The scientific revolution

THE ENLIGHTENMENTTHE ENLIGHTENMENTTHE AGE OF REASONTHE AGE OF REASON

““Trust in the light of reason Trust in the light of reason alone.alone.””

1818THTH CENTURY CENTURY

WHAT WAS THE WHAT WAS THE ENLIGHTENMENT AND ENLIGHTENMENT AND WHY DID IT HAPPEN?WHY DID IT HAPPEN?

MAJOR MAJOR GENERALIZATIONSGENERALIZATIONS1.1. THE ENLIGHTEMENT WAS AN THE ENLIGHTEMENT WAS AN INTELLECTURAL AND CULTURAL MOVEMENT OF INTELLECTURAL AND CULTURAL MOVEMENT OF

THE 18THE 18THTH CENTURY (1700 CENTURY (1700’’s) s)

2. IT GREW OUT OF RENAISSANCE 2. IT GREW OUT OF RENAISSANCE HUMANISMHUMANISM AND AND THE THE QUEST FOR KNOWLEDGEQUEST FOR KNOWLEDGE AND A AND A GROWING GROWING CONFIDENCE IN HUMAN POTENTIAL AND CONFIDENCE IN HUMAN POTENTIAL AND ACHIEVEMENTACHIEVEMENT

3. IT WAS ENCOURAGED BY NEW ADVANCES IN 3. IT WAS ENCOURAGED BY NEW ADVANCES IN SCIENCE AND MATH SCIENCE AND MATH

(SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION) (SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION)

THE ENLIGHTENMENT REACHED ITS THE ENLIGHTENMENT REACHED ITS HEIGHT IN HEIGHT IN FRANCE FRANCE

IT WAS A MOVEMENT OF EUROPEIT WAS A MOVEMENT OF EUROPE’’S -S -INTELLECTUAL ELITEINTELLECTUAL ELITE GROWING URBAN MIDDLE GROWING URBAN MIDDLE

CLASSCLASS

MAJOR IDEAS OF THE MAJOR IDEAS OF THE ENLIGHTENMENTENLIGHTENMENT

1.1. ASSOCIATED WITH THE NOTION ASSOCIATED WITH THE NOTION OF HUMAN OF HUMAN PROGRESSPROGRESS2. GROWING CONFIDENCE IN THE 2. GROWING CONFIDENCE IN THE

POWER OF POWER OF HUMAN REASON HUMAN REASON 3. BELIEF THAT SCIENTIFIC 3. BELIEF THAT SCIENTIFIC

PRINCIPLES COULD BE PRINCIPLES COULD BE APPLIED APPLIED TO CREATING A BETTER TO CREATING A BETTER SOCIETYSOCIETY

THE ENLIGHTENMENT THE ENLIGHTENMENT CHALLENGED CHALLENGED TRADITIONTRADITION

CHALLENGED CHALLENGED

TRADITIONAL TRADITIONAL RELIGIOUS BELIEFS RELIGIOUS BELIEFS AND INSTITUTIONSAND INSTITUTIONS

TRADITIONAL TRADITIONAL POLITICAL MODELSPOLITICAL MODELS

TRADITIONAL NOTIONS OF TRADITIONAL NOTIONS OF SOCIAL SOCIAL ORDER AND CULTURAL ORDER AND CULTURAL CONVENTIONCONVENTION

DEISM- The God of the DEISM- The God of the EnlightenmentEnlightenment

DEISTSDEISTS- REJECTED MUCH OF THE BIBLE - REJECTED MUCH OF THE BIBLE AND TRADITIONAL CHRISTIAN AND TRADITIONAL CHRISTIAN TEACHING AND THEOLOGYTEACHING AND THEOLOGY– NOT OPEN TO NOT OPEN TO RATIONAL INQUIREYRATIONAL INQUIREY OR OR

EMPIRICAL VERIFICATION EMPIRICAL VERIFICATION CRITICAL OF CRITICAL OF THE INSTITUTION THE INSTITUTION OF THE OF THE

CHURCH – CHURCH – – WEALTH, POWER, AND ABUSES WEALTH, POWER, AND ABUSES

VERY CRITICAL OF RELIGIOUS VERY CRITICAL OF RELIGIOUS INTOLERANCE AND VIOLENCE INTOLERANCE AND VIOLENCE

DEISTS SAW GOD AS REMOTE AND DEISTS SAW GOD AS REMOTE AND IMPERSONALIMPERSONAL– CLASSICAL IDEA OF LOGOS OR CLASSICAL IDEA OF LOGOS OR

