $"+)* '(* " !%'a' i00'*ia' &+b)i!
*is"%*'% a(* (" "h'%$is'.
1. Vi'$'* a 'ih'% b h' sa(*&"i( "# h' !)'a% a(*
&%'s'( *a(2'% 's "% h' '(*'(! " !%'a' &+b)i! *is"%*'%:
S'!i"( 88A $"+)* (" &ass 0+s'% as i has (" ')'0'( "# a(
'(*'(! " !%'a' &+b)i! *is"%*'% $hi!h "+2h " b' a(
'ss'(ia) i(2%'*i'( "# h' "##'(!' $hi!h i !%'a's.
*,+&-%
-. D'#a0ai"( is *'#i('* i( S'!i"( 55 "# h' P'(a) C"*'
as #"))"$s<
=55. *,+&-%.>Wh"''%: b $"%*s 'ih'%s&"@'( "% i('(*'* " b' %'a*: "% b si2(s "% b
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isib)' %'&%'s'(ai"(s: 0a@'s "% &+b)ish's a(i0&+ai"( !"(!'%(i(2 a( &'%s"( i('(*i(2 "ha%0: "% @("$i(2 "% hai(2 %'as"( " b')i'' has+!h i0&+ai"( $i)) ha%0: h' %'&+ai"( "# s+!h&'%s"(: is sai*: '4!'& i( h' !as's h'%'i(a#'%'4!'&'*: " *'#a0' ha &'%s"(.
Explanation 1.>I 0a a0"+( " *'#a0ai"( "i0&+' a(hi(2 " a *'!'as'* &'%s"(: i# h'i0&+ai"( $"+)* ha%0 h' %'&+ai"( "# ha &'%s"(i# )ii(2: a(* is i('(*'* " b' h+%#+) " h' #'')i(2s"# his #a0i) "% "h'% ('a% %')ai's.
Explanation 2 .>I 0a a0"+( " *'#a0ai"( "
0a@' a( i0&+ai"( !"(!'%(i(2 a !"0&a( "% a(ass"!iai"( "% !"))'!i"( "# &'%s"(s as s+!h.
Explanation 3.>A( i0&+ai"( i( h' #"%0 "# a(a)'%(ai' "% '4&%'ss'* i%"(i!a)): 0a a0"+( "*'#a0ai"(.
Explanation 4.>N" i0&+ai"( is sai* " ha%0 a&'%s"(s %'&+ai"(: +()'ss ha i0&+ai"( *i%'!)"% i(*i%'!): i( h' 'si0ai"( "# "h'%s: )"$'%s h'
0"%a) "% i('))'!+a) !ha%a!'% "# ha &'%s"(: "%)"$'%s h' !ha%a!'% "# ha &'%s"( i( %'s&'! "# his!as' "% "# his !a))i(2: "% )"$'%s h' !%'*i "# ha&'%s"(: "% !a+s's i " b' b')i''* ha h' b"* "#ha &'%s"( is i( a )"ahs"0' sa': "% i( a sa'2'('%a)) !"(si*'%'* as *is2%a!'#+).B
,. I $i)) b' ("i!'* ha #"% s"0'hi(2 " b' *'#a0a"%:
i(+% " %'&+ai"( is a basi! i(2%'*i'(. S'!i"( 88A *"'s ("
!"(!'%( is')# $ih i(+% " %'&+ai"(. S"0'hi(2 0a b'
2%"ss) "##'(si' a(* 0a a((" "% b' i(!"('(i'( "
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s"0'b"* $ih"+ a a)) a##'!i(2 his %'&+ai"(. I is !)'a%
h'%'#"%' ha h' S'!i"( is (" ai0'* a *'#a0a"%
sa'0'(s a a)).
I%&+**%+ +- % -,,*%*<
. E3+a)): S'!i"( 88A has (" &%"4i0a' !"(('!i"( $ih
i(!i'0'( " !"00i a( "##'(!'. Fi%s): h' i(#"%0ai"(
*iss'0i(a'* "'% h' i('%(' (''* (" b' i(#"%0ai"( $hi!h
=i(!i'sB a(b"* a a)). W%i'( $"%*s 0a b' s'( ha 0a b'
&+%') i( h' %'a)0 "# =*is!+ssi"(B "% =a*"!a!B "# a =&a%i!+)a%
&"i( "# i'$B. F+%h'%: h' 0'%' !a+si(2 "# a(("a(!':
i(!"('(i'(!': *a(2'% '!.: "% b'i(2 2%"ss) "##'(si' "% hai(2
a 0'(a!i(2 !ha%a!'% a%' (" "##'(!'s +(*'% h' P'(a) C"*' a
a)). Th' 0a b' i(2%'*i'(s "# !'%ai( "##'(!'s +(*'% h'
P'(a) C"*' b+ a%' (" "##'(!'s i( h'0s')'s. F"% h's'
%'as"(s: S'!i"( 88A has ("hi(2 " *" $ih =i(!i'0'( " a(
"##'(!'B. As S'!i"( 88A s''%') !+%ai)s i(#"%0ai"( ha 0a
b' s'( "( h' i('%(' bas'* "( $h'h'% i is 2%"ss) "##'(si':
a(("i(2: i(!"('(i'(: '!. a(* b'i(2 +(%')a'* " a( "# h'
'i2h s+b'! 0a'%s +(*'% A%i!)' 156-7 0+s: h'%'#"%': #a))
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#"+) "# A%i!)' 156176a7: a(* (" b'i(2 sa'* +(*'% A%i!)' 156-7:
is *'!)a%'* as +(!"(si+i"(a).
