THE RUMINANT NUTRITION PROGRAM · All ration formulation modules have a similar structure. ... When RUMNUT is working on your computer any saved rations and alterations to the feed

THE RUMINANTNUTRITIONPROGRAM

Version 5.2 for Windows

A. T. Chamberlain BVSc, PhD, MRCVSMountwood House

Biddenfield Lane, ShedfieldSouthampton, Hampshire

SO32 2HP, UKwww.rumnut.com

Tel+44 (0)1329 - 833112 Fax +44 (0)2380 - 926205Mobile 07860 - 966377 Email: [email protected]

First published in Great Britain byA.T. Chamberlain

First edition September, 1990Second edition August, 1992Third edition January, 1994

Fourth edition December, 1994Fifth Edition, January, 1998

Sixth Edition, May, 2000Seventh Edition (ver 5.0), November, 2002Eighth Edition (ver 5.2), September, 2007

Copyright © by A.T. Chamberlain, 1990- 2008

The feed composition values used in the associated software are taken from Feed Composition,UK Tables of Feed Composition and Nutrient Value for Ruminants, 1987, Pubs ChalcombePublications, Lincoln and UK Tables of Nutritive Values and Chemical Composition ofFeedingstuffs (1990), Pubs Rowett Research Services Ltd. They both are Crown Copyright,reproduced with the permission of The Controller of HM Stationery Office.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval systemor transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording orotherwise without the prior permission of the Copyright owner.

Information within this document is subject to change without notice and does not represent acommitment on behalf of A.T. Chamberlain. The software described in this document isfurnished under a license agreement or non-disclosure agreement. The software may be used andcopied only under the terms of the agreement. The purchaser may make one copy of the softwarefor backup purposes.

DISCLAIMER

Whilst every effort has been made to ensure that the information in this manual and theaccompanying software is correct A.T. Chamberlain makes no representations or warranties withrespect to the contents hereof and specifically disclaims any implied warranties ofmerchantability or fitness for any particular purpose.

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RUMNUTThe Ruminant Nutrition Program

Table of ContentsINTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Features common to all RUMNUT modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Program control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Data entry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Defaults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2Program structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Installation of the RUMNUT package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Running the program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Back-ups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

DAIRY COW MODULE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Protein requirement calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Entering the animal description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Retrieve ration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Select feeds Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Display ration on screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Currency symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11Ration Window Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

The title bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11The menu bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11The tool bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11The SUPP button . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11The GO button . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11The ration ingredient controls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12The status bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

The menu items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13File menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Edit menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Animal menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13Feeds menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13View menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14Print-outs menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Ration comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15Protein system menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16Help menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Ration Advisory System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17Ration display windows available . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Supplementary window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Inclusion window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18Financial margins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Trace element assessments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19Full ration analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20Ration budgeting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Intermediate calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21Split ration display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Make a mix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Menu options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

File menu options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Printer setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

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Printer Fonts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25Preferences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Display options Tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26Supp Screen Tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26Protein systems Tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26Printer Control tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Basic defaults Tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27Budget and Mix Tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Milk quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28Milk price details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

BEEF MODULE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30Animal description entry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31Main ration Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32Financial margins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33Supp Screen Tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

SUCKLER COW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34Main ration Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35Supplementary window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36Supp Screen Tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

BREEDING SHEEP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38Main ration Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40Milk quality and animal details window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41Supp Screen Tab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

FEED MANAGEMENT MODULE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42Feed management main Window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

Feed manipulation menu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43Edit a feed in file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

Feed information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45Calculated analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Entry of feed analyses in RUMNUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47Delete feed from feed file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48Add feed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48Copy/move a feed in file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48Print out feed analyses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

Extend feed file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49Alter feed prices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

Compare feed prices and values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

FEED TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

Appendices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58Australian specific components in RUMNUT Dairy Cow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58Water requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

1 Feeding the Dairy Cow by A T Chamberlain and J M Wilkinson. Pubs: Chalcombe Publications,Mountwood House, Biddenfield Lane, Shedfield, Southampton, SO32 2JG, UK. ISBN 0 948617 32 2

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INTRODUCTIONRUMNUT has been written to enable animal production professionals to formulate rations to thecurrent feeding standards without becoming involved in the complexities of the modernpredictive equations. Whilst it is not necessary to have a thorough understanding of ruminantnutrition to use this package it is beneficial to be conversant with the practice and principles ofration formulation. These are covered in the companion text to this manual called ' Feeding theDairy Cow'1 .

It is anticipated that most users will only be making occasional use of RUMNUT in theirprofessional work. To this end the package has been designed to be as user friendly as possible.The main facilities that the user requires can be accessed from the 'formulated ration' screen andothers from a series of menu's. All user inputs are checked to ensure that they are within sensiblebounds and at the end of each stage of formulating a ration the program checks that it hassufficient information to proceed to the next section.

The manual is lain out in separate sections corresponding to the modular structure of RUMNUT.The first four sections consider dairy cattle, beef cattle sucklers and sheep and the last threemodules allowing the feed data base to be manipulated, the RUMNUT program environment tothe altered and saved rations to be inspected and deleted.

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The RUMNUT programs are written in a Visual Basic programming language and can be runfrom within Windows 98 - Windows Vista.

RUMNUT can be used to formulate rations to a range of protein systems; the revised UK MPsystem (1998-2001), the French PDI system (1989), the RDP/UDP systems (Australia 1980), theUSA (USDA) system (2001) and the Feed into Milk (FiM, 2004) system. The systems runconcurrently and the user can switch whilst running the program. Which of the protein systemsis available to the user can be set via the Preferences option.

