The Scientific Revolution. The Philosophical Medieval View Aristotle & Ptolemy from Greece supported the Aristotle & Ptolemy from Greece supported the.

The Scientific RevolutionThe Scientific Revolution

The Philosophical Medieval The Philosophical Medieval ViewView Aristotle & Ptolemy from Greece supported Aristotle & Ptolemy from Greece supported

the the

Geocentric theory:Geocentric theory:Earth was an unmoving object Earth was an unmoving object

located at the center of the located at the center of the universe- the sun and planets universe- the sun and planets moved around the Earth moved around the Earth

Religion guided views too: Christianity Religion guided views too: Christianity taught that God had placed Earth at the taught that God had placed Earth at the center of the universe.center of the universe.

The Scientific RevolutionThe Scientific RevolutionAnd new philosophy calls all in doubt,And new philosophy calls all in doubt,

The element of fire is quite put out;The element of fire is quite put out;

The sun is lost, and th’ earth, and no man’s The sun is lost, and th’ earth, and no man’s witwit

Can well direct him where to look for itCan well direct him where to look for it

’’Tis all in pieces, all coherence gone;Tis all in pieces, all coherence gone;

-John Donne, -John Donne,

““Anatomy of the World”Anatomy of the World”

Geocentric Theory

AristotleAristotle(384BC – 322BC)(384BC – 322BC)

Greek philosopherGreek philosopher

Developed Developed geocentricgeocentric model. model.

Philosophies had long-Philosophies had long-lasting effects on lasting effects on philosophical theories. philosophical theories.

Claudius PtolemyClaudius Ptolemy(85AD – 165AD)(85AD – 165AD)

Greek astronomer, Greek astronomer, mathematician & mathematician & geographergeographer

Expanded Aristotle’s Expanded Aristotle’s geocentricgeocentric theory. theory.

Introduced Introduced trigonometry methods.trigonometry methods.

Before the Scientific Before the Scientific RevolutionRevolution

Science was called “natural Science was called “natural philosophy” philosophy”

Science mixed with moral Science mixed with moral philosophy, theology, philosophy, theology, numerology, alchemy & magicnumerology, alchemy & magic

Ancient Greek sources highly Ancient Greek sources highly trustedtrusted

Few experiments were Few experiments were performedperformed

What was the Scientific What was the Scientific Revolution?Revolution?

From 1542 to 1700From 1542 to 1700

Development of new ways to study universeDevelopment of new ways to study universe

Old authorities no longer blindly acceptedOld authorities no longer blindly accepted

Application of mathematics to natural worldApplication of mathematics to natural world

Creation and spread of new ideas and Creation and spread of new ideas and discoveriesdiscoveries

Causes of the Scientific Causes of the Scientific RevolutionRevolution

The voyages of The voyages of discovery and discovery and colonization colonization

Ancient & Medieval Ancient & Medieval works translated into works translated into Latin, then vernacular Latin, then vernacular languages languages

New inventions & New inventions & institutions that institutions that promoted sharing of promoted sharing of knowledgeknowledge

Heliocentric ModelHeliocentric Model Earth is Earth is notnot

center of the center of the universeuniverse

Earth is just Earth is just another planetanother planet

Earth revolves Earth revolves around the Sunaround the Sun

Night and day Night and day caused by Earth’s caused by Earth’s rotationrotation

Heliocentric TheoryHeliocentric TheoryGeocentric vs. Heliocentric ModelsGeocentric vs. Heliocentric Modelshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VyQ8Tb85HrU

Nicolaus Copernicus Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543)(1473-1543)

Sun-centered universe Sun-centered universe – heliocentric theory– heliocentric theory

Earth is no different than Earth is no different than

any other planetany other planet

On the Revolutions of the On the Revolutions of the Heavenly SpheresHeavenly Spheres (1543) (1543)

http://www.npr.org/2011/11/08/141931239/for-copernicus-a-perfect-heaven-put-sun-at-center

Johannes Kepler (1571-1630)Johannes Kepler (1571-1630) Uses experiments & Uses experiments &

observationsobservations

Planetary movement Planetary movement is a mathematical is a mathematical formulaformula

Planets move around Planets move around the Sun in the Sun in elliptical elliptical orbitsorbits NOT circles NOT circles

Confirms Copernicus Confirms Copernicus ideasideas

Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) GALILEOGALILEO – designs 1 – designs 1stst telescope telescope

w/lens & sees movement of stars w/lens & sees movement of stars & moons (similar to the & moons (similar to the movement of the planets)movement of the planets)

Church believes heavens are Church believes heavens are fixed, unmoving & earth is central fixed, unmoving & earth is central they are furious w/Galileo! they are furious w/Galileo!

