The ScorePP Approach to evaluate Emission Control Strategies for Urban Priority Pollutants Hans-Christian Holten Lützhøft 1, Webbey De Keyser 2, Lorenzo.

The The ScorePP Approach ScorePP Approach to evaluate Emission to evaluate Emission Control Strategies for Urban Priority Pollutants Control Strategies for Urban Priority Pollutants

Hans-Christian Holten Lützhøft1, Webbey De Keyser2, Lorenzo Benedetti2, Laura Raggatt3, Peter Steen Mikkelsen1

and Eva Eriksson1

1DTU Environment, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark2BIOMATH, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium

3Urban Pollution Research Centre, Middlesex University, London, UK

EEA SeminarCopenhagen

Tuesday 7 December 2010

PresentationPresentationMSc in pharmacy (1991-1996)

― Medicinal chemistry, organic synthesis of AMPA-receptor ligands

PhD (1996-2000)― Environmental Risk Assessment of Antimicrobials; experimental work on ecotoxicity and

environmental fate; literature study of ecotoxicity and occurrence in relation to fish farming activities

PostDoc at KU-Life (2000-2001)― Environmental fate of antimicrobials in soil and porewater

PostDoc at Novo Nordisk (2001-2003)― Stability testing of tablets – development of super enhanced stability testing methods

AssProf at KU-Life (2003-2005)― Intestinal absorption of pharmaceuticals

Pharmacist (2005-2006)AssocProf at DTU Environment (2006- )

― Source characterisation of (organic) priority substances; inherent properties, source tracking, source dynamics, urban releases

― Sampling, extraction, purification and analysis or organic substances― Monitoring; Stakeholder interaction

BackgroundBackgroundEuropean Water Framework Directive (EU WFD) implemented in 2000 with Environmental Quality Standards implemented in 2008Aim of EU WFD is to improve water quality of European water coursesBoth pollution source inventories as well as monitoring programmes have to be establishedEU member states are obliged to improve water quality through more than one measure, for instance

LegislationImproved handling and treatment of waste streams (municipal/industrial wastewater or stormwater)Voluntary initiatives

Background Aim Approach Tools Substances Results Conclusions

AimAimThe main aim of the ScorePP project was to develop Source Control Options for Reducing Emissions of Priority Pollutants from urban areas

The specific aim of this task was to develop an Urban Framework to identify the most appropriate Emission Control Strategy for reducing the releases of priority pollutants listed in the EU WFD


ApproachApproach

Use the developed Emission String concept to establish a pollution source inventory

Apply pollution sources in constructed Semi Hypothetical Case Cities

Perform scenario calculations (SFA and IUWS model) for the different relevant Emission Control Strategies

Identification of appropriate Emission Control Strategies


The The Emission StringEmission String concept conceptWhat is an Emission String concept?

A structured way of classifying substance releases from urban pollution sources – e.g. mercury via amalgam at dentists, diuron from painted facades, phthalates from undercoatings of vehicles

RequirementsContent should be structured and organised in a harmonised wayEnsure that different pollution sources could be distinguished from each otherTo be dynamic and valid EU wide

InspirationUS EPA Source Classification Code (US EPA SCC)The Technical Guidance Document on Risk assessment (TGD)Harmonised codes like the Common Nomenclature (CN), the National Classification of Economic Activities (NACE) and the NOmenclature for Sources Emissions (NOSE)EINECS, CAS#


The The Emission StringEmission String concept conceptCAS #: unique identification of each substanceNOSE-P: unique identification of emission processes NACE: unique identification of economic activities related with the sourceThe ScorePP defined descriptors of

Urban Structure, comprising e.g.Construction sitesFacilities; e.g. factories, dentists, slaughter houses (i.e. legal entities)HouseholdsRiversRoadsWaste sites/landfills

Release PatternTemporal releases on a daily, weekly and yearly basis

Release Factor

All data are stored in a database


Compiling dataCompiling dataKnowledge on pollution sources and their quantitative and qualitative releases were compiled from

Online Risk Assessment Reports from EUHazardous Substance Data Bank (HSDB) and Household Product Database from US NLMHandbooks and electronic compilations, e.g. the Merck Index, Rippen, the e-Pesticide Manual, Kirk-Othmer’s Encyclopaedia of Chemical TechnologyResearch articles


Classifying sources using the Classifying sources using the Emission String Emission String conceptconcept


Case cities and Case cities and selection criteria in other studiesselection criteria in other studies

87 project reviewed, 31 contacted, 17 replied

Primary selection criteriaGeographical locationGood contact

Secondary selection criteriaCity characteristicsClimateDataEnd-usersManagement and governanceTechnique/structure


Not published yet!

Illustration of the approach to design Illustration of the approach to design ’’Semi-hypothetical case city archetypesSemi-hypothetical case city archetypes’’


Not published yet!

