THE SECOND WORLD WAR 1941-1945A277.3.22. GUIDING QUESTION To what extent did the Second World War bring about lasting change in the American society,

THE SECOND THE SECOND

WORLD WARWORLD WAR 1941-19451941-1945

A27A277.3.227.3.22

GUIDING QUESTIONGUIDING QUESTIONTo what extent did the To what extent did the Second World War bring Second World War bring about lasting change in about lasting change in the American society, the American society, economy and government? economy and government?

WAR ONWAR ON THETHE

HOME HOME FRONTFRONT

MOBILIZING THE ECONOMYMOBILIZING THE ECONOMY1.1. Industrial ProductionIndustrial Production War Production Board War Production Board ((later:later: Office of War Mobilization) Office of War Mobilization)

By 1944, war production double that of all Axis powersBy 1944, war production double that of all Axis powers “ “cost-plus” basiscost-plus” basis

Results: Results: end of Depression; end of Depression; consolidation of consolidation of

U.S. industry U.S. industry

Effects of War Effects of War SpendingSpending

MOBILIZING THE ECONOMYMOBILIZING THE ECONOMY2.2. Rationing and Price Rationing and Price

ControlsControls Office of Price Office of Price

Administration Administration rationingrationing Anti-Inflation ActAnti-Inflation Act

3.3. Controlling LaborControlling Labor ””no-strike” pledgesno-strike” pledges Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act Smith-Connally Anti-Strike Act

(War Labor Disputes Act) (War Labor Disputes Act) (1943)(1943) personal incomepersonal income union membershipunion membership: major increase: major increase

Ration CardRation Card

Labor Union Membership, Labor Union Membership, 1920-19601920-1960

MOBILIZING THE ECONOMYMOBILIZING THE ECONOMY4.4. Farmers Farmers – farm income doubled, as in World War I– farm income doubled, as in World War I

5.5. Financing the War: Financing the War: $321 billion total!$321 billion total! cost $100 billion for 1945 alonecost $100 billion for 1945 alone

Income Tax Income Tax (Revenue Act of 1942 – (Revenue Act of 1942 – 94%!, everyone, withholding)94%!, everyone, withholding)

Liberty BondsLiberty Bonds

War Bond

Military Military Expenditures Expenditures and the National and the National Debt, 1929-1945Debt, 1929-1945

MOBILIZING THE ECONOMYMOBILIZING THE ECONOMY6.6. Propaganda Propaganda Office of War Information Office of War Information

Result: largely avoided anti-German hysteria of WWIResult: largely avoided anti-German hysteria of WWIanti-Japanese hysteria on West Coastanti-Japanese hysteria on West Coast

MOBILIZING THE ECONOMYMOBILIZING THE ECONOMY

Effects on Effects on SocietySociety

EFFECTS ON THE EFFECTS ON THE HOMEFRONT: HOMEFRONT: IMPACT ON THE IMPACT ON THE ECONOMYECONOMY End of the DepressionEnd of the Depression High employmentHigh employment Farm crisis endedFarm crisis ended personal incomepersonal income rationingrationing savingssavings Union membershipUnion membership Corporate consolidationCorporate consolidation

EFFECTS ON THE EFFECTS ON THE HOMEFRONT: HOMEFRONT: IMPACT ON SOCIETY: IMPACT ON SOCIETY: Demographic ShiftsDemographic Shifts UrbanizationUrbanization Migration to West, esp. CaliforniaMigration to West, esp. California

rapid industrialization of some western states rapid industrialization of some western states (California)(California) Henry J. Kaiser – Kaiser SteelHenry J. Kaiser – Kaiser Steel

South –military posts and defense installationsSouth –military posts and defense installations

Population Shifts 1940-1950Population Shifts 1940-1950

Wartime Army Camps, Naval Bases, and Wartime Army Camps, Naval Bases, and AirfieldsAirfields

EFFECTS ON THE HOMEFRONT: EFFECTS ON THE HOMEFRONT: WOMEN, WORK AND FAMILYWOMEN, WORK AND FAMILY Armed ForcesArmed Forces - 200K+ women; non-combat roles: clerical jobs in - 200K+ women; non-combat roles: clerical jobs in

WACS and WAVES. WACS and WAVES. Work ForceWork Force - 6.5 million women entered (57% increase) - 6.5 million women entered (57% increase)

concentrated in government clerical jobsconcentrated in government clerical jobs "Rosie the Riveter""Rosie the Riveter"