**%: - M-&+:
45. +i" Court in Ranjit Udeshi v. State of Maharashtra
[1965] 1 S.C.R. 65 too a rater re"trictive vie) of )at )ou&d
-a"" mu"ter a" not %ein o%"cene. +e Court fo&&o)ed te te"t
&aid do)n in te o&d !n&i" $udment in Hicklin’s case )ic
)a" )eter te tendenc' of te matter cared a" o%"cene i"
to de-rave and corru-t to"e )o"e mind" are o-en to "uc
immora& inf&uence" and into )o"e and" a -u%&ication of ti"
"ort ma' fa&&. /reat "tride" ave %een made "ince ti" deci"ion in
te , nited State" a" )e&& a" in our countr'. +u", in Director
General, Directorate General of Doordarshan v. Anand
Patardhan, 2006 8 SCC 433, ti" Court noticed te &a) in te
nited State" and "aid tat a materia& ma' %e rearded a"
o%"cene if te averae -er"on a--&'in contem-orar'
communit' "tandard" )ou&d find tat te "u%$ect matter taen a"
a )o&e a--ea&" to te -rurient intere"t and tat taen a" a
)o&e it oter)i"e &ac" "eriou" &iterar' arti"tic, -o&itica&,
educationa& or "cientific va&ue "ee #ara 31.
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8. I( a %'!'( +*20'( "# his C"+%: A!eek Sarkar v. State
of "est Ben#al, 2014 4 SCC 257, ti" Court referred to
!n&i", .S. and Canadian $udment" and moved a)a' from te
ic&in te"t and a--&ied te contem-orar' communit' "tandard"
te"t.
;. Wha has b''( sai* $ih %'2a%* " &+b)i! "%*'% a(*
i(!i'0'( " a( "##'(!' '3+a)) a&&)i's h'%'. S'!i"( 88A
!a((" &"ssib) b' sai* " !%'a' a( "##'(!' $hi!h #a))s $ihi(
h' '4&%'ssi"( *'!'(! "% 0"%a)i i( ha $ha 0a b'
2%"ss) "##'(si' "% a(("i(2 +(*'% h' S'!i"( (''* (" b'
"bs!'(' a a)) i( #a! h' $"%* "bs!'(' is !"(s&i!+"+s b is
abs'(!' i( S'!i"( 88A.
. H"$''%: h' )'a%('* A**ii"(a) S")i!i"% G'('%a) as@'*
+s " %'a* i(" S'!i"( 88A 'a!h "# h' s+b'! 0a'%s
!"(ai('* i( A%i!)' 156-7 i( "%*'% " sa' h' !"(si+i"(a)i "#
h' &%"isi"(. W' a%' a#%ai* ha s+!h a( '4'%!is' is ("
&"ssib)' #"% h' si0&)' %'as"( ha $h'( h' )'2is)a+%'
i('(*'* " *" s": i &%"i*'* #"% s"0' "# h' s+b'! 0a'%s
!"(ai('* i( A%i!)' 156-7 i( S'!i"( 85A. W' $"+)* b' *"i(2
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!"0&)'' i")'(!' " h' )a(2+a2' "# S'!i"( 88A i# $' $'%' "
%'a* i(" i s"0'hi(2 ha $as (''% i('(*'* " b' %'a* i(" i.
F+%h'%: h' a%2+'* ha h' sa+' sh"+)* b' 0a*' $"%@ab)':
a(* h' #"))"$i(2 sh"+)* b' %'a* i(" S'!i"( 88A<
=6i7 I(#"%0ai"( $hi!h $"+)* a&&'a% hi2h)ab+si': i(s+)i(2: &'"%ai': "##'(si' b%'as"(ab)' &'%s"( i( 2'('%a): +*2'* b h'sa(*a%*s "# a( "&'( a(* +s 0+)i!as': 0+)i%')i2i"+s: 0+)i %a!ia) s"!i'?
* &*+- -, P$& P-'*$+&-%' . C-&%' (2006) 1 WLR 2223 &a%a 5 a(* -1
* C-%%-: . &*+- -, P$& P-'*$+&-%'%'&"%'* i( -99 1 W.L.R. -;8/-99; 1 A)) ER191-
* H"+s' "# L"%*s S')'! C"00i'' 1s R'&"% "#S'ssi"( -91-91 "( C"00+(i!ai"(s i)'* as=S"!ia) M'*ia A(* C%i0i(a) O##'(!'sB &2 -89
"# !"0&i)ai"( "# +*20'(s V") I Pa%
6ii7 I(#"%0ai"( $hi!h is *i%'!'* " i(!i' "% !a(&%"*+!' i00i('( )a$)'ss a!i"( B%/*%$ .O&- 395 U.;. 444 (1969)D
6iii7 I(#"%0ai"( $hi!h 0a !"(si+' !%'*ib)'
h%'as "# i")'(!' " h' &'%s"( "% *a0a2'?