Most of the results displayed on screen can be printed out via a corresponding print option.

Features common to all RUMNUT modulesTo facilitate use of the various modules and speed the learning process all modules use manysimilar features to enable the user to select options and make data entries.

Program control

All aspects of the program can be accessed from the main ration screen using the options andsub-options in the main menu across the top of the window, the icons in the tool bar, menusavailable when you left-click over parts of the window and the status bar at the bottom of thewindow.

Main ration window menu bar and tool bar

Main ration window status bar

Data entry

All the more complex data entry such as animal description and feed nutrient values are done viadata entry windows with error and range checking to ensure the values are valid.

Defaults

Wherever possible data entry values are preset to a commonly used default value, for examplethe cows weight has a default value of 650 kgs, a common weight for dairy cows. The defaultvalues can be altered and saved from within the various data entry windows.

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Program structure

All ration formulation modules have a similar structure. After a banner screen the user is giventhe option to retrieve a ration already saved on the hard disc or start a new ration. If a new rationis selected the user is prompted for a description of the animal and then to select the feeds in theration before the ration is displayed.

Installation of the RUMNUT packageRUMNUT runs on any IBM-compatible computer runningWindows98 or later. The systemrequirementsare :

1.0 GHz plus processor Windows 98 or later CR-ROM for installation. 256 Mbytes of RAM or greater 32 Mbytes of disc space or greater Mouse or similar pointer Colour screen Well behaved Windows printer.

The programs are shipped in a compressed form on CD-ROM only. The programs should self install oncethe CD-ROM is inserted; however if this does not happen follow the following steps:

Open Explore (left click on the Start button at the base of the screen).Navigate you way to the CD-ROM drive using the left hand of the two windowsDouble Click on the setup program on the CD-ROM and follow the instructions

or

Click on Start then Run then Browse to the CD-ROM drive and click on the setup program and then runit and follow the instructions.

NOTEIt is better to accept the various default values offered during the Install process as RUMNUT may nototherwise be able to find the required files.

Running the program

To run the program from within Windows click on the RUMNUT folder icon (if necessary) and thenclick on the required program icon.

Back-ups

When RUMNUT is working on your computer any saved rations and alterations to the feed database orthe defaults file are stored on the hard disc. If you have as problem with your hard disc or movecomputers this information will be lost. To back-up the personal information use the Backup routine inthe File menu on the main ration Window.

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Setting the program up on your machine

Once the programs have been loaded run any module and select the Preferences option from the Fileoption on the main menu. This option can be used to set the user preferences that determine how theprogram runs. Controls can be set to

Determine which of the protein systems is available and which is the default when formulatingrations.

Whether the minerals, ration balances, basic feed analyses and feed prices are shown when runningthe program.

Currency symbols for the printer and screen. The colour of the screen - RUMNUT greens, Windows black and white or user defined. The level of advisory notes given. The numbers of ingredients in mixes and rations. If boxes are drawn on the print outs and if mixing errors are printed on a separate page. The trigger levels for the flags on the supplementary screen and whether peNDF values are shown.

Computer system details

Following Windows protocol RUMNUT ver 5.2 is placed in a RUMNUT directory below the‘ProgramFiles’directory. The back up routine will initially back up to the A: drive but can be altered to accessCD-ROM’s via any other drive letter.

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DAIRY COW MODULE

Protein requirement calculationsRUMNUT can be used to formulate rations to a range of protein systems; the revised UK MP system(1998-2001), the French PDI system (1989), the RDP/UDP system (Australia 1980), the USA (USDA)system (2001) and a Feed into Milk (FiM, 2004) system. The systems run concurrently and the user canswitch whilst running the program either via the main ration status bar or the ‘Protein System’ menuoption. The default protein calculation mode can be pre-set when starting up the program of via thePreferences option within the File option in the main menu. Which of the protein systems is availableto the user can be set via the Preferences option.

The program is started by clicking on the RUMNUT folder (if necessary) and then the DAIRY icon. Aninitial banner window is displayed (see below).

Command options Clicking the mouse on the Accept and New Ration button takes you into the program to start a new

ration.• Clicking the mouse on the Accept and Retrieve Ration button allows you to retrieve a previously

saved ration. Clicking on the Quit button terminates the program. Clicking on the website address www.rumnut.com links you via your web browser to my website Clicking on any of the five protein systems available makes that the default system. The default

system is in bold; those systems de-selected via the Preferences option are greyed out.

Once the Accept button is clicked the feed database, saved ration details and user details are loaded.When the feed data base has been loaded the user is shown the RUMNUT tip of the day. Either click on

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the OK Button to continueor on the ‘Next Tip’ button to see more tips. The next window presents theuser with several options to proceed.

Selecting to start a new ration takes the user into the animal details window.

Command button options

Accept the animal details as defined and proceed to selected the feeds in the ration. Set milk quality details such as butter fat, protein, lactose and mineral composition (and calf birth

weight). Set milk price details and premia. Print screen for short-term use and reference. Cancel changes and revert back to previous animal details. Save the current animal details as the default that will be loaded next time RUMNUT is run.

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Entering the animal description

Window variable MeaningRation Title The ration description (up to 40 characters long) used to identify the

ration on the screen and print-outs. Clicking on the down arrow on theright of this data entry window displays a drop-down list of differentsets of animal details. Each set comes with its own animal details (suchas milk yield) and appropriate milk quality values.