RATIONAL INTELLIGENCE OF THE RATIONAL INTELLIGENCE OF THE UNIVERSE UNIVERSE

– GOD WAS LIKE A GOD WAS LIKE A ““CLOCKMAKERCLOCKMAKER”” WHO CREATED AN ORDERED UNIVERSE WHO CREATED AN ORDERED UNIVERSE BUT WAS NOT INVOLVED IN IT BUT WAS NOT INVOLVED IN IT

– GOD DID NOT INTERACT WITH HIS GOD DID NOT INTERACT WITH HIS CREATION – CREATION –

PEOPLE DID NOT RELATE DIRECTLY TO GOD PEOPLE DID NOT RELATE DIRECTLY TO GOD

THE THE PHILOSOPHESPHILOSOPHES

THE MAJOR THINKERS OF THE THE MAJOR THINKERS OF THE ENLIGHTENMENTENLIGHTENMENT

ENLIGHTENMENT ENLIGHTENMENT PHILOSOPHERS PHILOSOPHERS

JOHN LOCKEJOHN LOCKEENGLISH 1632-1704ENGLISH 1632-1704

LOCKELOCKE’’S POLITICAL IDEASS POLITICAL IDEASTWO TREATISES OFTWO TREATISES OF

GOVERNMENTGOVERNMENT

(1690)(1690) PROPOSED THAT ALL PROPOSED THAT ALL

MEN POSSESS CERTAIN MEN POSSESS CERTAIN NATURAL RIGHTSNATURAL RIGHTS

– LIFELIFE

– LIBERTYLIBERTY

– PROPERTYPROPERTY

– GOVERNMENTGOVERNMENT’’S S ROLE IS TO ROLE IS TO PROTECT THESE PROTECT THESE RIGHTSRIGHTS

LOCKE ALSO SOUGHT TO LOCKE ALSO SOUGHT TO UNDERSTAND THE UNDERSTAND THE PHILOSOPHY OF PHILOSOPHY OF KNOWLEDGE KNOWLEDGE (HOW WE KNOW WHAT WE (HOW WE KNOW WHAT WE KNOW)KNOW)

ESSAY CONCERNING HUMAN ESSAY CONCERNING HUMAN

UNDERSTANDINGUNDERSTANDING BELIEVED THAT ALL IDEAS BELIEVED THAT ALL IDEAS

DERIVED FROM DERIVED FROM EXPERIENCEEXPERIENCE

EACH PERSON IS BORN AS EACH PERSON IS BORN AS A A BLANK SLATEBLANK SLATE– ((TABULA RASA) TABULA RASA)

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IS HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IS DETERMINED BY DETERMINED BY EDUCATIONEDUCATIONSOCIAL INSTITUTIONSSOCIAL INSTITUTIONSENVIRONMENT AND ENVIRONMENT AND EXPERIENCEEXPERIENCE

Baron de MontesquieuBaron de MontesquieuFrench French 1689-1755 1689-1755

MONTESQUIEUMONTESQUIEU’’S IDEASS IDEAS HE BELIEVED THAT THE HE BELIEVED THAT THE

PRINCIPLES OF REASON AND PRINCIPLES OF REASON AND SCIENCE COULD BE APPLIED TO SCIENCE COULD BE APPLIED TO CREATE A CREATE A BETTER BETTER GOVERNMENTGOVERNMENT

ADMIRED THE BRITISH MODEL ADMIRED THE BRITISH MODEL OF GOVERNMENT- OF GOVERNMENT- CONSTITUTIONALISMCONSTITUTIONALISMRULE BY LAW RULE BY LAW

THE SPIRIT OF LAWS - THE SPIRIT OF LAWS - 17481748

FAVORED GOVERNMENT BASED ON FAVORED GOVERNMENT BASED ON – THE THE SEPARATION OF POWERSSEPARATION OF POWERS– ““IT IS NECESSARY THAT …… POWER IT IS NECESSARY THAT …… POWER