6i7 I(#"%0ai"( $hi!h si%s h' &+b)i! " a(2'%:i(i's i")'( *is&+'s b%i(2s ab"+ !"(*ii"( "#i")'( +(%'s a(* *is+%ba(!'s?
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Terminiello v. Chicago 337 US 1 (1949)
67 I(#"%0ai"( $hi!h a*"!a's "% 'a!h's h' *+:
('!'ssi "% &%"&%i'a% "# i")'(!' as a 0'a(s "#a!!"0&)ishi(2 &")ii!a): s"!ia) "% %')i2i"+s %'#"%0a(*/"% +si#i's !"00issi"(i(2 "# i")'( a!s $iha( i('( " '4'0&)i# 2)"%i# s+!h i")'( 0'a(s "a!!"0&)ish &")ii!a): s"!ia): '!"("0i!a) "% %')i2i"+s%'#"%0s
[Whitney vs. California 74 US 3!7"#
6i7 I(#"%0ai"( $hi!h !"(ai(s #i2hi(2 "% ab+si'0a'%ia)?
Cha$lins%y v. &e' am$shire 31! U.S. !*+(194)
6ii7 I(#"%0ai"( $hi!h &%"0"'s ha' s&''!h i.'.
6a7I(#"%0ai"( $hi!h &%"&a2a's ha%'* "$a%*si(*ii*+a) "% a 2%"+&s: "( h' basis "# %a!':%')i2i"(: %')i2i"(: !as'is0: 'h(i!i:
6b7I(#"%0ai"( $hi!h is i('(*'* " sh"$ h's+&%'0a! "# "(' &a%i!+)a%%')i2i"(/%a!'/!as' b 0a@i(2 *is&a%a2i(2:ab+si' a(*/"% hi2h) i(#)a00a"% %'0a%@sa2ai(s %')i2i"(/%a!'/!as'.
6!7I(#"%0ai"( *'&i!i(2 %')i2i"+s *'ii's: h")&'%s"(s: h") s0b")s: h") b""@s $hi!h a%'!%'a'* " i(s+) "% " sh"$ !"('0& "% )a!@
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"# %''%'(!' #"% s+!h %')i2i"+s *'ii's: h")&'%s"(s: h") s0b")s: h") b""@s "% "$a%*ss"0'hi(2 $hi!h is !"(si*'%'* sa!%'* "%i(i")ab)'.
6iii7 Sai%i!a) "% i!"("!)asi! !a%""( a(* !a%i!a+%'$hi!h #ai)s h' 's )ai* *"$( i( ,stler -againe/nc. v. 0al'ell 4+! U.S. 4* (19++)
6i47 I(#"%0ai"( $hi!h 2)"%i#i's '%%"%is0 a(* +s' "#*%+2s?
647 I(#"%0ai"( $hi!h i(#%i(2's %i2h "# &%ia! "# h'"h'%s a(* i(!)+*'s a!s "# !b'% b+))i(2:ha%ass0'( "% sa)@i(2.
64i7 I(#"%0ai"( $hi!h is "bs!'(' a(* has h''(*'(! " a%"+s' #'')i(2 "% %''a)i(2 a( "'%s'4+a) *'si%' a(* sh"+)* b' s+22'si' "# *'&%a'0i(* a(* *'si2('* " '4!i' s'4+a) &assi"( i(&'%s"(s $h" a%' )i@') " s'' i.
vee% Sar%ar an2 nr. vs. State of West engalan2 rs. (2014) 4 SCC 257.
64ii7 C"('4 a(* ba!@2%"+(* 's "# "bs!'(i.I(#"%0ai"( $hi!h is &"s'* i( s+!h a !"('4 "%
ba!@2%"+(* $hi!h has a !"(s'3+'(ia) '##'! "#"+%a2i(2 h' 0"*'s "# h' &i!+%'* i(*ii*+a).
vee% Sar%ar an2 nr. vs. State of West engalan2 rs. (2014) 4 SCC 257.”
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5. Wha h' )'a%('* A**ii"(a) S")i!i"% G'('%a) is as@i(2 +s
" *" is (" " %'a* *"$( S'!i"( 88A h' is as@i(2 #"% a
$h")'sa)' s+bsi+i"( "# h' &%"isi"( $hi!h is "bi"+s) ("
&"ssib)'.
V$*%*''
9. C"+(s') #"% h' &'ii"('%s a%2+'* ha h' )a(2+a2' +s'*
i( S'!i"( 88A is s" a2+' ha ('ih'% $"+)* a( a!!+s'*
&'%s"( b' &+ "( ("i!' as " $ha '4a!) is h' "##'(!' $hi!h
has b''( !"00i'* ("% $"+)* h' a+h"%ii's a*0i(is'%i(2 h'
S'!i"( b' !)'a% as " "( $hi!h si*' "# a !)'a%) *%a$( )i(' a
&a%i!+)a% !"00+(i!ai"( $i)) #a)).
1. W' $'%' 2i'( C"))i(s *i!i"(a%: $hi!h *'#i('* 0"s "#
h' '%0s +s'* i( S'!i"( 88A: as #"))"$s<
=O##'(si'
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1. T" h%'a'( $ih i")'(!': *a(2'%: '!.