Weight Weight in kilograms of cow when barren and condition score 2.5.Milk yield The average daily milk yield (litres) per cow.Dry cow Check if animal is dry.Activity level The basic AFRC requirements are calculated for housed or tightly

stocked animals. Selecting Medium or High allows an allowance to bemade for any exercise incurred whilst grazing.

DMI correction In certain instances intake can differ from that predicted. For exampleenter 1.20 to raise intake by 20% for animals on complete diets.

Live Weight Change Amount of weight (kgs) the animal is gaining (or losing) per day. Entera negative value for weight loss. Do NOT prefix weight gains with a +sign; merely enter the amount.

Production month Calendar month for which you are formulating ration. (Jan = 1 ... Dec= 12) This is used to determine milk price.

Current condition score Average condition score according to the ADAS system with 0 beingvery thin and 5 obese.

Lactation number (FiM) Under 4, 4 or over 4. Used to predict intake and Rumen stability values.Conc feeds/day (FiM) Conc meals a day (up to 5) or TMR ration. Used to calculate Rumen

stability values.Weeks post calving Number of weeks since the animal calved (affects intake).Weeks pregnant Number of weeks animal is pregnant. Set to 0 if the animal is barren.

Clicking on the Accept button will take you into the Select Feeds Window.

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Retrieve rationDouble click on a ration to retrieve it and continue. Single click to select the ration and then use thecommand buttons. The selected ration can then be retrieved or deleted or you can cancel the operation

Select feeds WindowUp to 990 feeds (see Feedman section for extending the database size can be stored in the feed databaseand they are arranged in pages each consisting of 30 feeds. Feed names in the database are shown twocolumns (or pages) at a time. Hover over the feed name to show the primary feed analyses (DM, ME, CPand Cost) are shown. Click on the Backward and Forward buttons to move through the feed database.The PageUp and PageDown keys on the keyboard will have a similareffect and Pressing ‘Home’ willmove you to the first ‘page’ whereas ‘End’ will move to the last page. Command options

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Double click on a feed in the feed database to add it to the ration Add feed - adds a highlighted feed (single click) to the feeds in the ration• Right click a feed name and drag it to the right hand of the window to add the feed to the ration.• Right click to edit the feed analysis.• Right click and drag to move or copy a feed analysis to a new location (prior to adding a new feed

analysis).• Hover over a feed name in the database list to show the basic analyses Hide(/show) feed analyses; toggles between showing one or two pages of feeds Delete selected feed - deletes a feed in the ration that has been selected with a single click (double

clicking deletes the feed directly). Delete all feeds selected for the ration Clear all feeds from selection for the mix. Refresh feed database by re-loading the details from feed file. Clear ad-lib feed such that all feeds are fed to specified weights Finish feed selection and show ration. Enter the amount to be fed in the amount box; double click to clear out the last entry Use the up and down arrow keys to set the feed amount. The steps used are chosen according to the

feed type.

Feeds are grouped in blocks with a title in bold type. Up to 15 feeds can be included in a ration (definedin the Preferences option. See the FEEDMAN section of the manual for fuller details concerning theentry of feed analyses.

Once feeds have been selected they are listed on the right part of the window. The amount of feed toinclude in the ration can be set in various ways: Click on the ad-lib button to feed on ingredient ad-lib. Enter the amount to be fed in the amount box; double click to clear out the last entry Use the up and down arrow keys to set the feed amount. The steps used are chosen according to the

feed type.

Whether the feed price is shown or not is determined via the Preferences sub-option in the File menuoption. Prices are per Tonne fresh weight and can be entered is the same way as the feed amounts.

Display ration on screen

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The ration display is identified by the title you entered previously in the animal description entrywindow. Each feed is listed with the amount being fed. From this is calculated the dry matter intake ofthe feed and hence the energy, fibre, protein and major minerals that the feed supplies. These are totalledup in the row marked TOTALS and compared with the animals requirements. The Balance line showsthe difference between the animals requirements and what the ration supplies with a negative figureindicating that the ration is deficient in that nutrient. Below the balance line is a box showing the proteinstatus of the ration, the amount supplied, the amount required and the balance and if any feed is beingoffered ad libitum and the cost of the ration per cow per day.

NOTE The animal's requirements line may not agree with the values given earlier in the animalrequirements window. This is correct and is due to the fact that RUMNUT re-calculates the drymatter intake, energy, protein and mineral requirements according to the exact make up of theration.

Any yellow highlighted areas are related to the Nutritional Advice System. Clicking on any yellow area(on any window) takes you into the advisory system. If the yellow high-light related to a particularrationing problem this problem is addressed in the Advisory window.

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Currency symbols

The symbols used to show the currency units (major - eg pound or dollar) andminor (eg pence or cents) can be set via the Printer control tab in the preferencessub-option on the file option on the main menu. Currency signs can causeproblems as the keyboard symbol may not show correctly and some symbols arenot on the keyboard; similarly the symbols that work on the screen may not workwith the printer. To set up the required symbols either View the screencharacters or print out the printer characters. Identify the number alongside therequired symbol and enter this number in the appropriate boxes.

Ration Window Structure

The central part of the window relates to the ration that has been specified whilst sections at the top andbottom of the window allow the user to inspect, control, modify and print the ration. The various partswill be dealt with in turn.

The title bar

The very top line of the window shows what program is running, who it is licensed to and what theversion and serial numbers are

The menu bar

The menu bar allows you accessto all parts of the program - see below.