Galileo accused of Galileo accused of heresyheresy (crimes (crimes against Church) against Church) 1633 brought 1633 brought to trial before Catholic Inquisition to trial before Catholic Inquisition & he recants his statements& he recants his statements

Brainpop

Galileo Galilei (1564 — Galileo Galilei (1564 — 1642)1642)

Gathered observational Gathered observational data that supported the data that supported the Heliocentric ModelHeliocentric Model

Wrote Wrote Dialogue Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief Concerning the Two Chief World SystemsWorld Systems (1632) (1632)

Why did the Catholic Why did the Catholic Church care?Church care?

Galileo was CATHOLIC! Galileo was CATHOLIC!

The Protestant ReformationThe Protestant Reformation

Events had disturbed the faith of Events had disturbed the faith of many Christiansmany Christians

Movements in the heavens which Movements in the heavens which contradicted Church doctrinecontradicted Church doctrine

Isaac Newton (1642-1727)Isaac Newton (1642-1727) Universal law of motion Universal law of motion

every object in universe every object in universe attracts every other attracts every other objectobject

Mathematical Principles of Mathematical Principles of Natural PhilosophyNatural Philosophy (1687) (1687) - Explained gravity (what - Explained gravity (what goes up must come down)goes up must come down)

Universe is a giant clock- Universe is a giant clock- all parts work together but all parts work together but God set clock in motion.God set clock in motion.

Geocentric vs. HeliocentricGeocentric vs. Heliocentric

Video Clip:Video Clip:https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BOxtiUPdHiM

(7 minutes)(7 minutes)

Andreas VesaliusAndreas Vesalius(1514-1564)(1514-1564)

First to dissect human First to dissect human bodies (even though a bodies (even though a disapproved practice)disapproved practice)

Wrote Wrote On the Fabric of On the Fabric of the Human Body the Human Body (1543)(1543)

His published His published observations included observations included detailed drawings of detailed drawings of human organs, bones & human organs, bones & muscle. muscle.

William Harvey (1578-1657)William Harvey (1578-1657)

Published Published On the On the Motion of the Heart Motion of the Heart and Blood in and Blood in AnimalsAnimals (1628)(1628)

Showed heart Showed heart acted as a pump to acted as a pump to circulate blood circulate blood throughout bodythroughout body

Francis BaconFrancis Bacon(1561-1626)(1561-1626)

English politician & writer English politician & writer with an interest in with an interest in science.science.

Criticized ancient Criticized ancient philosophers on how they philosophers on how they arrived at conclusions.arrived at conclusions.

Urged scientists to Urged scientists to experiment in order to experiment in order to arrive at conclusionsarrive at conclusions

Developed Developed Scientific Scientific Method Method

The Scientific MethodThe Scientific Method

ObservationObservation ResearchResearch HypothesisHypothesis ExperimentExperiment AnalysisAnalysis ConclusionConclusion

Rene Descartes (1596-Rene Descartes (1596-1650)1650)

French scientist & French scientist & mathematician.mathematician.

Developed analytical Developed analytical geometry (links both geometry (links both algebra & geometry)algebra & geometry)

Developments Developments provided new tools provided new tools for scientific for scientific research.research.

The EnlightenmentThe Enlightenment------

Age of ReasonAge of Reason

What was it?What was it? Emerged out of Emerged out of

Scientific Revolution Scientific Revolution & ended in French & ended in French RevolutionRevolution

Spokesmen = Rising Spokesmen = Rising Middle ClassMiddle Class

Paris = Center of Paris = Center of EnlightenmentEnlightenment

Search for new Search for new laws/ways to govern laws/ways to govern humanshumans

Key IdeasKey Ideas

Distrust of Distrust of Tradition and Tradition and ReligionReligion

Scientific method Scientific method could be applied to could be applied to society as wellsociety as well

Man is naturally Man is naturally goodgood

The World of the Old RegimeThe World of the Old Regime

Built on traditionBuilt on tradition

World of hierarchy, World of hierarchy, privilege and privilege and inequalityinequality

Allied with the ChurchAllied with the Church

Challenged by Challenged by supporters of the supporters of the EnlightenmentEnlightenment

Conflict with the Conflict with the Capitalistic Middle ClassCapitalistic Middle Class

Size and increasing Size and increasing power of the Middle power of the Middle ClassClass

New notion of wealth New notion of wealth w/mercantilism w/mercantilism

Tension and discord Tension and discord created by the Middle created by the Middle ClassClass

The Philosophes The Philosophes (Philosophers)(Philosophers)