-. A h%'a "# h' a! "# h%'a'(i(2
,. S"0'hi(2 0'(a!i(2? a s"+%!' "# *a(2'%
. A (+isa(!'
A(("
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,. A( "##'(si' "% !"('0&+"+s %'0a%@ "% a!i"(? a##%"(?s)i2h
. A &'%s"( "% hi(2 &%"*+!i(2 h' '##'! "# a( a##%"( s"0' ')'isi"( is a( i(s+) " i('))i2'(!'
. A( i(+% "% %a+0a.B
-. Th' U.S. S+&%'0' C"+% has %'&'a'*) h')* i( a s'%i's
"# +*20'(s ha $h'%' (" %'as"(ab)' sa(*a%*s a%' )ai* *"$(
" *'#i(' 2+i) i( a S'!i"( $hi!h !%'a's a( "##'(!': a(* $h'%'
(" !)'a% 2+i*a(!' is 2i'( " 'ih'% )a$ abi*i(2 !ii'(s "% "
a+h"%ii's a(* !"+%s: a S'!i"( $hi!h !%'a's a( "##'(!' a(*
$hi!h is a2+' 0+s b' s%+!@ *"$( as b'i(2 a%bi%a% a(*
+(%'as"(ab)'. Th+s: i( M$''* . U+: 5- L. E*. 8-: a Uah
sa+' $hi!h "+)a$'* !"(s&i%a! " !"00i a!s i(+%i"+s "
&+b)i! 0"%a)s $as s%+!@ *"$(.
,. I( W&%+*' . P*-* -, ;++* -, N* -" 5- L. E*.
9: a N'$ Y"%@ P'(a) La$ %'a* as #"))"$s
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i('( " s')): )'(*: 2i' a$a: *is%ib+' "% sh"$: "%"h'%$is' "##'%s #"% sa)': )"a(: 2i# "% *is%ib+i"(:a( b""@: &a0&h)': 0a2ai(': ('$s&a&'% "% "h'%&%i('* &a&'% *'"'* " h' &+b)i!ai"(: a(*&%i(!i&a)) 0a*' +& "# !%i0i(a) ('$s: &")i!' %'&"%s:"% a!!"+(s "# !%i0i(a) *''*s: "% &i!+%'s: "% s"%i's"# *''*s "# b)""*sh'*: )+s "% !%i0'?……………………………………………..
Is 2+i) "# a 0is*'0'a("%: …..B 6a &a2' 87
Th' !"+% i( s%i@i(2 *"$( h' sai* sa+' h')*<
=Th' i0&"ssibi)i "# *'#i(i(2 h' &%'!is' )i('b'$''( &'%0issib)' +(!'%ai( i( sa+'s !a+s'*b *'s!%ibi(2 !%i0's b $"%*s $')) +(*'%s""*h%"+2h )"(2 +s' i( h' !%i0i(a) )a$ "bs!'(':)'$*: )as!ii"+s: #i)h: i(*'!'( "% *is2+si(2>a(*h' +(!"(si+i"(a) a2+'('ss ha )'a's a &'%s"(+(!'%ai( as " h' @i(* "# &%"hibi'* !"(*+!>0assi(2 s"%i's " i(!i' !%i0'>has %'s+)'* i(
h%'' a%2+0'(s "# his !as' i( his C"+%. Th')'2is)ai' b"*i's i( *%a#s0a(shi& "bi"+s) ha'h' sa0' *i##i!+) as *" h' +*i!ia) i(i('%&%'ai"(. N''%h')'ss *'s&i' h' *i##i!+)i's:!"+%s 0+s *" h'i% b's " *''%0i(' $h'h'% "%(" h' a2+'('ss is "# s+!h a !ha%a!'% ha 0'("# !"00"( i('))i2'(!' 0+s ('!'ssa%i) 2+'ss ais 0'a(i(2. C"((a)) . G'('%a) C"(s%. C".: -85U.S. ,: ,51: 8 S.C. 1-8: 1-;: ;9 L.E*. ,--. Th''(i%' '4 "# h' sa+' "% h' s+b'!s *'a) $ih0a #+%(ish a( a*'3+a' sa(*a%*. Th' &%'s'(!as' as " a a2+' sa+' ab%i*2i(2 #%'' s&''!hi(")'s h' !i%!+)ai"( "# "() +)2a% 0a2ai('s.Th' ('4 0a !a)) #"% *'!isi"( as " #%'' '4&%'ssi"("# &")ii!a) i'$s i( h' )i2h "# a sa+' i('(*'* "&+(ish s+b'%si' a!iii's.