The tool bar

The tool bar has icons for six functions Open a new ration Retrieve a saved ration from disk. Save the current ration to disk either overwriting the current saved version or saving it as a new

ration. Print out the ration (see below). Un-do the most recent changes. RUMNUT stores that last 50 changes to the ration and clicking on

this icon moves back one alteration. Re-do the last ‘un-do’. If you have reversed some of the changes you have made to the ration you

can click on this icon reverse the correction

The SUPP buttonIn the top right hand corner of the window is a button marked‘SUPP’.Theseallow you to rapidly change to the supplementary window which shouldimportant ancillary ration analyses. The information can also be monitored(and with better user control) via the Split window.

The GO button

In the top right hand corner of the window is a button marked‘GO’and associated controls. These allow you to rapidly change the milkyield to assess the potential of the ration. The up and down arrowswill alter the milk yield by one litre, double clicking on the milk

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yield will clear the entry box and a new value can be entered. Clicking‘GO’will redisplay the ration forthe new milk yield or for any other changes.

The ration ingredient controls

Clicking on the ‘MIX’ check box adds or removes theingredient from the mix. Double clicking on the feed nameremoves it from the ration. Left-clicking on the feed namebrings up the menu shown below. Feed amounts can be alteredby several means Click on the up-down arrow alongside each feed amount. Click on the feed amount and enter the new amount.

Double click to clear the existing feed amount. Note thatsimply entering the new amount does not trigger re-calculation (this would be too slow); click on another feedamount field or the GO button or press the‘Enter’key toinitiate recalculation.

Click on the ad lib button to set one feed ad-lib and the others to weighed amounts. Click on the Feeds item in the main menu then select to alter the feed amounts via the ‘SelectFeeds’ window.

Within the menu brought up by left-clicking a feed (see on left) allowsyou to

Alter a feed amount. Add a feed via the ‘Select Feeds’ window.• Sort the feeds as defined in the Preferences. Delete the highlighted feed. Add the highlighted feed to, or remove it from, the mix and

make a mix. Alter the animal details, milk composition and prices. Show the animal requirements.

The status bar

The status bar at the bottom of the window contains up to 11 buttons most of which will respond to amouse click. From left to right the properties of the status buttons are Shows the current time Toggles between a full screen display and a display that only covers part of the screen. Toggles the ration mineral display on and off Determines if the ration nutrient balances are shown in percentage terms or in actual units. ADVICE - links to the Ration Advisory System - a yellow bar over the button indicates that

potential problems have been identified. The next set of buttons (up to five) indicate which protein systems are available (set up via the

Protein Systems tab of the Preferences sub-option in the File menu option). Click on any button tochange the protein system.

This button indicates that there is 1 previous change stored Before the displayed ration in the‘Un-do/Re-do’ facility, it took 2 Iterations to reach this ration solution and there are 0 changes stored

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Ahead of the displayed ration.

The menu items

File menu Start a new ration based on the default settings saved when defining

the animal details. Retrieve a ration previously saved. Save the current ration to disk; overwriting the previous copy or saving

as a new ration. Print out ration using a variety of print-outs (see below). Windows printer setup routines - select printer and paper size.• Printer fonts Set user preferences for RUMNUT. Backup (and retrieve) saved rations and user alterable files for secure

keeping. Exit program.

Edit menu

If ration alterations have been made the Un-do facility can be used to moveback to previous versions and then forward again.

Animal menu Alter animal details (as above) Alter milk quality (butter fat, protein, lactose, minerals) and calf

birth weight Alter milking pricing and premia. Display current animal requirements based on ration being

offered.

Feeds menu

Add or delete feeds via the ‘Select Feeds’ window Alter feed amounts - again via the ‘Select Feeds’ window Sort feeds into order specified in Preferences tabs. Use the make-a-mix routines to create a mix and save it to the

feed database.

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View menu

This menu can be brought up either by clicking the View option on the main menu at the top of the pageor Left-clicking anywhere on the window except over the feed names (this brings up a feed menu). Seelater for a description of each ration display window.

Main rationing window showing nutrient Menu shown by right-balances. clicking on window

Ingredient inclusion rates compared touser defined rates (see Feedman).

Assessment of supplementary analyses. Financial margins based on milk price and

feed costs. Trace element assessment. Full analysis showing all nutrients. Budgeting window to assess amounts of

feed needed over time for a group. Intermediate calculations used for the

protein system being displayed.• Split window. Shows the ration and intakes on the left hand side and

a range of user defined analyses on the right hand side comparing

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Print-outs menu

Between 0 and 9 copies can be produced of any print-out. Advisory comments may be entered and theseare printed at the bottom of eachpage of the print-out.

Command key options Print out selected pages. Cancel the print outs. Choose how multiple copies

are collated. Access the Windows set-up. Save the numbers of each

page and the print order asthe defaults for future use.

NOTE If the printer does notprint the currency sign correctlyplease run the printer test andalter the code used for thecurrency sign in the PrinterControl Tab of the Preferencessub-option on the File option inthe main menu. Within thePrinter Control Tab you can alsocontrol if boxes are used in theprint-outs to organise the layout,how many lines are left blank atthe top of the page and the numbers of lines in the printer headers. If feed prices have been entered whenthe feeds were selected (see Preferences sub-option) then the price of the feed in pounds per Tonne freshweight will be printed instead of the percentage Dry Matter of the feed.

