THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
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THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
How did the Scientific Revolution reflect the values and ideals of the Renaissance?
In what ways did the Scientific Revolution impact worldview?
How did the Scientific Revolution reflect the values and ideals of the Renaissance?
In what ways did the Scientific Revolution impact worldview?
MAJOR FACTORS LEADING TO THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTIONMAJOR FACTORS LEADING TO THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
-rise of universities in the High Middle Ages
-broadening of the curriculum to include the study
of mathematics and the sciences -growing community of intellectuals pursuing knowledge Renaissance interest in the idea of human potential and progress
-rise of universities in the High Middle Ages
-broadening of the curriculum to include the study
of mathematics and the sciences -growing community of intellectuals pursuing knowledge Renaissance interest in the idea of human potential and progress
the recovery of ancient classical texts (math, science, and philosophy)
Renaissance allowed individuals to pursue scientific investigationGalileo was supported by the
Medici family
the recovery of ancient classical texts (math, science, and philosophy)
Renaissance allowed individuals to pursue scientific investigationGalileo was supported by the
Medici family
The Medieval Worldview Geocentrism
The Medieval Worldview Geocentrism
Aristotle’s View of the Universe
Aristotle’s View of the Universe
Ptolemy’s Universe Ptolemy’s Universe
THE COPERNICAN REVOLUTION
A SHIFT TO HELIOCENTRISM
THE COPERNICAN REVOLUTION
A SHIFT TO HELIOCENTRISM
NICOLAUS COPERNICUSNICOLAUS COPERNICUS(1473-1543)-Polish astronomerchallenged the Roman astronomer,
Ptolemy’s, complicated explanation of planetary movements
proposed a sun centered solar system (heliocentric)planets and stars revolved around a fixed sun
(1473-1543)-Polish astronomerchallenged the Roman astronomer,
Ptolemy’s, complicated explanation of planetary movements
proposed a sun centered solar system (heliocentric)planets and stars revolved around a fixed sun
JOHANNAS KEPLER(1571-1630)
JOHANNAS KEPLER(1571-1630)
-German astronomer-formulated the three laws of planetary motion -orbits of the planets are elliptical
not circular -velocity (speed) of a planet’s orbit is not uniform -the time it takes a planet to orbit the sun is related to its distance from the sun
-Kepler provided mathematical proofs for Copernicus’ heliocentric theory
-German astronomer-formulated the three laws of planetary motion -orbits of the planets are elliptical
not circular -velocity (speed) of a planet’s orbit is not uniform -the time it takes a planet to orbit the sun is related to its distance from the sun
-Kepler provided mathematical proofs for Copernicus’ heliocentric theory
JOHANNAS KEPLERTHE THREE LAWS OF PLANETARY MOTION
JOHANNAS KEPLERTHE THREE LAWS OF PLANETARY MOTION
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
-Italian philosopher and astronomerMedici family was a patron (supporter) of
his work -Improved on the telescope (new invention)
this allowed him to observe the motion of the planets and the surface of the sun and moon
-Italian philosopher and astronomerMedici family was a patron (supporter) of
his work -Improved on the telescope (new invention)
this allowed him to observe the motion of the planets and the surface of the sun and moon
Galileo came to accept Copernicus’ idea of a heliocentric universe based on his observations of Jupiter and
its moons
Dialogue- Galileo’s discussion of his ideas regarding helio-centrismIt was not well received by the Church
Galileo came to accept Copernicus’ idea of a heliocentric universe based on his observations of Jupiter and
its moons
Dialogue- Galileo’s discussion of his ideas regarding helio-centrismIt was not well received by the Church
-Galileo’s views were challenged by
the ChurchChurch feared that helio-centrism
would undermine its authority and theology with humans being at the center of God’s universeThis theology was based on the geo-centrism of Aristotle and Ptolemy
-Galileo’s views were challenged by
the ChurchChurch feared that helio-centrism