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Th' s+bs'!i"( "# h' N'$ Y"%@ P'(a) La$: as ("$i('%&%''* b h' C"+% "# A&&'a)s &%"hibis*is%ib+i"( "# a 0a2ai(' &%i(!i&a)) 0a*' +& "#!%i0i(a) ('$s "% s"%i's "# *''*s "# b)""*sh'*: "%)+s: s" 0ass'* as " b'!"0' 'hi!)'s #"% i(!ii(2i")'( a(* *'&%a'* !%i0's a2ai(s h' &'%s"(. +''( !"(si*'%i(2 h' 2)"ss &+ +&"( h' )i'%a)0'a(i(2 b h' C"+% "# A&&'a)s %'s%i!i"( "# h'sa+' " !"))'!i"(s "# s"%i's s" 0ass'* as "b'!"0' 'hi!)'s #"% i(!ii(2 i")'( a(* *'&%a'*!%i0's a2ai(s h' &'%s"( (" ('!'ssa%i) s'4+a) &assi"(: $' #i(* h' s&'!i#i!ai"( "#&+b)i!ai"(s: &%"hibi'* #%"0 *is%ib+i"(: ""+(!'%ai( a(* i(*'#i(i' " +si# h' !"(i!i"( "#
his &'ii"('%. E'( h"+2h a)) *''!i' a)'s a(*%'ais's "( !%i0i(")"2 a%' (" #"%bi**'(: a(*h"+2h &+b)i!ai"(s 0a*' +& "# !%i0i(a) *''*s ("!ha%a!'%i'* b b)""*sh'* "% )+s a%' "0i'* #%"0h' i('%&%'ai"( "# h' C"+% "# A&&'a)s: $' hi(@#ai% +s' "# !"))'!i"(s "# &i!+%'s a(* s"%i's $"+)*b' i('%*i!'* b'!a+s' "# h' +'% i0&"ssibi)i "#h' a!"% "% h' %i'% " @("$ $h'%' his ('$sa(*a%* "# 2+i) $"+)* *%a$ h' )i(' b'$''( h'a))"$ab)' a(* h' #"%bi**'( &+b)i!ai"(s. N" i('("% &+%&"s' is %'3+i%'*>(" i(*'!'(! "% "bs!'(ii( a( s'(s' h'%'"#"%' @("$( " h' )a$. S"0ass'* as " i(!i' " !%i0' !a( b'!"0'0'a(i(2#+) "() b !"(!%'' i(sa(!'s. This "(''4a0&)' is (" '("+2h. Th' !)a+s' &%"&"s's "&+(ish h' &%i(i(2 a(* !i%!+)ai"( "# &+b)i!ai"(sha !"+%s "% +%i's 0a hi(@ i(#)+'(!' 2'('%a))&'%s"(s " !"00i !%i0' "# i")'(!' a2ai(s h'&'%s"(. N" !"(s&i%a! " !"00i a !%i0' is
%'3+i%'*. S'' M+ss'% . Sa' "# Uah: 8 S.C. ,5;:his T'%0. I is (" a( '##'!i' ("i!' "# ('$ !%i0'.Th' !)a+s' has (" '!h(i!a) "% !"00"( )a$0'a(i(2. N"% !a( )i2h as " h' 0'a(i(2 b' 2ai('*#%"0 h' s'!i"( as a $h")' "% h' A%i!)' "# h'P'(a) La$ +(*'% $hi!h i a&&'a%s. As sai* i( h'C"h'( G%"!'% C". !as': s+&%a: - U.S. a &a2'
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5: 1 S.C. a &a2' ,99: 8 L.E*. 18: 1 A.L.R.19<
I )'a's "&'(: h'%'#"%': h' $i*'s !"(!'iab)'i(3+i%: h' s!"&' "# $hi!h (" "(' !a( #"%'s'' a(*h' %'s+) "# $hi!h (" "(' !a( #"%'sha*"$ "%a*'3+a') 2+a%* a2ai(s.
Th' sa+' as !"(s%+'* b h' C"+% "# A&&'a)s*"'s (" )i0i &+(ish0'( " h' i(*'!'( a(*"bs!'(': as #"%0'%) +(*'%s""*. Wh'( s"%i's "#*''*s "# b)""*sh'*: s+!h as 0a( i( h' a!!+s'*0a2ai('s: a%' 0ass'* s" as " i(!i' " i")'(!%i0's: h' sa+' is i")a'*. i *"'s (" s''0 "
+s ha a( h"('s *is%ib+"% "# &+b)i!ai"(s !"+)*@("$ $h'( h' 0i2h b' h')* " ha' i2("%'* s+!h a&%"hibii"(. C"))'!i"(s "# a)'s "# $a% h"%%"%s:"h'%$is' +('4!'&i"(ab)': 0i2h $')) b' #"+(* "b' 0ass'* s" as " b'!"0' 'hi!)'s #"% i(!ii(2i")'( a(* *'&%a'* !%i0's. Wh'%' a sa+' is s"a2+' as " 0a@' !%i0i(a) a( i(("!'( a!: a!"(i!i"( +(*'% i !a((" b' s+sai('*. H'%(*"( .L"$%: ,91 U.S. --: -5: ; S.C. ;,-: ;,5: 1L.E*. 1988.B 6a &a2' 1-7
. I( B$'+:% . W&'-%" 58 L. E*. 195: sa!%i)'2i"+s
$%ii(2s a(* +'%a(!'s $'%' "+)a$'*. H'%' a2ai(: h' U.S.