The main ration print out essentially carries the information from the animal requirements windowand the main ration window.

The supplementary print-out carries the information from the supplementary ration assessmentwindow

The full farmers page combines those details on the main and supplementary pages that are ofprinciple interest on the farm.

NOTE The farmers print-out page does not contain sufficient information for the ration to bere-formulated at a later date. If this is required then the main page should be printed.

Farmers page reduced version lists the feed names and their amounts in wet weight intake and drymatter intake. Nutrient requirements are expressed as totals with the balance line being replaced bythe percentage of the requirements that have been met.

Farmers page compact version is similar to the reduced version except that the overall assessmentof nutrient requirements is omitted.

The trace element print-out contains the information from the trace element assessment window The budgeting print-out contains the information from the ration budgeting window If a mix has been specified this option is active and will print out the mix analysis and compounding

errors.

Ration commentsThere is the facility to enter comments at the bottom of the ration print out. Any comment you wish toadd can be typed in the box that contains the words‘AdvisoryComments’.Alternatively you may use

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pre-defined comments. There are ten pre-defined comments available in all modules and ten that are

specific to each module such as the dairy module. Click on Select comment to enter the ration commentslibrary (see below).• A single click on any comment will highlight it.• A Double click will select the comment and return you to the ration print out window.• Once a comment has been selected click on the ‘EditComment’button to gain access to a simple

word processor that allows you to modify, copy and save comments for use now and later.

Protein system menu

This menu option can be used to select the required protein system. Rationsare then re-calculated according to that system. Such changes can also be madeusing the Function keys (F2-F7) and via the status bar - see above. Proteinsystem names that are greyed-out are not available as defined in the ProteinSystem Tab of the Preferences sub-option on the File option in the main menu.

Help menu

Selecting ration advice (F1) transfers you to the Ration advisory system whichoutlines potential problems with the ration (see below). The degree ofsensitivity (ie the importance of the problems shown) can be controlled via theRation Advice window or via the Display options Tab of the Preferences sub-option on the File option in the main menu.

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Ration Advisory System

Clicking on any of the yellow highlighted texts on the rationing windows will take you into the advisorysystem. If the highlighted text was associated with a particular nutrient the lower part of the window willdisplay a paragraph outlining why this problem is important. Clicking on any of the other reasons listedin the middle box will call the paragraph relating to that problem.Six levels of advice are available ranging from turning off the advice all together down to showing allmissing values information. This can be altered by adjusting the ration advice notes slider here or in thepreferences option.

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Ration display windows available

Supplementary window

Additional ration analyses are compared to limits set viathe Supp Window Tab of the Preferences sub-option on theFile option in the main menu. The limits can either be userspecified or determined by the program. Analyses lyingoutside the limits are flagged up in yellow and clicking onthe yellow areas will transfer you to the Ration AdvisorySystem where more details about the potential problem canbe found. The bottom part of the window shows the waterrequirements (in addition to the moisture in the ration) andthe DCAB score - where sufficient feed analyses areavailable. The peNDF value is an indicator of the amountof physically effective fibre in the ration and the amount bywhich butter fat and rumen pH will be depressed. ThepeNDF system is an American proposal that attempts totake into account the processing of the NDF in differentfeeds and thus their ability to promote cudding and salivaflow. Similarly the forage NDF is an assessment of thestructurally active NDF.

Inclusion windowThe inclusion rate of each ingredient is calculated and compared to pre-defined limits as set up in thefeed database.

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Financial margins

The financial margins are calculated based on the milk prices entered for that ration (See the Milk Pricewindow on the Animal option in the main menu) and the feed prices as entered in the Feedman moduleor as feeds are selected for inclusion in the ration.

Trace element assessments

Trace element requirements are calculated from arange of international feeding standards and theration supply and requirements compared andexpressed as a percentage of requirements. Copperavailability is corrected for the ration sulphur andmolybdenum contents. Where the supply exceedsvarious recommendations described in the feedingstandards or deficiencies exist these problems areflagged up in yellow.

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Full ration analysis

The full analysis window shows the full analysis of the overall ration for all the nutrients considered inthe program. Only those parameters relevant to the protein system in use are displayed on the screen. Tosee the full analysis right click on the feed name in the Select Feeds window or use FeedMan module.Where analyses are missing for some ingredients in the ration the result is highlighted in yellow.Positioning the cursor over such yellow areas will show what percentage of the ration dry matter that ismissing that analysis. The smaller the percentage the truer the displayed value. See the Feedman sectionfor the meaning of the various acronyms.

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Ration budgeting

The window displays how much of each feedis required for one animal, one day for agroup of animals, a period of time for oneanimal and for the whole group for the periodof time. Where the amounts are less than 1Tonnes the intakes are given to the nearesttenth of a kilogram; over ten Tonnes to thenearest thousandth of a Tonne fresh weight.

The number of animals in the group and thenumber of days in the budgeting period canbe adjusted at the base of the window usingthe Up and Down arrow keys and theamounts above will be altered. These valuescan be saved as the defaults for future use.

Intermediate calculations

This window shows some of the intermediate feedanalyses used during the calculation of the rationaccording to the appropriate protein system.

Again similar to the ‘Supp’ window above theprecise column titles and information shown willvary with the protein system being used.

