THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION. Essential Understandings Changes in religious thought and institutions challenged the foundations of Medieval Society and became.

THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION

Essential UnderstandingsEssential Understandings Changes in religious thought and Changes in religious thought and

institutions challenged the institutions challenged the foundations of Medieval Society foundations of Medieval Society and became a catalyst for and became a catalyst for increased secularization of increased secularization of government and society in Europe. government and society in Europe.

Religious and political institutions Religious and political institutions are often in overlapping spheres are often in overlapping spheres which creates conflict and which creates conflict and cooperation within society. cooperation within society.

The scientific and technological The scientific and technological innovations of the 17th, 18th, and innovations of the 17th, 18th, and 19th, centuries dramatically 19th, centuries dramatically altered the course of human altered the course of human existence and laid the foundations existence and laid the foundations of the modern world. of the modern world.

Introduction: The Question that Introduction: The Question that Transcends The CenturiesTranscends The Centuries

Can religion and science co-exist?Can religion and science co-exist? Why does this question still dominate Why does this question still dominate

intellectual and spiritual authorities?intellectual and spiritual authorities? What, in your opinion, are the What, in your opinion, are the

historical origins of this debate?historical origins of this debate? John Calvin on Astronomy: Moses wrote in a popular style things John Calvin on Astronomy: Moses wrote in a popular style things

which, without instruction, all ordinary persons endowed with which, without instruction, all ordinary persons endowed with common sense are able to: but astronomers investigate with great common sense are able to: but astronomers investigate with great labor what ever the wisdom of the human mind can comprehend: labor what ever the wisdom of the human mind can comprehend: The study should not be prohibited, nor this science condemned…The study should not be prohibited, nor this science condemned…

Scientific RevolutionScientific Revolution

Essential Questions:Essential Questions: What are the historical origins of the What are the historical origins of the

Scientific Revolution?Scientific Revolution? How does scientific and technological How does scientific and technological

innovation alter the course of human innovation alter the course of human existence? existence?

How did challenges to religious thought and How did challenges to religious thought and institutions erode the foundations of Medieval institutions erode the foundations of Medieval Society leading to increased secularization of Society leading to increased secularization of government and pluralism in Europe? government and pluralism in Europe?


CREATION OF A NEW WORLDVIEW

Questioning of old knowledge & assumptions

Gradual replacement of religious & superstition presumptions

Gradual rise of science & reason, originating with the Renaissance

Weakening authority of the R.C.C


NEW DIRECTIONS IN ASTRONOMY & PHYSICS

PTOLEMY: Geocentricism, supported by scripture NICOLAUS COPERNICUS (1473-1543): Heliocentrisim,

TYCHO BRAHE (1546-1601): More accurate position of planets, unique observations of the heavens

JOHANNES KEPLER, (1571-1630): Elliptical planetary movement “God’s geometrical plan for the universe.”



GALILEO GALILEI (1564-1642)

Constructed first functional telescope

Described motion of heavenly bodies

Major controversies with the RCC

Spends later years under house arrest



ISAAC NEWTON (1642-1727)

Universal Gravitation: combined laws of planetary & earth motion

Numerous practical applications

Father of modern physics and calculus

Three Laws of MotionThree Laws of Motion

An object in motion will remain in An object in motion will remain in motion unless acted upon by a net motion unless acted upon by a net force, and an object at rest will force, and an object at rest will remain at rest unless acted upon by remain at rest unless acted upon by a net force; this is also known as a net force; this is also known as inertia. inertia.

Force equals mass multiplied by Force equals mass multiplied by acceleration. acceleration.

For every action there is an equal For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. and opposite reaction.