FamiliesFamilies – “8-hour orphans”, juvenile delinquency, crime – “8-hour orphans”, juvenile delinquency, crime Surveys of time: real concern that families were negatively impacted by warSurveys of time: real concern that families were negatively impacted by war

IMPACT ON SOCIETY: Minorities & IMPACT ON SOCIETY: Minorities & RightsRights Second Great Migration Second Great Migration Race riots - Detroit and New York (1943)Race riots - Detroit and New York (1943) Armed Forces: Million+ served; in segregated units Armed Forces: Million+ served; in segregated units Efforts to end discrimination: black unions, threatened marches Efforts to end discrimination: black unions, threatened marches (A. Philip (A. Philip

Randolph on Washington 1942)Randolph on Washington 1942) - pressure on companies with gov’t contracts - pressure on companies with gov’t contracts FDR’s response:FDR’s response:

Executive order prohibiting discrimination in defense plants Executive order prohibiting discrimination in defense plants Fair Employment Practices Commission to investigate discriminationFair Employment Practices Commission to investigate discrimination

Results: Results: Significant Significant decrease in number decrease in number willing to accept status willing to accept status of second class of second class citizens. citizens. Repudiation of Nazi Repudiation of Nazi racism strengthened racism strengthened civil rights effortscivil rights efforts

Segregated Segregated UnitsUnits

Segregated Segregated UnitsUnits

EFFECTS ON THE EFFECTS ON THE HOMEFRONT: HOMEFRONT: IMPACT ON IMPACT ON MINORITIES & CIVIL RIGHTSMINORITIES & CIVIL RIGHTS Japanese AmericansJapanese Americans InternmentInternment Executive Order 8066Executive Order 8066 Korematsu v. U.S. Korematsu v. U.S. (1944)(1944) In re EndoIn re Endo (1944)(1944)

Japanese American Internment CampsJapanese American Internment Camps

Japanese-Japanese-American American InternmenInternmentt

Japanese-American storeJapanese-American store Members of the Mochida family awaiting evacuation bus

Crowd of onlookers on the first day of evacuation Crowd of onlookers on the first day of evacuation from the Japanese quarter in San Franciscofrom the Japanese quarter in San Francisco

Awaiting baggage inspection upon Awaiting baggage inspection upon arrival at Assembly Center, arrival at Assembly Center,

Turlock, CA, May 2, 1942Turlock, CA, May 2, 1942

Japanese-Japanese-American American InternmenInternmentt

Newly arrived evacuees outside of mess hall at Newly arrived evacuees outside of mess hall at noon, Tanforan Assembly Center. San Bruno, CA, noon, Tanforan Assembly Center. San Bruno, CA,

April 29, 1942April 29, 1942.. (National Archives and Records Administration)

War Relocation authority center, Manzanar, War Relocation authority center, Manzanar, California. July 3, 1942California. July 3, 1942

The Hirano family, The Hirano family, Colorado River Colorado River Relocation Center, Relocation Center, Poston, AZPoston, AZ

GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS: GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS: EXPANSION OF GOVERNMENT EXPANSION OF GOVERNMENT POWERPOWER New Deal programs - partially eliminated (Ex: WPA, CCC).New Deal programs - partially eliminated (Ex: WPA, CCC). Vast expansion of power for federal governmentVast expansion of power for federal government Election of 1944Election of 1944

FDR ran for unprecedented fourth termFDR ran for unprecedented fourth term Thomas E. Dewey Thomas E. Dewey (Rep Gov NY)(Rep Gov NY) – biggest issue: govt control over peoples’ lives – biggest issue: govt control over peoples’ lives Harry S TrumanHarry S Truman

Presidential Election of 1944Presidential Election of 1944

Employees in the Executive Branch, Employees in the Executive Branch, 1901–19951901–1995

WAR IN WAR IN

EUROPEEUROPE

DEFEATING DEFEATING GERMANYGERMANY

Operation Torch Operation Torch (1942-May 1943)(1942-May 1943) Gen. George C. MarshallGen. George C. Marshall Second front in France?Second front in France? Stalingrad Stalingrad (Dec 1942/Jan 1943)(Dec 1942/Jan 1943)

Air War Air War incendiary raids incendiary raids

on Hamburg, on Hamburg, Berlin and Berlin and Dresden Dresden

Invasion of Italy Invasion of Italy Mussolini Mussolini

D-DayD-Day

Invasion of NormandyInvasion of Normandy

Eisenhower Meets with Paratroopers before D-Eisenhower Meets with Paratroopers before D-DayDay