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Split ration display

The split window combined the most important parts of the main and supplementary windows and is splitaccordingly down the middle (see below). The left hand part shows the feeds in the ration and the freshand dry matter intake of each one. Click on the radio button alongside the feed name to make that feedad lib. To set all feed amounts (none ad lib) click on the‘adlib’phrase at the top of the column. Thiswindow has been designed with a facility to increase the font-size to improve readability. Click on theradio button to the right‘DMIkg’and the font size will be boosted. The tabulation will run a little askew

but it will be easier to read from a distance.

The left hand side of the window summarises much that was seen in the supplementary window but herethe user can define the analytes thatthey monitor. If you hover over theration analysis for any of the mineralsthe mineral content per kg dry matterwill be shown.

Many of the menu options across thetop of the screen are similar infunction to those on other pages. Theone exception is the ‘Analytes’option. Clicking on this allows you todefine the analytes displayed. Thereare four pre-defined options for Dry,Highs, Minerals and a Basicselection. Alternatively the user canclick on the check boxes to definetheir own list of analyses (maximum21) and this selection can then besaved, retrieved and used.

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Make a mixEntry to the module is either by selecting the Makeamix sub-option from the Feeds option of the mainmenu or selected the makeamix option from the menu displayed when right-clicking over a feed name.If a mix has been specified either by marking ration ingredients for inclusion or via a previous use of themake-a-mix routine the window below will be displayed.

At the top window are various menu options by which the mix can be formulated, altered, inspected andprinted (see below for descriptions). The amount of each feed in the mix can be altered using theup/down arrows alongside the feed amount and by over-writing the feed amount (again double clickingclears the feed amount). The initial mix name is based on the names and percentage inclusions of eachof the first three ingredients, the name can be changed via the Name menu option or by over-writing theexisting mix name in the totals line. The box at the base of the window shows additional nutrientanalyses, the protein content on a fresh weight basis (useful when comparing mixes with compound cakeswhich are always expressed in percent CP/kg fresh weight) and the cost based on the raw materialsprices.

Menu optionsExitExit the makeamix routines with the option to save the mix if you have not already done so.SaveSave the mix to the feed database using the ‘Select Feeds’ window to identify the location. Add / alter feedsAdd feeds to the mix and alter the amounts using the‘selectfeeds’window. The amounts need not bepercentages but may be in any units which allows more simple modification of the mix. It is advisableto use either Tonnes or kilograms; note that the minimum that will be accurately displayed on the windowis 0.01 units such that mixes may occasionally need scaling up or down. Up to fifteen ingredients maybe included in a mix according to the maximal number set in the Preferences sub-option of the File optionin the main menu.

Retrieve/StoreMix ingredient compositions can be stored and retrieved in the Feed man module.

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AnalysisRe-displays the compositional analysis of the mix.Display mix compounding analysisThis window displays the actual amounts in the ration as compounded, and the actual and roundedamounts in a ration mix formulated to feed a given number of animals (assuming the initial amounts wereon a per animal basis) or to make a mix of a given weight. The rounding amount is used to indicate howaccurately materials can be weighed on the farm. If the load-cells on a mixer wagon are only accurateto within 25 kilograms then mixes should be rounded to this amount. The bottom lines of the windowshow the effects of the rounding incurred when making up a mix for the specified group size and mixweight. The effects of the rounding are given in terms of percentage deviations from the actual analysis.

The rounding amounts, group size and mix weight can be altered and the new values stored for use asthe future default values as follows.

OPTION MeaningAnimals Group size. Actual and rounded weights of each ingredient are calculated to feed a

group of the size specified.Concentrates Concentrate rounding amount. When mix ingredients which are concentrates are

scaled up for the specified group size or mix weight the quantities of each ingredientare rounded to the nearest unit of this weight.

Forage Forage rounding amount. When mix ingredients which are forages are scaled up forthe specified group size or mix weight the quantities of each ingredient are roundedto the nearest unit of this weight.

Tonnes Mix weight. Actual and rounded weights of each ingredient are calculated toproduce this weight as the total actual mix weight.

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Name of final mix

Initially RUMNUT determines the mix name according to the firstthree mix components selected and their percentage inclusion rates(on a wet matter basis). The name can be altered using this optionusing any combination of 15 letters and numbers (avoid starting thename with an asterix (*), and take care with the incorporation of thewords grass, silage or anal in the mix name. See FEEDMAN sectionfor further details on feed naming.

Print out analysis of mixThis option prints out the analysis of the mix, the contribution of themix components to the principle nutrient analyses and the mix compounding information as seen on the'display mix compounding analysis' window. Advisory comments can be added to the bottom of the mixprint-out. Whether the mix compounding details are printed on the same page is controlled by the settingswithin the Preferences option and the number of ingredients in the mix and hence space on the page.

Full analysisShows the full nutrient analysis in the same way as the full analysis of the ration.

NOTE The composition of the mix in terms of the amounts of the constituent ingredients is not storedin the feed database merely the overall nutritional analysis. Only the most recent mix can bealtered and edited on return to the makeamix module; once a new mix is selected the old mixanalysis is lost. If it is envisaged that it will be necessary to inspect and alter the components ofthe mix then the mix analysis should be printed out and stored for future reference.

Loader Sheet. Produces a loader sheet with amounts that the loader driver should put in the mixerwagon. The number of animals is taken from the Compounding variables window and the amountsneeded for group sizes slightly larger and smaller (usually in steps of one animal unless group size is verybig) is also shown so the mix size can be altered to account for variations in group size and appetite. Thisoption is also available on the ‘Compounding’ window.