1818thth century French intellectuals century French intellectuals

Truth through Truth through reason reason Natural laws – natural is good and Natural laws – natural is good and

reasonable reasonable Happiness – belief in natural laws leads Happiness – belief in natural laws leads

to happiness to happiness Progress – for society (can be perfected)Progress – for society (can be perfected) Liberties – people should be free Liberties – people should be free

The Problem of CensorshipThe Problem of Censorship

The attempt of the The attempt of the Old Regime to control Old Regime to control new thinkingnew thinking

Publishers and writers Publishers and writers hounded by censorshounded by censors

Over 1000 Over 1000 booksellers and booksellers and authors imprisoned in authors imprisoned in the Bastille in the the Bastille in the early 1700’searly 1700’s

Famous Enlightenment Famous Enlightenment ThinkersThinkers

Thomas Hobbes Thomas Hobbes (1588 –(1588 –1679)1679)

Wrote Wrote Leviathan Leviathan (1651)(1651) Convinced that all Convinced that all

humans are wicked and humans are wicked and evilevil

Humans exist in a Humans exist in a primitive state and give primitive state and give consent to the consent to the government for self-government for self-protectionprotection

Absolute monarchies Absolute monarchies

John Locke (1632-1704)John Locke (1632-1704) People learn from experience People learn from experience

Favored self-gov’t, people Favored self-gov’t, people rulerule

Natural rights: life, liberty, Natural rights: life, liberty, property property

gov’t protects these rights gov’t protects these rights and if not, people overthrow and if not, people overthrow gov’tgov’t

Wrote Wrote Two Treaties on Two Treaties on Government Government (1690)(1690)

Inspired American RevolutionInspired American Revolution

Francois Arouet Francois Arouet Voltaire (1694-1778)Voltaire (1694-1778)

Admired English gov’t Admired English gov’t Mocked laws of Mocked laws of

France and religionFrance and religion There should be There should be

separation of church separation of church and state and state

““Ecrasez l’infame” – Ecrasez l’infame” – “Crush the evil thing”“Crush the evil thing”

Baron de Montesquieu (1689-Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755)1755)

The Spirit of the The Spirit of the Laws Laws (1748)(1748)

““Power should be a Power should be a check to power” – check to power” – this is beginnings of this is beginnings of separation of separation of powerspowers

Influence in the US Influence in the US – legislative, – legislative, executive, judicialexecutive, judicial

Jean-Jacques Rousseau Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)(1712-1778)

Individual freedomIndividual freedom

““Man is born free, and Man is born free, and everywhere he is in everywhere he is in chains.” chains.”

Direct democracyDirect democracy

1762- Wrote “The Social 1762- Wrote “The Social Contract” in which he Contract” in which he stated that Gov’t is a stated that Gov’t is a contract b/w people and contract b/w people and rulers rulers

The Role of the Salon – Spreading IdeasThe Role of the Salon – Spreading Ideas

Wealthy women of Wealthy women of Paris hosted social Paris hosted social gatherings known as gatherings known as salons salons

Philosophers, writers, Philosophers, writers, artists, scientists artists, scientists gathered to share gathered to share ideas ideas

Madame Geoffrin – Madame Geoffrin – most influential salon most influential salon hostesshostess

Diderot’s Diderot’s EncyclopediaEncyclopedia EncyclopediaEncyclopedia (28 volumes) (28 volumes) Collected articles regarding Collected articles regarding

all topics: science, politics, all topics: science, politics, economics, slavery, human economics, slavery, human rights, religion, etc. rights, religion, etc.

Critics were outraged & Critics were outraged & Pope threatened to Pope threatened to excommunicate Catholics excommunicate Catholics who read it! who read it!

Translations helped spread Translations helped spread enlightenment ideas across enlightenment ideas across Europe Europe

Art and Literature Art and Literature

Enlightenment is reflected in the arts Enlightenment is reflected in the arts – music, literature, painting, and – music, literature, painting, and architecturearchitecture

Baroque Baroque – grand and ornate TO – grand and ornate TO NeoclassicalNeoclassical – simple and elegant, – simple and elegant,

Classical music – Haydn, Mozart, Classical music – Haydn, Mozart, BeethovenBeethoven

Development of novels Development of novels

Enlightened DespotismEnlightened Despotism

The manner of The manner of political reform – political reform – monarchs who monarchs who embraced new embraced new ideas& reformsideas& reforms

Frederick the Great Frederick the Great of Prussiaof Prussia

Catherine the Great Catherine the Great of Russiaof Russia

Joseph II of AustriaJoseph II of Austria

Impact of Enlightenment Impact of Enlightenment

Ideas led to people challenging long Ideas led to people challenging long held ideas about society held ideas about society

Political philosophies of the Political philosophies of the Enlightenment inspired American Enlightenment inspired American and French revolutions in the 1800sand French revolutions in the 1800s