CHECKS POWER.CHECKS POWER.””– POWER WOULD BE BALANCED POWER WOULD BE BALANCED

BETWEEN THE VARIOUS CLASSES BETWEEN THE VARIOUS CLASSES AND ESTATESAND ESTATES

– THIS WOULD PREVENT TYRANNYTHIS WOULD PREVENT TYRANNY

AND PROMOTE LIBERTYAND PROMOTE LIBERTY

THE SPIRIT OF LAWSTHE SPIRIT OF LAWS 17481748

JEAN JACQUES ROUSSEAUJEAN JACQUES ROUSSEAUSWISS 1712-1778SWISS 1712-1778

ROUSSEAUROUSSEAU’’S IDEASS IDEAS

CHALLENGED THE POWER OF HUMAN CHALLENGED THE POWER OF HUMAN REASON TO ADDRESS ALL OF LIFEREASON TO ADDRESS ALL OF LIFE’’S S QUESTIONSQUESTIONS

– ASSOCIATED MORE WITH ASSOCIATED MORE WITH EARLY EARLY ROMANTICISM ROMANTICISM THAN WITH THAN WITH ENLIGHTENMENT RATIONALITYENLIGHTENMENT RATIONALITY

The Romantic Movement was a reaction The Romantic Movement was a reaction against the rationalism of the Enlightenmentagainst the rationalism of the Enlightenment

POLITICAL IDEASPOLITICAL IDEAS– THE SOCIAL CONTRACT THE SOCIAL CONTRACT (1762)(1762)

POPULAR SOVEREIGNTYPOPULAR SOVEREIGNTY – PEOPLE HELD THE REAL POWER OF PEOPLE HELD THE REAL POWER OF

GOVERNMENTGOVERNMENT

GOVERNMENT RULED BY THE GOVERNMENT RULED BY THE GENERAL GENERAL WILLWILL OF THE PEOPLE OF THE PEOPLE

– ROUSSEAU BELIEVED STRONGLY IN ROUSSEAU BELIEVED STRONGLY IN HUMAN FREEDOM AND INDIVIDUAL HUMAN FREEDOM AND INDIVIDUAL LIBERTY LIBERTY

– HE HAD A MORE OPTIMISTIC VIEW OF HE HAD A MORE OPTIMISTIC VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE –HUMAN NATURE –

innate goodness of humanity innate goodness of humanity

VOLTAIRE VOLTAIRE (Francois Marie Arouet) (Francois Marie Arouet) FRENCH 1694-1778FRENCH 1694-1778

VOLTAIREVOLTAIRE’’S IDEASS IDEAS

CRITICAL OF CRITICAL OF FRENCH SOCIETY FRENCH SOCIETY AND AND GOVERNMENTGOVERNMENT

CANDIDE-CANDIDE- 1759 1759– NOVEL NOVEL

SATIRIZING SATIRIZING FRENCH SOCIETYFRENCH SOCIETY

VOLTAIREVOLTAIRE’’S POLITICAL IDEASS POLITICAL IDEAS

NOTNOT A POLITICAL RADICAL A POLITICAL RADICAL SOUGHT POLITICAL REFORMSOUGHT POLITICAL REFORM FAVORED FAVORED ““ENLIGHTENEDENLIGHTENED””

ABSOLUTISMABSOLUTISM (MONARCHY) (MONARCHY)– SIMILAR TO HOBBESSIMILAR TO HOBBES’’ IDEAS IN IDEAS IN LEVIATHAN LEVIATHAN – DID NOT BELIEVE DID NOT BELIEVE THAT PEOPLE COULD THAT PEOPLE COULD

GOVERN THEMSELVESGOVERN THEMSELVES– VOLTAIRE WAS APPOINTED COURT VOLTAIRE WAS APPOINTED COURT

HISTORIAN IN 1743HISTORIAN IN 1743 THE AGE OF LOUIS XIVTHE AGE OF LOUIS XIV

VOLTAIREVOLTAIRE’’S TRACT ON S TRACT ON TOLERANCETOLERANCE

VOLTAIRE WAS NOT AN ATHEIST. HE LIKED VOLTAIRE WAS NOT AN ATHEIST. HE LIKED THE TEACHINGS OF JESUS AND ADMIRED HIS THE TEACHINGS OF JESUS AND ADMIRED HIS MORAL ETHIC BUT REJECTED THE IDEA OF MORAL ETHIC BUT REJECTED THE IDEA OF JESUS INCARNATION AND ATONEMENT. JESUS INCARNATION AND ATONEMENT.