Case cities and Case cities and ’’Semi-hypothetical case city archetypesSemi-hypothetical case city archetypes’’

Case cities: Vastly different with respect to climate, industry, treatment technologies and environmental awareness.

+ Real-life monitoring, existing industries and release patterns etc

- Limited by confidential or missing information

SHCCA: Designed to represent different geographical and urban systems

All data available which is needed for further work (modelling, visualisation, multi-criteria analysis, evaluation of emission control strategies).


Description of technical parameters for theDescription of technical parameters for the’’Semi-hypothetical case city archetypesSemi-hypothetical case city archetypes’’


Indicator Unit EI NC

‘Baseline’ techniques: WWTP

Secondary (mechanical+ activated sludge)

Secondary (mechanical+ activated sludge)

‘Baseline’ techniques: CSO None None‘Baseline’ techniques: BMP Ponds PondsConsumption of electricity/heating per capita kWh/year ? ?

Consumption of water per capita incl. domestic and collective use L/pd/day 190 130Industrial wastewater production m3/day 171 000 31 342

Percentage of dwellings connected to the sewage system % 90 99

Percentage of urban wastewater treated to an applicable standard % (secondary) 78 95Proportion of dwellings lacking basic amenities % 10 <1Portion of solid waste processed by incinerator % 18 80Portion of solid waste processed by landfill % 72 3Portion of solid waste processed by recycling % 10 17Portion of sludge dispersed on soil or in forests % 60 50Portion of sludge processed by incinerator % 21 45Portion of sludge processed by landfill % 19 5Average annual number of CSOs No. 670 130Percentage of CSO treated before discharge ‘baseline’ % 0 0

Portion of stormwater conveyed in the combined sewer system % 50 10

Portion of stormwater discharged directly to the river % 50 (100% of 50) 72 (80 of 90%)

Not published yet!

Overview of parameters for theOverview of parameters for the’’Semi-hypothetical case city archetypesSemi-hypothetical case city archetypes’’


City indicators NC EI

Population (mio.) 0.51 1.2

City area (km2) 450 500

Precipitation (mm/y) 650 530

Receiving water flow (m3/s) 50 700

Industries

-heavily polluting 30 70

-moderately polluting 119 279

Wastewater

-treatment type Secondary Secondary

-dwellings connected (%) 99 90

-volume to combined sewer overflows (%) 10 18

Stormwater

-in combined sewer (%) 90 50

-in separate sewer (%) 10 50

--stormwater flow to BMPs* (%) 20 20

Not published yet!

ArchetypesArchetypesGeographical system

Climate; Size; Rainfall; Population etc

Urban systemUrban structures; Financial and activity systems; Technical systems and consumption; Pollution level; Local authorities and households

Emission control strategiesGeneric and city specific

Geographical system

Urbansystem

Emission control strategies


Emission Control StrategiesEmission Control StrategiesECS 1: BaselineThe doing-nothing-strategy

ECS 2: Implementation of relevant EU directivesRoHS, WEEE, Urban wastewater directive, Sewage sludge directive

ECS 3: 2 + Household and municipality voluntary initiativesRecycling, information campaigns, greywater treatment, eco-labelling etc.

ECS 4: 2 + Industrial Best Available TechnologiesAll industries implement BAT

ECS 5: 2 + Post-Environmental Release Control and TreatmentTreatment of stormwater, reducing CSO

ECS 6: 2 + Advanced end-of-pipe wastewater treatmentFull connection to WWTPs, AOP in larger WWTPs


ECS2

Schematic illustration of theSchematic illustration of theEmission Control StrategiesEmission Control Strategies


ECS6ECS5

ECS5

ECS4

ECS3

ECS3

ECS5

ECS3

Not published yet!

Calculations of urban releases using Calculations of urban releases using Substance Flow AnalysisSubstance Flow Analysis

Substance Flow AnalysisSimple book keeping based on the Emission String pollution inventory with quantitative release data

Inflow STOCK Outflow


Calculations of urban releases using the Calculations of urban releases using the Integrated Urban Wastewater System modelIntegrated Urban Wastewater System model

Integrated Urban Wastewater System modelA dynamic model integrating urban substance input based on the Emission String pollution inventory with quantitative release dataEffects of legislative as well as stormwater, wastewater and voluntary initiatives are dynamically modelled to show the results of the various Emission Control Strategies

SOURCES

RELEASE

SURFACE WATER

Sludge

Soil/Groundwater

Air

Sediments

Water

Air

Boundaries of the urban system

Treatment options

Fate models technospher

e

Fate models

environment

Septic tank Activated sludge

on-line sludge

treatment biofilters

Physical-chemical treatment

WWTP

Lagoon/pond

Stormwater

BMPs


Substances and their properties and usesSubstances and their properties and usesBenzo[a]pyrene, B[a]P

Is a combustion by-product neither commercially produced nor usedIs released from combustion of fossil fuel used for transport, electricity and heat but also from various other incineration processesIs a lipophillic substance that sorbs to particles in the gaseous as well as aqueous phases

