The Russian Revolution War and Discontent Nicholas II was an autocratic ruler Russia not prepared for war Influence of Rasputin The March Revolution Problems in Petrograd March of the women, March 8, 1917 Calls for a general strike Soldiers join the marchers Provisional Government takes control • Alexander Kerensky (1881-1970) • Tried to carry on the war • Soviets sprang up Bolsheviks under the leadership of Vladimir Ulianov, 1870-1924 • Sent back to Russia in a sealed train by the Germans • “Peace, land and bread”
The Russian Revolution. War and Discontent Nicholas II was an autocratic ruler Russia not prepared for war Influence of Rasputin The March Revolution Problems in Petrograd March of the women, March 8, 1917 Calls for a general strike Soldiers join the marchers - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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The Russian RevolutionWar and Discontent
Nicholas II was an autocratic rulerRussia not prepared for warInfluence of Rasputin
The March RevolutionProblems in PetrogradMarch of the women, March 8, 1917Calls for a general strikeSoldiers join the marchersProvisional Government takes control• Alexander Kerensky (1881-1970)• Tried to carry on the war• Soviets sprang up
Bolsheviks under the leadership of Vladimir Ulianov, 1870-1924• Sent back to Russia in a sealed train by the Germans• “Peace, land and bread”
Map 25.4: The Russian Revolution
Russian Revolution (cont)The Bolshevik Revolution
Bolsheviks control Petrograd and Moscow sovietsCollapse of Provisional Government, November 6-7, 1917Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, March 3, 1918
Civil WarBolshevik (Red) army and Anti-Bolshevik (White) armyMurder of the Tsar and his family (July 16, 1918)Disunity among the white armyCommunists and “War communism”Invasion of allied troops19121: Communists victory
The1905
Russian Revolutio
n
Nicholas II: The Last Romanov Tsar
[r. 1894-1917]
The Tsar & His Family
Hemophilia & the Tsarevich
Nicholas II & His Uncle, George V
Causes
1. Early 20c:
Russian Social
Hierarchy
2. First Stages of Industrialization
An Early Russian Factory
3. Weak Economy
1905 Russian Rubles
4. Extensive Foreign Investments &
Influence
Building the Trans-Siberian RR[Economic benefits only in a few
regions.]
5. Russo-Japanese War [1904-1905]
The “Yellow Peril”
Russo-Japanese War [1904-1905]
Russo-Japanese War [1904-1905]
Russian & Japanese Soldiers
Russia Is Humiliated
Treaty of Portsmouth [NH] - 1905
President Theodore Roosevelt
Acts as the Peacemake
r
[He gets the Nobel
Peace Prize for his
efforts.]
6. Unrest Among the Peasants & Urban
Working PoorFather Georgi Gapon:
Leader of the People OR
Police Informer?
Bloody SundayJanuary 22, 1905
The Czar’s Winter Palace in St. Petersburg
The Revolutio
n Spreads
Russian Cossacks Slaughter The People in
Odessa
Anti-Jewish Attacks
7. The Battleship Potemkin Mutiny [June,
1905]
Results
1. The Tsar’s October Manifesto
October 30, 1905
2. The Opening of the Duma:
Possible Reforms?
1906 The first two tries were too
radical. The third duma was elected
by the richest people in Russia in 1907.
The Russian Constitution of 1906 Known as the Fundamental Laws
[April 23, 1906]. The autocracy of the Russian Tsar was
declared. The Tsar was supreme over the law,
the church, and the Duma. It confirmed the basic human rights
granted by the October Manifesto, BUT made them subordinate to the supremacy of the law.
3. Jewish Refugees Come to America in
1906
4. The Path to
October, 1917
Why did the 1905 Revolution Fail?
The Russian Revolution
Post 1905
Revolution of 1917
Our objectives are:• You will be able to understand why the events of
World War I hastened the outbreak of the Russian Revolution
• What was the ultimate fate of the Russian Royal Family—judge for yourself if they deserved their fate.
• In what ways did Lenin solve the erratic political situation that existed in Russia during the Revolution’s early months?
• You will be able to understand the deeper meaning of the slogan “PEACE, LAND, and BREAD.”
We have already learned
that Marx published
his Communist Manifesto
in 1848.
Marx watched the events in Paris 1871 and the commune with
interest. The commune in Paris did not succeed.
But the idea that revolution was needed to overthrow governments
remained a key point of Marxist doctrine.
Marxism should have been just another ‘ism
of the 1800’s.
But Marxism found fertile ground in the Russian state.
A country plagued by deep rooted
societal, social and political difficulties.
Russia was ripe for revolution:
• A previous history of oppression• A rising sense of Pan-Slavism:
Russia has a unique destiny• Local conflicts across the vast
Russian empire.
A brief review:• Alexander II
freed the serfs.
• Alexander was assassinated by the “Peoples Will”
• His son, Alexander III is reactionary: drives revolutionaries and terrorists into exile.
We have already learned that war broke out in August 1914 after Russia mobilized
to protect Serbian interest.
Peasants and ordinary workers were sent to fight the Germans. Terrible disasters at Tannenberg and the Mausaurian Lakes, in the first month of
the war, destroyed the Russian soldier’s confidence…
The Germans moved deep into Russia territory, and by 1915, over 2 million
Russian soldiers had been killed, wounded, or captured.
The Middle class offered support to the government. Business groups
put factories into maximum production.
But life at court was bizarre…the Tsarina Alexandra relied on Rasputin
to treat her hemophiliac son,
Alexei.
All groups complained about the Tsar, the court, and while the nation was at war, the
system seemed hopelessly “out of it.”
The Dumas reassembled in November 1916, and loudly protested conditions. The leader of the
Dumas shouted out about the sinister influence of Rasputin.
In December 1916, Rasputin
was assassinated
by Prince Yssapov and
others…
The Tsar had gone to the
front to command
the troops…
While in St. Petersburg, in March 1917, food riots broke
out.
Crowds shouted “Down with the Tsar.” And, most important, the imperial troops refused
to fire on the rioters.
Mutiny and insubordination spread throughout the city…
Middle class leaders demanded that a new ministry be formed with
approval of the Dumas.
Tsar Nicolas retaliated by disbanding the Duma…the city of St. Petersburg split into
two factions—those who supported the Dumas…
And the other was the Petrograd Soviet, representing revolutionary
forces.
In March, 1917, the Duma’s committee set up a Provisional
Government.
The Tsar tried to return from the
front, but his train was
turned back by troops.
Nicolas abdicated the throne.
He also abdicated the throne for his heir, the hemophiliac Alexei, and his
brother, Michael, also refused the throne.
On March 17, 1917, Russia
became a republic, and the 300 year
old Romanov Dynasty came to
and end. The Royal Family was held at their residence, then a year later, they were assassinated at Ekaterinburg, Siberia.
The Provisional Government immediately promised elections by
universal male suffrage
They also arranged to prepare a constitution for the new regime. Then, it
tried to continue the war against Germany…
In July 1917, a new offensive was mounted against the Germans---
but the Germans struck back, hard.
Things fell apart: the armies at the front “melted away” and made their way home to make sure they
got their share of this land redistribution.
The Provincial Government also promised wholesale re-distribution
of land to the peasants.
The Petrograd
Soviet opposed the war,
and called for its
immediate end.
Much of the intelligentsia that is kicked out of Russia will come back with revolutionary ideas. Many “underground” groups will