DISCOVERIES IN OTHER SCIENCES

Botany: new medical applications

Anatomy: better understand of how human body worked

Microscope invented


PHILOSOPHICAL THOUGHT

FRANCIS BACON (1561-1626)

Inductive reasoning: working from particular to general conclusions

Empiricism & scientific method

Novum Organum: New Novum Organum: New IntstrumentsIntstruments

"Printing, gunpowder and the compass: "Printing, gunpowder and the compass: These three have changed the whole face These three have changed the whole face and state of things throughout the world; and state of things throughout the world; the first in literature, the second in the first in literature, the second in warfare, the third in navigation; whence warfare, the third in navigation; whence have followed innumerable changes, in so have followed innumerable changes, in so much that no empire, no sect, no star much that no empire, no sect, no star seems to have exerted greater power and seems to have exerted greater power and influence in human affairs than these influence in human affairs than these mechanical discoveries." [7]mechanical discoveries." [7]

What three innovations have changed our What three innovations have changed our world? world?


PHILOSOPHICAL THOUGHT

RENÉ DESCARTES (1596-1650)

Geometry: any algebraic formula could be plotted as curve in space

Cartesian Dualism: division of reality into “thinking substance” & “extended substance”

Stoicism: virtue is to maintain a will that is in accord with nature.

Deductive Reasoning: starting with general assumptions & working downward


POLITICAL THOUGHT

THOMAS HOBBES (1588-1679)

Applied new empiricism to society

Negative, mechanistic view of human nature

Strong sovereign necessary to control conflicting desires

Social Contract Theory: People create government for mutual protection

Hobbe’s Leviathan


POLITICAL THOUGHT

JOHN LOCKE (1632-1704)

TABULA RASA: humans born with blank slate

Natural Laws: Two Treatise of Government Social Contract Defined: Government exists to protect life, liberty, and property

Early foundations of the enlightenment

Performance Based Learning Performance Based Learning AssessmentAssessment

Assignments:Assignments: Part 1Part 1: Select a historical character from below. : Select a historical character from below.

After researching the background and contributions of After researching the background and contributions of the person, submit a the person, submit a resumeresume for the person, for the person, including a including a cover lettercover letter and a and a letter of letter of recommendationrecommendation. You may design an ideal job as . You may design an ideal job as the target of your application. You can find a the target of your application. You can find a template at www.jobs.com. After researching the template at www.jobs.com. After researching the degree to which he actually succeeded in life, degree to which he actually succeeded in life, determine whether the determine whether the response letterresponse letter would be would be positive or negative and write it accordingly. Include positive or negative and write it accordingly. Include reference to some of his original work.reference to some of his original work.

Create a series of interview questions to evaluate and Create a series of interview questions to evaluate and examine a candidate for a 16examine a candidate for a 16thth century job interview century job interview

Online LessonOnline Lesson Nicolaus CopernicusNicolaus Copernicus Tycho BraheTycho Brahe Johannes KeplerJohannes Kepler Galileo GalileiGalileo Galilei Isaac NewtonIsaac Newton Meguel de Cervantes Meguel de Cervantes

SaavedraSaavedra John MiltonJohn Milton John BunyanJohn Bunyan Francis BaconFrancis Bacon Rene DescartesRene Descartes Blaise PascalBlaise Pascal Baruch SpinozaBaruch Spinoza

Part 2Part 2: Answer the : Answer the following question in your following question in your journal: journal: Evaluate the Evaluate the validity of the following validity of the following statement: statement: "New opinions "New opinions are always suspected, and are always suspected, and usually opposed, without usually opposed, without any other reason but any other reason but because they are not because they are not already common." John already common." John LockeLocke

Part 3Part 3: Complete the : Complete the Scientific Revolution chart Scientific Revolution chart in you note in you note book:http://www.freewebs.cbook:http://www.freewebs.com/apeuronfhs/chartsandgrom/apeuronfhs/chartsandgraphs.htmaphs.htm

THE SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION. Essential Understandings Changes in religious thought and institutions challenged the foundations of Medieval Society and became.

Documents

scientific revolutioncreation

religious thought

astronomy physics ptolemy

course of human existence

astronomy physics isaac

human body

human mind

net force