Di(ethylhexyl)phthalate, DEHPIs a plasticizer commercially produced and used in polymer materialsIs passively released from wall and floor covering, plastic tubes and cables and from undercoating paste of carsIs a lipophillic substance that sorbs to particles


Emission Strings for benzo[a]pyreneEmission Strings for benzo[a]pyreneEmission Strings with release factors

Incineration in relation to: waste and heat&power production (sewage sludge, wood, coal, oil etc.)Combustion of fuel for transportDeposition of sludge on landReleases from industrial production of commodities (coke, petroleum, cement and asphalt)

Emission Strings with loadsReleases from the production of metal, food, textiles, organic and inorganic chemicals

Emission Strings without quantitative release dataLeaching from bitumen (e.g. roofing) and asphaltCoal tar, petroleum, pulp, fibre and paper and wood preservation industriesRun-off from coal storage areasNatural sources like volcano eruptions and forest fires as well as recreational fires


Emission Strings for di(ethylhexyl)phthalateEmission Strings for di(ethylhexyl)phthalateEmission Strings with release factors

None

Emission Strings with loadsHandling of the pure substanceUndercoating of motor vehicles Production of electricityRelease from electrical cables – indoor and outdoorTreatment of waste; land fillsVarious manufacturing; sealants, paint, ink, ceramic, plastic, DEHP Release from floor and wall coveringVarious building materials; tubes, profiles, coated metal sheetsTextiles, clothing, footwear, shoes

Emission Strings without quantitative release dataNone


Results for benzo[a]pyrene using SFAResults for benzo[a]pyrene using SFABaP emitted during ECS1

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

3000

4000

5000

Compatment

Mas

s em

itte

d/y

ear,

kg

BaP emitted during ECS2

Storm

water

CSO

WW

TP

Surfa

cewat

er Air

Urban

Sludge

Sedim

ent

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

3000

4000

5000

Compatment

Mas

s em

itte

d/y

ear,

kg


Storm

water

CSO

WW

TP

Surfa

cewat

er Air

Urban

Sludge

Sedim

ent

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

3000

4000

5000

Compatment

Mas

s em

itte

d/y

ear,

kg


Storm

water

CSO

WW

TP

Surfa

cewat

er Air

Urban

Sludge

Sedim

ent

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

3000

4000

5000

Compatment

Mas

s em

itte

d/y

ear,

kg


Storm

water

CSO

WW

TP

Surfa

cewat

er Air

Urban

Sludge

Sedim

ent

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

3000

4000

5000

Compatment

Mas

s em

itte

d/y

ear,

kg


Storm

water

CSO

WW

TP

Surfa

cewat

er Air

Urban

Sludge

Sedim

ent

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

3000

4000

5000

CompatmentM

ass

emit

ted

/yea

r, k

g


Results for DEHPResults for DEHPUsing SFA:

Using IUWSmodelling:


Results for DEHP using the IUWS model (ECS 1)Results for DEHP using the IUWS model (ECS 1)


Results for DEHP using the IUWS model (ECS 4)Results for DEHP using the IUWS model (ECS 4)


27

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1000

0.5

1

1.5

2Rain [mm/5min]

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1000.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

River stretch 5 [µg/L]

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1000.0163

0.0164

0.0165

Groundwater [µg/L]

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1004.44

4.445

4.45

4.455

Air [ng/m³]

time [d]

Infiltration pond

soil (ug/kg solids)

Combined sewer system

Stormwater to infiltration ponds


Example results for DEHP using theExample results for DEHP using theIUWS model (ECS1)IUWS model (ECS1)

ConclusionsConclusionsBenzo[a]pyrene

For reducing the emissions to the receiving compartment focus has to be put on enhanced stormwater management – however, aerial deposition may be the major source as most B[a]P is released to the air compartmentA dramatic (-al) change in the way to provide electricity, heat and power and other activities involving combustion of fossil fuel has to take place

Di(ethylhexyl)phthalateBoth the SFA and the IUWS modelling show that focus has to be put on the best available technologies for the industry, as both the total input of DEHP to the system is severely reduced, as well is the emission to the receiving compartment

For bothTreatment of wet-weather discharges, or accept sediment pollution ...

Databases and tools are developed, waiting for more applications!


AcknowledgementAcknowledgementThe presented results have been obtained within the framework of the project ScorePP - “Source Control Options for Reducing Emissions of Priority Pollutants”, contract no. 037036, a project coordinated by Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark within the Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development section of the European Community’s Sixth Framework Programme for Research, Technological Development and Demonstration.

The ScorePP Approach to evaluate Emission Control Strategies for Urban Priority Pollutants Hans-Christian Holten Lützhøft 1, Webbey De Keyser 2, Lorenzo.

Documents

urban pollution sources

emission string concept

pollution source inventories

pollution source inventory

different pollution

source control options

source tracking

source dynamics