The Pantheon in Paris The Pantheon in Paris

The Pantheon in Paris The Pantheon in Paris

VoltaireVoltaire’’s tomb in the Pantheon s tomb in the Pantheon

DENIS DIDEROT DENIS DIDEROT FRENCH 1713-1784FRENCH 1713-1784

COMPILED THE FIRST COMPILED THE FIRST

ENCYCLOPEDIA:ENCYCLOPEDIA: THE RATIONAL DICTIONARY OF THE RATIONAL DICTIONARY OF THE SCIENCES, THE ARTS AND THE SCIENCES, THE ARTS AND THE CRAFTSTHE CRAFTS

BARON PAUL DBARON PAUL D’’HOLBACHHOLBACHGERMAN 1723-1789GERMAN 1723-1789

BARON DBARON D’’HOLBACHHOLBACH CONFESSED CONFESSED

ATHEISTATHEIST OPENLY HOSTILE OPENLY HOSTILE

TO CHRISTIANITY TO CHRISTIANITY AND THE CHURCHAND THE CHURCH

MANY MANY MODERANT MODERANT PHILOSOPHES PHILOSOPHES SAW HIM AS TOO SAW HIM AS TOO INTOLERANT AND INTOLERANT AND DOGMATIC DOGMATIC

DD’’HolbachHolbach’’s determinism – no s determinism – no such thing as free will such thing as free will D’Holbach believed

that man is on a line that nature commands him to follow. He believed that man is no different than a machine. Man is subject to the laws of nature just like any other physical object.

DAVID HUMEDAVID HUMEENGLISH PHILOSOPHER 1711-1776ENGLISH PHILOSOPHER 1711-1776

HUMEHUME’’S IDEAS S IDEAS

ASSOCIATED WITH THE MODERN TREND ASSOCIATED WITH THE MODERN TREND TOWARD TOWARD SKEPTICISMSKEPTICISM

SOUGHT TO UNDERSTAND HOW WE SOUGHT TO UNDERSTAND HOW WE KNOW WHAT WE KNOW- KNOW WHAT WE KNOW- EPISTEMOLOGY EPISTEMOLOGY

ARGUED THAT NOTHING COULD BE ARGUED THAT NOTHING COULD BE KNOWN FOR CERTAIN THAT COULD NOT KNOWN FOR CERTAIN THAT COULD NOT BE VERIFIED THROUGH BE VERIFIED THROUGH DIRECT DIRECT SENSE SENSE EXPERIENCEEXPERIENCE

IMMANUEL KANT IMMANUEL KANT PRUSSIAN 1724-1804PRUSSIAN 1724-1804

““Two things fill me with constantly Two things fill me with constantly increasing admiration and awe…..the increasing admiration and awe…..the starry heavens without and the Moral starry heavens without and the Moral Law within.Law within.””

KANT STRESSED KANT STRESSED INTELLECTUAL INTELLECTUAL FREEDOM AND EXPRESSIONFREEDOM AND EXPRESSION

““WHAT IS ENLIGHTENMENTWHAT IS ENLIGHTENMENT”” -ESSAY -ESSAY– KANT IS THE FIRST TO USE THE TERM KANT IS THE FIRST TO USE THE TERM

“ENLIGHTENMENT” “ENLIGHTENMENT”

EXPLORED THE ISSUE OF MORAL ETHICS EXPLORED THE ISSUE OF MORAL ETHICS AND VIRTUE AND VIRTUE – - SECULAR APPROACH - SECULAR APPROACH

KANTKANT’’S MODEL OF S MODEL OF VIRTUEVIRTUE

IMPACT OF THE IMPACT OF THE ENLIGHTENMENTENLIGHTENMENT

THE MODERN WORLDVIDEWTHE MODERN WORLDVIDEW

POLITICALPOLITICAL

CHALLENGED ABSOLUTE MONARCHY IN CHALLENGED ABSOLUTE MONARCHY IN ITS TRADITIONAL FORMITS TRADITIONAL FORM– REJECTION OF DIVINE RIGHTREJECTION OF DIVINE RIGHT TO RULE TO RULE

MOVED TOWARD GREATER POLTICAL MOVED TOWARD GREATER POLTICAL PARTICIPATION PARTICIPATION – PARLIAMENTARY SYSTEMSPARLIAMENTARY SYSTEMS– EVENTUAL EXPANSION OF THE FRANCHISE EVENTUAL EXPANSION OF THE FRANCHISE