S+&%'0' C"+% s'&&'* i( " s%i@' *"$( h' "##'(*i(2 S'!i"(
sai(2<
=I is (" a s+##i!i'( a(s$'% " sa ha sa!%i)'2i"+sis *'#i(i': b'!a+s' a)) s+b'!s ha i( a( $a0i2h b' i('%&%''* as "##'(*i(2 h' %')i2i"+sb')i'#s "# a( "(' "# h' ,99 s'!s "# h' U(i'*Sa's a%' ba(('* i( N'$ Y"%@. T" a))"$ s+!h
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a2+': +(*'#i(ab)' &"$'%s "# !'(s"%shi& " b''4'%!is'* is b"+(* " ha' s+)i#i(2 !"(s'3+'(!'s"( h' !%'ai' &%"!'ss "# )i'%a+%' a(* a%>#"% h'#i)0s a%' *'%i'* )a%2') #%"0 )i'%a+%'. His"% *"'s(" '(!"+%a2' %')ia(!' "( h' $is*"0 a(*0"*'%ai"( "# h' !'(s"% as a sa#'2+a%* i( h''4'%!is' "# s+!h *%asi! &"$'% "'% h' 0i(*s "#0'(. W' (" "() *" (" @("$ b+ !a((" @("$$ha is !"(*'0(ab)' b sa!%i)'2i"+s. A(* i# $'!a((" ')): h"$ a%' h"s' " b' 2"'%('* b h'sa+' " ')) 6a &a2' 11-17
. I( C&+: -, C&- . M-*' *+ : -; U.S. 1 615557:
a Chi!a2" Ga(2 C"(2%'2ai"( O%*i(a(!' &%"hibi'* !%i0i(a)
s%'' 2a(2 0'0b'%s #%"0 )"i'%i(2 $ih "(' a("h'% "% $ih
"h'% &'%s"(s i( a( &+b)i! &)a!' #"% (" a&&a%'( &+%&"s'. Th'
C"+% %'#'%%'* " a( 'a%)i'% +*20'( i( U%&+*/ ;++*' . R**'*
5- U.S. -1 61;7 a --1 i( $hi!h i $as sa'* ha h'
C"(si+i"( *"'s (" &'%0i a )'2is)a+%' " s' a (' )a%2'
'("+2h " !a!h a)) &"ssib)' "##'(*'%s a(* )'a' i " h' C"+%
" s'& i( a(* sa $h" !"+)* b' %i2h#+)) *'ai('* a(* $h"
sh"+)* b' s' a )ib'%. I $as h')* ha h' b%"a* s$''& "# h'
O%*i(a(!' i")a'* h' %'3+i%'0'( ha a )'2is)a+%' (''*s "
0''< " 'sab)ish 0i(i0+0 2+i*')i('s " 2"'%( )a$
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s+!h 2+i*')i('s: a s+bsa(ia) a0"+( "# i(("!'( !"(*+!
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$"+)* a)s" b' b%"+2h $ihi( is (': )'a*i(2 " is
+(!"(si+i"(a)i.
8. I $as #+%h'% h')* ha a &'(a) )a$ is "i* #"% a2+'('ss i#
i #ai)s " *'#i(' h' !%i0i(a) "##'(!' $ih s+##i!i'( *'#i(i'('ss.
O%*i(a% &'"&)' sh"+)* b' ab)' " +(*'%sa(* $ha !"(*+! is
&%"hibi'* a(* $ha is &'%0i'*. A)s": h"s' $h" a*0i(is'%
h' )a$ 0+s @("$ $ha "##'(!' has b''( !"00i'* s" ha
a%bi%a% a(* *is!%i0i(a"% '(#"%!'0'( "# h' )a$ *"'s ("
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---: h' Sa' "# I))i("is &%"i*'* i( a( a(i ("is' "%*i(a(!' as
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=6N7" &'%s"(: $hi)' "( &+b)i! "% &%ia' 2%"+(*sa*a!'( " a( b+i)*i(2 i( $hi!h a s!h"") "% a(!)ass h'%'"# is i( s'ssi"(: sha)) $i))#+)) 0a@' "%assis i( h' 0a@i(2 "# a( ("is' "% *i'%si"( $hi!h
*is+%bs "% '(*s " *is+%b h' &'a!' "% 2""* "%*'%"# s+!h s!h"") s'ssi"( "% !)ass h'%'"#. . . . C"*' "#O%*i(a(!'s: !. -: 15.-6a7.B
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5. S'!"(*): h'%' ha* " b' *'0"(s%a'* a !a+sa)i
b'$''( *is+%ba(!' ha "!!+%s a(* h' ("is' "% *i'%si"(.
Thi%*): a!s ha' " b' $i))#+)) *"('. I is i0&"%a( " ("i!'
ha h' S+&%'0' C"+% s&'!i#i!a)) h')* ha =+(*'si%ab)'sB "%
h'i% =a(("i(2 !"(*+!B 0a (" b' &+(ish'*. I is "() "(
h's' )i0i'* 2%"+(*s ha h' sai* O%*i(a(!' $as !"(si*'%'*
(" " b' i0&'%0issib) a2+'.