D-DAY LANDING JUNE 6, 1944D-DAY LANDING JUNE 6, 1944After the Normandy InvasionAfter the Normandy Invasion

DEFEATING DEFEATING GERMANYGERMANY

Allied invasion of France Allied invasion of France Normandy - D-Day Normandy - D-Day (June 6, 1944)(June 6, 1944) Battle of the Bulge Battle of the Bulge (late December 1944)(late December 1944)

Fall of GermanyFall of Germany Berlin Berlin (June 2, (June 2,

1945)1945) Hitler suicide Hitler suicide

((April 30) April 30) Surrender Surrender June June

7, 1945 (V-E Day)7, 1945 (V-E Day)

WAR IN WAR IN THE THE

PACIFICPACIFIC

GUIDING GUIDING QUESTIONQUESTION Why did the United Why did the United States decide to use States decide to use atomic bombs against atomic bombs against Japan?Japan?

(strictly military measure to end the war? or (strictly military measure to end the war? or diplomatic measure designed to intimidate the diplomatic measure designed to intimidate the Soviet Union in the postwar era?)Soviet Union in the postwar era?)

WAR IN THE PACIFICWAR IN THE PACIFIC PhilippinesPhilippines

Bataan Bataan Death March Death March

Battle of Battle of Coral Sea Coral Sea (May 7-8, 1942)(May 7-8, 1942)

Midway Midway (June 4-7, 1942)(June 4-7, 1942)

Island-Island-hoppinghopping

Gen Douglas Gen Douglas MacArthurMacArthur

Admiral Chester Nimitz Admiral Chester Nimitz Solomon Islands – GuadalcanalSolomon Islands – Guadalcanal

Island-Hopping in the PacificIsland-Hopping in the Pacific

American Troops Before Amphibious LandingAmerican Troops Before Amphibious Landing US troops wading ashore Butaritari, November 1943US troops wading ashore Butaritari, November 1943

Attempting to Secure a Beachhead on Pacific IslandAttempting to Secure a Beachhead on Pacific Island Sprawled bodies on beach TarawaSprawled bodies on beach Tarawa

WAR IN THE WAR IN THE PACIFICPACIFIC

Leyte Gulf Leyte Gulf (Oct 1944)(Oct 1944)

kamikazeskamikazes Iwo Jima Iwo Jima

(Feb-March 1945)(Feb-March 1945)

Okinawa Okinawa (April – June 1945)(April – June 1945)

Flag Raising on Flag Raising on Iwo JimaIwo Jima

BEGINNING THE ATOMIC BEGINNING THE ATOMIC AGEAGE FDR death FDR death (Warm Springs, GA, April 12, 1945)(Warm Springs, GA, April 12, 1945)

Harry S Truman Harry S Truman (President 1945-53)(President 1945-53)

Churchill, Roosevelt & Stalin at Yalta, Feb. 1945Churchill, Roosevelt & Stalin at Yalta, Feb. 1945President Truman addressing President Truman addressing Congress after Roosevelt’s deathCongress after Roosevelt’s death

BEGINNING THE ATOMIC AGEBEGINNING THE ATOMIC AGE Manhattan Project Manhattan Project (begun 1942)(begun 1942) Alamagordo, NM, Alamagordo, NM, July 16, 1945July 16, 1945

Unconditional surrender or Unconditional surrender or face ”utter destruction”face ”utter destruction”

Hiroshima Hiroshima (August 6, 1945)(August 6, 1945) Nagasaki Nagasaki (August 9, 1945)(August 9, 1945)

Japan surrender Japan surrender September 2, 1945 September 2, 1945 (V-J Day)(V-J Day)

Atomic Bombs: “Little Boy”Atomic Bombs: “Little Boy” & & “Fat Man” “Fat Man”

Col. Paul W. Col. Paul W. Tibbets, Jr., & the Tibbets, Jr., & the ENOLA GAYENOLA GAY

Hiroshima Hiroshima After the Bomb After the Bomb Blast, Blast, August August 6, 19456, 1945

Hiroshima After the Bomb Blast, August 6, Hiroshima After the Bomb Blast, August 6, 19451945

Hiroshima after the atomic bomb, August 6, Hiroshima after the atomic bomb, August 6,

19451945

Nagasaki Nagasaki atomic atomic bombingbombing

August 9, 1945August 9, 1945

Aftermath of Nagasaki Aftermath of Nagasaki

bombingbombing

Arguments for useArguments for use

Japanese refused to surrender. It Japanese refused to surrender. It was estimated an invasion similar was estimated an invasion similar to D-Day was needed to bring the to D-Day was needed to bring the

war to an end. war to an end.