File menu options

Of the nine options in the File menu in the main menu the first three are simple ration handling functionsand the fourth has already been described. The Preferences option and the Back-ups option warrantfurther description below. The final option exits the program after checking non-saved rations do notneed saving.

Printer setupThis is a standard Windows control that allows you to select different printers. If you use a PDF printerdriver such as ScanSoft PDF Create here then you can direct print outs to PDF files for emailing toclients.

Printer Fonts

This option allows you toselect the font used and thefont size for print outs.

PreferencesThis option uses six Tabs to

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allow the user to control many of the defaults that control how RUMNUT runs.

Display options Tab

Check any of the six check buttons on the left toinfluence the display in the main ration window.Sort method affects how the feeds are sorted. Feeds aresorted after the‘Select Feeds’ is exited but not whenfeeds are altered on-screen. Sorting can be triggeredvia the Feed menu.The‘Advicenoteslevel’determine how many advicenotes are triggered in a ration. Level 2 or 3 is generallyrecommended.Set colour Scheme. The RUMNUT colours use variousshades of green; the black and white Windows coloursmay work better with some screens and data projectionmachines. Alternatively you can define your own - tomatch your corporate style or highlight your poortaste!

Supp Screen Tab

These settings influence the display of ‘flags’ in the Supplementarywindow and are specific for each module. Users can either set their ownlower and upper limits or check the boxes alongside the numbers to usethe RUMNUT default values which are generally related to milk yieldeg the minimum NDF level declines with increasing yield. To turn offthe flags enter 0 as the lower flag and 100 as the upper limit.

The final check box determines if the peNDF calculations and milk andrumen pH depression figures are shown. If the feed database is notcomplete for peNDF analyses the resultant display will be incorrect anddistracting.

Protein systems TabCheck the available buttons to the left of the protein systemname to determine if it is shown on Status Bar on the mainration window and click the right-hand radio buttons todetermine the default system at start up.

It is recommended that you only use a protein system whereyou have a good set of analyses specific to that system.Although RUMNUT will derive missing protein componentsthe results may be poor as the underlying regressions used arenot that good. You can also select to use the FiM intakepredictions all the time; these are the most recent predictionsbut can over-predict if the forage analyses are not complete.

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Printer Control tabOn most printers the standard print size will result in the print-outsfitting on a sheet of A4 paper; with older printers and with differentpaper sizes you may need to reduce the font size to fit the page.Margins and font size Allow close control over the way print-outsare lain out and can accommodate most printers.Currency symbolsNot all currency symbols are accessible via the keyboard and not allscreen symbols print correctly on the printer. If the currencysymbols are a problem use the View or Print buttons at the base ofthe tabbed area to determine the appropriate code number for thesymbol you want and enter this.Printer layoutThese three controls can be used to offset and reduce the size of theheaders to allow headed paper to be used for print-outs.Box outlines on print outs Print-outs are broken up into separateparts using boxes; these may not always print out well on allprinters in which case they can be turned off.

Basic defaults TabThe maximum number of ingredients in a ration or mix can be setto limit the complexity of rations and mixes and to help in someinstances with older style printers.Temporary back-upsOn modern machines making backups does not degrade machineperformance but on older machines the interval might needraising to stop the machine tying up.Country versionProgram can use UK condition scoring, milk composition andpricing or the Australian equivalents (see Appendix)Price scaling. In the UK most feeds are priced from 10 to 1000;in other countries this varies and can cause problems which canbe addressed with these options.Un-do / Re-do facility

Budget and Mix TabThe budget group size and number of days are used as the defaultswhen doing ration budgeting via the Budgeting window.

In the makemix routine when mix compounding errors are beingcalculated the group size, tonnes and accuracy of weighingconcentrates and forages can be specified to assess what errors will beincurred. The default values can be set via the four entries here.

Mixes are generally printed out with the mix analysis and thecompounding errors all on one pages (number of mix ingredientsallowing). If you wish to always have the compounding errors on aseparate page check the ‘Split mix print-out’ box.

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Milk quality

Calf weight Total weight of calf, or calves, at term. Used to determine the nutritionalrequirements during pregnancy.

Butter fatMilk proteinMilk lactoseMilk calciumMilk phosphorusMilk magnesium

Used to determine the nutritional requirements of lactation. Usually these canbe left at the national average figures but in high yielding dairy cows the exactprotein and butter fat content of the milk can have a significant effect on thenutritional requirements and hence ration formulation.

Milk price details

Milk fatMilk proteinMilk lactose

This is the basic price in pencepaid per percentage point per litreof milk.

Milk pricingPremiums

Many countries implement aseasonal adjustment of the milkprice. The values given in thesetwelve fields correspond to theseasonal adjustment figures.

Absolute /percentage

Determines if the seasonaladjustment figures are inPercentage units or Absoluteprice adjustments.

M i l k p r i c epremium

Overall milk price premium. Thispremium is applied after allseasonal adjustments have beenmade and is in terms of pence perlitre.

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BEEF MODULEThe BEEF module allows the user to formulate rations for beef cattle. Beef cattle are defined asruminating bovine animals between the weights of 75 and 1000 kgs which are gaining weight. Theprogram considers the effects of body weight, growth rate, breed, sex and dry matter intake correctionfactors to determine nutrient requirements. The beef price on a live weight basis can be specified whichallows the margins per animal and per day to be calculated.