89. I( R*%-: A++-%*: !*%* -, +* U%&+*/ ;++*'" *+ .
. A*&% C&& L&*+&*' U%&-% *+ ." -1 U.S. 6155;7:
$" &%"isi"(s "# h' C"00+(i!ai"(s D'!'(! A! "# 1558
$hi!h s"+2h " &%"'! 0i("%s #%"0 ha%0#+) 0a'%ia) "( h'
i('%(' $'%' a*+*2'* +(!"(si+i"(a). This +*20'( is a
)i)' i0&"%a( #"% $" basi! %'as"(s ha i *'a)s $ih a &'(a)
"##'(!' !%'a'* #"% &'%s"(s $h" +s' h' i('%(' as a)s" #"% h'
%'as"( ha h' sa+' $hi!h $as a*+*2'* +(!"(si+i"(a)
+s's h' '4&%'ssi"( =&a'() "##'(si'B $hi!h !"0's '4%'0')
!)"s' " h' '4&%'ssi"( =2%"ss) "##'(si'B +s'* b h'
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i0&+2('* S'!i"( 88A. S'!i"( --,6*7: $hi!h $as a*+*2'*
+(!"(si+i"(a): is s' "+ h'%'i(b')"$
6A7 +s's a( i('%a!i' !"0&+'% s'%i!' " s'(* "a s&'!i#i! &'%s"( "% &'%s"(s +(*'% 1 'a%s "# a2':"%
67 +s's a( i('%a!i' !"0&+'% s'%i!' " *is&)ai( a 0a(('% aai)ab)' " a &'%s"( +(*'% 1 'a%s "#a2': =a( !"00'(: %'3+'s: s+22'si"(: &%"&"sa):i0a2': "% "h'% !"00+(i!ai"( ha: i( !"('4:*'&i!s "% *'s!%ib's: i( '%0s &a'() "##'(si' as0'as+%'* b !"('0&"%a% !"00+(i sa(*a%*s:s'4+a) "% '4!%'"% a!iii's "% "%2a(s: %'2a%*)'ss"# $h'h'% h' +s'% "# s+!h s'%i!' &)a!'* h' !a))"% i(iia'* h' !"00+(i!ai"(? "%
6-7 @("$i(2) &'%0is a( ')'!"00+(i!ai"(s#a!i)i +(*'% s+!h &'%s"(s !"(%") " b' +s'* #"% a(a!ii &%"hibi'* b &a%a2%a&h 617 $ih h' i('(ha i b' +s'* #"% s+!h a!ii:
sha)) b' #i('* +(*'% Ti)' 1: "% i0&%is"('* (" 0"%'ha( $" 'a%s: "% b"h.B 6a &a2' 897
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!"+(% a(* i(*''* h' $"%)* as ' s''(. Th'&)ai(i##s i( h's' a!i"(s !"%%'!) *'s!%ib' h'*'0"!%aii(2 '##'!s "# I('%(' !"00+(i!ai"(<i(*ii*+a) !ii'(s "# )i0i'* 0'a(s !a( s&'a@ " a$"%)*$i*' a+*i'(!' "( iss+'s "# !"(!'%( " h'0.F'*'%a)iss a(* A(i#'*'%a)iss 0a *'ba' h's%+!+%' "# h'i% 2"'%(0'( (i2h): b+ h's'*'ba's "!!+% i( ('$s2%"+&s "% !ha %""0s %ah'%ha( i( &a0&h)'s. M"*'%(*a L+h'%s si)) &"sh'i% h's's: b+ " ')'!%"(i! b+))'i(s b"a%*s %ah'%ha( h' *""% "# h' Wi'(b'%2 S!h)"ss@i%!h'.M"%' 0+(*a(' 6b+ #%"0 a !"(si+i"(a)&'%s&'!i': '3+a)) i0&"%a(7 *ia)"2+' "!!+%sb'$''( as&i%i(2 a%iss: "% F%'(!h !""@s: "% *"2
)"'%s: "% #) #ish'%0'(.B 5-5 F. S+&&. A 1. 6a&a2' -7
81. Th' S+&%'0' C"+% h')* ha h' i0&+2('* sa+' )a!@'*
h' &%'!isi"( ha h' #i%s a0'(*0'( %'3+i%'* $h'( a sa+'
%'2+)a's h' !"('( "# s&''!h. I( "%*'% " *'( 0i("%s
a!!'ss " &"'(ia)) ha%0#+) s&''!h: h' i0&+2('* A!
'##'!i') s+&&%'ss's a )a%2' a0"+( "# s&''!h ha a*+)s
ha' a !"(si+i"(a) %i2h " %'!'i' a(* " a**%'ss " "('
a("h'%.
8-. S+!h a b+%*'( "( a*+) s&''!h is +(a!!'&ab)' i# )'ss
%'s%i!i' a)'%(ai's $"+)* b' as '##'!i' i( a!hi'i(2 h'
)'2ii0a' &+%&"s' ha h' sa+' $as '(a!'* " s'%'. I $as
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h')* ha h' 2'('%a) +(*'#i('* '%0 =&a'() "##'(si'B !"'%s
)a%2' a0"+(s "# ("(&"%("2%a&hi! 0a'%ia) $ih s'%i"+s
'*+!ai"(a) "% "h'% a)+' a(* $as b"h a2+' a(* "'% b%"a*.
t )a", tu", e&d tat te im-uned "tatute )a" not
narro)&' tai&ored and )ou&d fa&& fou& of te fir"t amendment.