US officials estimated conquest of US officials estimated conquest of Japan’s empire would last an Japan’s empire would last an

additional 18 months to 2 years. additional 18 months to 2 years.

US officials estimated Allied US officials estimated Allied casualties at 1/2 to 1 1/2 million, in casualties at 1/2 to 1 1/2 million, in addition to huge Japanese losses if addition to huge Japanese losses if

there was an invasion of Japan. there was an invasion of Japan.

Japanese leadership was informed Japanese leadership was informed of the destructive power and nature of the destructive power and nature of the bomb and offered a period to of the bomb and offered a period to

surrender but declined.surrender but declined.

Arguments opposedArguments opposed

Bombs were untested and their Bombs were untested and their destruction unknowndestruction unknown

Neither city was a major Neither city was a major military target and the attacks military target and the attacks

would mainly kill Japanese would mainly kill Japanese civilians.civilians.

Radiation poisoning, birth Radiation poisoning, birth defects and contamination defects and contamination

would have negative effects on would have negative effects on the population.the population.

Would set a precedent about Would set a precedent about using weapons of mass using weapons of mass

destruction in wardestruction in war

Surrender ceremonies on the Surrender ceremonies on the USS USS MissouriMissouri

Japanese SurrenderJapanese Surrender on the on the USS MissouriUSS Missouri Sept 2, Sept 2, 19451945

RESULTS OF THE SECOND RESULTS OF THE SECOND WORLD WARWORLD WAR

300,000 dead, over 800K wounded300,000 dead, over 800K wounded $320 billion cost$320 billion cost National debt rose from $50 Billion in 1941 to $250 National debt rose from $50 Billion in 1941 to $250

billion by 1945billion by 1945 End of DepressionEnd of Depression Joined United NationsJoined United Nations Only major power without significant physical Only major power without significant physical

damagedamage

7 Future American Presidents Views of the World 7 Future American Presidents Views of the World Were Formed by Service in WWIIWere Formed by Service in WWII

7 Future American Presidents Views of the World 7 Future American Presidents Views of the World Were Formed by Service in WWIIWere Formed by Service in WWII

WWII Memorial, Washington, DCWWII Memorial, Washington, DCWWII Memorial, Washington, DCWWII Memorial, Washington, DC

Dedicated on April 29, 2004Dedicated on April 29, 2004

SOURCESSOURCES Brinkley, Brinkley, American History: A Survey American History: A Survey 10e10e America:America: Pathways to the PresentPathways to the Present (2003) (2003) National Archives and Records AdministrationNational Archives and Records Administration Thomson Wadsworth US History Image Bank - Thomson Wadsworth US History Image Bank -

http://www.wadsworth.com/history_d/special_features/image_bank_US/1931_1945.htmlhttp://www.wadsworth.com/history_d/special_features/image_bank_US/1931_1945.html Teaching Politics, http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/_browse1950.htmTeaching Politics, http://teachpol.tcnj.edu/amer_pol_hist/_browse1950.htm American Journey OnlineAmerican Journey Online Divine, Divine, America Past and Present America Past and Present Revd 7Revd 7thth Ed. Ed. Nash, Nash, The American People The American People 6e; 6e;

http://wps.ablongman.com/long_nash_ap_6/0,7361,592970-,00.htmlhttp://wps.ablongman.com/long_nash_ap_6/0,7361,592970-,00.html Faragher, Faragher, Out of ManyOut of Many 3e http://wps.prenhall.com/hss_faragher_outofmany_ap/ 3e http://wps.prenhall.com/hss_faragher_outofmany_ap/ Jones, Jones, Created EqualCreated Equal Kennedy, Kennedy, American PageantAmerican Pageant 13e 13e Susan Pojer, Horace Greeley H.S., Chappaqua, NYSusan Pojer, Horace Greeley H.S., Chappaqua, NY Henretta, Henretta, America’s HistoryAmerica’s History 5e, http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/mapcentral 5e, http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/mapcentral Roark, Roark, American PromiseAmerican Promise 3e, http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/mapcentral 3e, http://www.bedfordstmartins.com/mapcentral http://www.printmini.com/printables/mil/index.shtml (camouflage)http://www.printmini.com/printables/mil/index.shtml (camouflage)

Franklin Franklin Roosevelt Roosevelt in in wheelchaiwheelchai

rr

Roosevelt, Stalin, and Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin, and Churchill, Tehran, Tehran,

19431943