PROMOTED FREEDOM, LIBERTY, AND PROMOTED FREEDOM, LIBERTY, AND INDIVIDUAL RIGHTSINDIVIDUAL RIGHTS

RELIGIOUSRELIGIOUS GODGOD’’S PLACE IN A S PLACE IN A ““MECHANICALMECHANICAL”” UNIVERSE WAS UNIVERSE WAS

CALLED INTO QUESITONCALLED INTO QUESITON– NEWTON AND DESCARTES INFLUENCE NEWTON AND DESCARTES INFLUENCE

DEISM EMERGED - MORE RATIONAL APPROACH TO DEISM EMERGED - MORE RATIONAL APPROACH TO GOD GOD

– GOD WAS SEEN AS THE REMOTE AND IMPERSONAL GOD WAS SEEN AS THE REMOTE AND IMPERSONAL CREATOR GOD- CREATOR GOD- ““CLOCKMAKERCLOCKMAKER”” WHO SET THE WHO SET THE UNIVERSE IN MOTION BUT DID NOT INTERACT WITH UNIVERSE IN MOTION BUT DID NOT INTERACT WITH HIS CREATIONHIS CREATION

– BIBLICAL ACCOUNTS OF MIRACLES AND THE DEITY BIBLICAL ACCOUNTS OF MIRACLES AND THE DEITY OF CHRIST WERE NOT OPEN TO EMPIRICAL OF CHRIST WERE NOT OPEN TO EMPIRICAL VERIFICATION- HAD TO BE REJECTEDVERIFICATION- HAD TO BE REJECTED

– ONE COULD ONLY KNOW ABOUT GOD THROUGH A ONE COULD ONLY KNOW ABOUT GOD THROUGH A STUDY OF HIS CREATION (NATURAL WORLD) STUDY OF HIS CREATION (NATURAL WORLD)

EPISTEMOLOGY EPISTEMOLOGY HOW WE KNOW WHAT WE KNOW?HOW WE KNOW WHAT WE KNOW? NEW MODELS (SPECULATION AND NEW MODELS (SPECULATION AND

THEORY) OF KNOWING DEVELOPEDTHEORY) OF KNOWING DEVELOPED HOW DO WE KNOW WHAT WE HOW DO WE KNOW WHAT WE

KNOW?KNOW?– SENSE EXPERIENCE - HUMESENSE EXPERIENCE - HUME– EDUCATION- LOCKE EDUCATION- LOCKE

IMPACT OF INSTITUTIONS AND CULTUREIMPACT OF INSTITUTIONS AND CULTURE

ECONOMIC LIBERALISM ECONOMIC LIBERALISM CHALLENGE TO MERCANTILISMCHALLENGE TO MERCANTILISM

ADAM SMITH- ENGLISH ADAM SMITH- ENGLISH MODERN CAPITALISM- MODERN CAPITALISM-

– LAISSEZ FAIRE LAISSEZ FAIRE ECONOMICSECONOMICS THE WEALTH OF NATIONS- PUBLISHED IN THE WEALTH OF NATIONS- PUBLISHED IN 17761776 SMITH PROMOTED FREE MARKETS AND FREE TRADESMITH PROMOTED FREE MARKETS AND FREE TRADE HE BELIEVED THAT ECONOMIC CHOICE AND FREEDOM HE BELIEVED THAT ECONOMIC CHOICE AND FREEDOM

WOULD PRODUCE ECONOMIC PROSPERITY WOULD PRODUCE ECONOMIC PROSPERITY SAW CAPITALISM AS BEING DRIVEN BY SAW CAPITALISM AS BEING DRIVEN BY ““THE INVISIBLE THE INVISIBLE

HANDHAND”” OF SELF-INTEREST OF SELF-INTEREST

ADAM SMITHADAM SMITH

THE INVISIBLE HAND OF SELF –THE INVISIBLE HAND OF SELF –INTEREST IN ECONOMICSINTEREST IN ECONOMICS

CARTOON CARTOON THE INVISIBLE HAND PRINCIPLETHE INVISIBLE HAND PRINCIPLE

ENLIGHTENMENT THINKING ENLIGHTENMENT THINKING WOULD IMPACT TWO MAJOR WOULD IMPACT TWO MAJOR POLITICAL REVOLUTIONS OF THE POLITICAL REVOLUTIONS OF THE LATE 1700LATE 1700’’SS– FRENCH REVOLUTION FRENCH REVOLUTION – AMERICAN REVOLUTIONAMERICAN REVOLUTION

THE ENLIGHTENMENT THE ENLIGHTENMENT REFLECTS THE MODERN REFLECTS THE MODERN WORLDVIEW WORLDVIEW

ASSOCIATED WITH AN ASSOCIATED WITH AN EMERGING LIBERALISM AND EMERGING LIBERALISM AND SECULARISM SECULARISM