8,. I( F*/* C-$%&+&-%' C-&''&-% . F-<
T**&'&-% ;++&-%': 1,- S.C. -,9;: i $as h')*<
=A #+(*a0'(a) &%i(!i&)' i( "+% )'2a) ss'0 is ha)a$s $hi!h %'2+)a' &'%s"(s "% '(ii's 0+s 2i'#ai% ("i!' "# !"(*+! ha is #"%bi**'( "% %'3+i%'*.S'' Connally . General Constr. Co.: -85 U. S.,: ,51 615-87 6=A sa+' $hi!h 'ih'% #"%bi*s "%%'3+i%'s h' *"i(2 "# a( a! i( '%0s s" a2+' ha
0'( "# !"00"( i('))i2'(!' 0+s ('!'ssa%i) 2+'ssa is 0'a(i(2 a(* *i##'% as " is a&&)i!ai"(:i")a's h' #i%s 'ss'(ia) "# *+' &%"!'ss "# )a$B7?Papacristo! . "ac#son$ille: 9 U. S. 18: 18-615;-7 6=Lii(2 +(*'% a %+)' "# )a$ '(ai)s a%i"+ss+&&"sii"(s: "(' "# $hi!h is ha a)) &'%s"(s a%''(i)'* " b' i(#"%0'* as " $ha h' Sa'!"00a(*s "% #"%bi*sB 63+"i(2 %an&etta . 'e"ersey : ,98 U. S. 1: , 615,57 6a)'%ai"( i("%i2i(a)777. This %'3+i%'0'( "# !)a%i i( %'2+)ai"( is
'ss'(ia) " h' &%"'!i"(s &%"i*'* b h' D+'P%"!'ss C)a+s' "# h' Fi#h A0'(*0'(.S'' nite* States . +illia,s: , U. S. -: ,96-997. I %'3+i%'s h' i(a)i*ai"( "# )a$s ha a%'i0&'%0issib) a2+'. A !"(i!i"( "% &+(ish0'(#ai)s " !"0&) $ih *+' &%"!'ss i# h' sa+' "%%'2+)ai"( +(*'% $hi!h i is "bai('* =#ai)s " &%"i*'
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a &'%s"( "# "%*i(a% i('))i2'(!' #ai% ("i!' "# $hais &%"hibi'*: "% is s" sa(*a%*)'ss ha i a+h"%i's"% '(!"+%a2's s'%i"+s) *is!%i0i(a"%'(#"%!'0'(.B -bi*. As his C"+% has '4&)ai('*: a%'2+)ai"( is (" a2+' b'!a+s' i 0a a i0's b'*i##i!+) " &%"' a( i(!%i0i(ai(2 #a! b+ %ah'%b'!a+s' i is +(!)'a% as " $ha #a! 0+s b'&%"'*. S'' i*.: a ,98.
E'( $h'( s&''!h is (" a iss+': h' "i* #"%a2+'('ss *"!%i(' a**%'ss's a )'as $"!"(('!'* b+ *is!%'' *+' &%"!'ss !"(!'%(s< #i%s:ha %'2+)a'* &a%i's sh"+)* @("$ $ha is %'3+i%'*"# h'0 s" h' 0a a! a!!"%*i(2)? s'!"(*:
&%'!isi"( a(* 2+i*a(!' a%' ('!'ssa% s" ha h"s''(#"%!i(2 h' )a$ *" (" a! i( a( a%bi%a% "%*is!%i0i(a"% $a. S'' Grayne* . City o/oc#or* : 9 U. S. 19: 19195 615;-7. Wh'(s&''!h is i(")'*: %i2"%"+s a*h'%'(!' " h"s'%'3+i%'0'(s is ('!'ssa% " '(s+%' ha a0bi2+i*"'s (" !hi)) &%"'!'* s&''!h.B6a &a2' -,1;7
8. C"0i(2 " his C"+%s +*20'(s: i( ;++* -, M/:
P/*' . B/*- P'/" 1581 1 S.C.R. 5;9 a( i(!)+si'
*'#i(ii"( "# h' $"%* =2""(*aB $as h')* " b' a2+' a(* h'
"##'(!' !%'a'* b S'!i"( A "# h' G""(*as A! $as:
h'%'#"%': i")ai' "# A%i!)' 156176*7 a(* 6'7 "# h' C"(si+i"(.
I $as sa'*<
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i *"'s (" i(*i!a' $hi!h 'ss ha' " b' a&&)i'* i(*'!i*i(2 $h'h'% a &'%s"( #a))s i( h' #i%s &a% "#h' *'#i(ii"(. R'!"+%s' " h' *i!i"(a% 0'a(i(2 "#h' $"%* $"+)* ha%*) b' "# a( assisa(!' i( his0a'%. A#'% a)) i 0+s b' b"%(' i( 0i(* ha h' A!a+h"%is's h' Dis%i! Ma2is%a' " *'&%i' a!ii'( "# his #+(*a0'(a) %i2h +(*'% A%. 156176*7a(* 6'7: a(* h"+2h h' "b'! "# h' A! a(* is&+%&"s' $"+)* +(*"+b'*) a%a! h' &%"isi"(s "#
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8/9/2019 The Section 66A judgment
68/122Page 68
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