would undermine its authority and theology with humans being at the center of God’s universeThis theology was based on the geo-centrism of Aristotle and Ptolemy
Galileo was brought before the Inquisition -His works were banned and teachings were
condemnedplaced on the Index of Prohibited Books
-he was threatened with torture and excommunication and placed under house arrest
-Galileo recanted (took back) his views shortly before his death in 1642
Galileo was brought before the Inquisition -His works were banned and teachings were
condemnedplaced on the Index of Prohibited Books
-he was threatened with torture and excommunication and placed under house arrest
-Galileo recanted (took back) his views shortly before his death in 1642
GALILEO EVIDENCE FOR HELIOCENTRICISM(OBSERVATIONS OF THE MOONS OF JUPITER)
GALILEO EVIDENCE FOR HELIOCENTRICISM(OBSERVATIONS OF THE MOONS OF JUPITER)
GALILEO OBSERVED JUPITER AND THE ROTATION OF ITS MOONS
GALILEO OBSERVED JUPITER AND THE ROTATION OF ITS MOONS
Galileo before the Inquisition
Galileo before the Inquisition
SIR ISAAC NEWTONSIR ISAAC NEWTON
Isaac Newton (1642-1723)Isaac Newton (1642-1723)-English mathematician – Cambridge University-built on the work of Copernicus, Brahe,
Kepler, and Galileo (Newtonian synthesis)-1686 formulated the mathematics for the
universal law of gravitation (every physical body (object) in the universe
exerts a force on every other body)-provided evidence that the universe was governed
by precise mathematical relationships
-English mathematician – Cambridge University-built on the work of Copernicus, Brahe,
Kepler, and Galileo (Newtonian synthesis)-1686 formulated the mathematics for the
universal law of gravitation (every physical body (object) in the universe
exerts a force on every other body)-provided evidence that the universe was governed
by precise mathematical relationships
-Newton was deeply Christian (theistic) in his thinking
the physical order “can be the effect of nothing else than the wisdom and skill of a powerful ever-living agent.”
-the science of Newton would lay the foundation for much of the science of the western world
-Newton was deeply Christian (theistic) in his thinking
the physical order “can be the effect of nothing else than the wisdom and skill of a powerful ever-living agent.”
-the science of Newton would lay the foundation for much of the science of the western world
UNIVERSAL LAW OF GRAVITATION
NEWTONIAN SYNTHESIS-RATIONAL PROOF FOR THE HELIOCENTRIC MODEL
UNIVERSAL LAW OF GRAVITATION
NEWTONIAN SYNTHESIS-RATIONAL PROOF FOR THE HELIOCENTRIC MODEL
Newton also came to better understand the properties of light
Newton also came to better understand the properties of light
SIR FRANCIS BACON EMPIRICISM (SCIENTIFIC METHOD)
SIR FRANCIS BACON EMPIRICISM (SCIENTIFIC METHOD)
Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1626)
Sir Francis Bacon (1561-1626)
-English politician and writer (not a trained scientist)
Believed that knowledge comes through observation and experimentation (SCIENTIFIC METHOD)
We must allow the “facts” to speak for themselves and draw conclusions based on those facts
(inductive reasoning-EMPIRICISM)Bacon proposed that an increase in knowledge
would lead to powerful nations and an increase in personal wealth
-English politician and writer (not a trained scientist)
Believed that knowledge comes through observation and experimentation (SCIENTIFIC METHOD)
We must allow the “facts” to speak for themselves and draw conclusions based on those facts
(inductive reasoning-EMPIRICISM)Bacon proposed that an increase in knowledge
would lead to powerful nations and an increase in personal wealth
EMPIRICAL MODELEMPIRICAL MODEL
ALL KNOWLEDGE HAD TO BE EMPIRICALLY (SCIENTIFICALLY) VERIFIED TO BE VALIDScienceData “proof”
TRUTH CLAIMS NEEDED EMPIRICAL VERIFICATION
ALL KNOWLEDGE HAD TO BE EMPIRICALLY (SCIENTIFICALLY) VERIFIED TO BE VALIDScienceData “proof”
TRUTH CLAIMS NEEDED EMPIRICAL VERIFICATION
THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION WOULD
IMPACT THE DEVELOPMENT OF TWO
18TH CENTURY MOVEMENTS
THE ENLIGHTENMENT AND THE INDUSTIRAL
REVOLUTION
THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION WOULD
IMPACT THE DEVELOPMENT OF TWO
18TH CENTURY MOVEMENTS
THE ENLIGHTENMENT AND THE INDUSTIRAL
REVOLUTION
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