RUMNUT can be used to formulate rations to a range of protein systems; the revised UK MP system(1998-2001), the French PDI system (1989), the RDP/UDP system (Australia 1980) and a system derivedfrom the UK and USA systems. The systems run concurrently and the user can switch whilst running theprogram either via the main ration status bar or the‘ProteinSystem’menu option. The default proteincalculation mode can be pre-set when starting up the program of via the Preferences option within theFile option in the main menu. Which of the protein systems is available to the user can be set via thePreferences option. The overall structure of the program is the same as the Dairy module and only thewindows and features that differ in the Beef program are outlined in this chapter.

The program is started by clicking on the RUMNUT folder (if necessary) and then the BEEF icon. Aninitial banner window is displayed (see above).



saved ration.

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Clicking on the Quit button terminates the program. Clicking on the website address www.rumnut.com links you via your web browser to my website Clicking on any of the five protein systems available makes that the default system. The default

system is in bold; those systems de-selected via the Preferences option are greyed out. system is inbold; those systems de-selected via the Preferences option are greyed out.

Once the Accept button is clicked the feed database, saved ration details and user details are loaded.

When the feed data base has been loaded the user is presented with several options to proceed. If Startinga New ration is selected from the next window then the animal description window is displayed. Ifretrieving a ration is selected then the Retrieve Ration window is displayed.

Command button options Accept the animal details as defined and proceed to selected the feeds in the ration. Cancel changes and revert back to previous animal details. Save the current animal details as the default that will be loaded next time RUMNUT is run.

Animal description entry

The animal description window is now displayed. Use the arrow keys to move the cursor between thehighlighted fields and alter the animal description as required. The animal description details that maybe altered are:

Window variable MeaningRation identifier The ration description (up to 40 characters long) used to identify the ration on

the screen and print-outs. Clicking on the down arrow on the right of this dataentry window displays a drop-down list of different sets of animal details. Eachset comes with its own animal details (such as weight and breed).

Weight Average weight of the group of animals.Daily live weight gain The required rate of growth in kilograms per animal per day.Breed Breed classification into Small, Medium and Large. Examples of the

classification of common beef cattle types are:SMALL - Hereford, Aberdeen Angus and their cross breedsMEDIUM - Pure Friesian and Holstein cattleLARGE - Continental breeds and cross breeds

SexUsed to determine energy and protein requirements of maintenance andgrowth. H - Heifer, S - Steer, B - entire bull.

Activity level The basic AFRC maintenance requirements allow for a low level of activity asincurred in yards and close stocking systems. Enter Medium for extensive

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grazing (raises maintenance by 6%) and High for mountain terrain (raisesmaintenance by 18%).

DMI correction Allows user to correct the calculated DMI by as much as 80% to 140%. Younganimals shedding temporary incisors on self feed silage may have intakes thatare only 90% or predicted, animals on complete diets may have intakes that are115% of predicted.

Beef price Price in pence per kilogram live-weight.

Once the animal details have been set the next window allows feeds to be selected and amounts specified.Once this is finished the ration is formulated and displayed.

Main ration Window

The structure of the main ration window is very similar to that of the Dairy module. The main differenceis the GO command cluster at the top right hand corner. This allows you to rapidly change the weightgain (DLWG) to assess the potential of the ration. The up and down arrows will alter the weight gain insteps of 0.05kg, double clicking on the milk yield will clear the entry box and a new value can be entered.Clicking ‘GO’ will redisplay the ration for the weight gain.

NOTE The animal's requirements line may not agree with the valuesgiven earlier in the animal requirements window. This is correctand is due to the fact that RUMNUT re-calculates the dry matterintake, energy, protein and mineral requirements according to theexact make up of the ration.

The print-outs are generated in the same way as in the Dairy module. The only ration display windowthat differs substantially from the Dairy module is the Margins window.

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Financial margins

The financial margins are calculated based on the beef price entered for that ration (See the Animaldetails window on the Animal option in the main menu) and the feed prices as entered in the Feedmanmodule or as feeds are selected for inclusion in the ration.

Preferences

Supp Screen TabThese settings influence the display of ‘flags’ in theSupplementary window and are specific for each module. Userscan either set their own lower and upper limits or check the boxesalongside the numbers to use the RUMNUT default values whichare generally related to weight gain ie the minimum NDF leveldeclines with increasing growth rates. To turn off the flags enter0 as the lower flag and 100 as the upper limit.

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SUCKLER COWThe SUCKLER module allows the user to formulate rations for suckler cattle. The program considersthe effects of body weight, weight change, pregnancy, lactation and dry matter intake correction factorsto determine nutrient requirements. Weight change can be expressed in as kg change per day or conditionscore change per day and the weight change will be worked out. Similarly milk yields can be expressedas calf growth rates and the milk yield determined from this.

RUMNUT can be used to formulate rations to a range of protein systems; the revised UK MP system(1998-2001), the French PDI system (1989), the RDP/UDP system (Australia 1980) and a system derivedfrom the UK and USA systems. The systems run concurrently and the user can switch whilst running theprogram either via the main ration status bar orthe ‘Protein System’ menu option. The default proteincalculation mode can be pre-set when starting up the program of via the Preferences option within theFile option in the main menu. Which of the protein systems is available to the user can be set via thePreferences option. The overall structure of the program is the same as the Dairy module and only thewindows and features that differ in the Beef program are outlined in this chapter.

The program is started by clicking on the RUMNUT folder (if necessary) and then the SUCKLER icon.An initial banner window is displayed (see above).




system is in bold; those systems de-selected via the Preferences option are greyed out.Once the Accept button is clicked the feed database, saved ration details and user details are loaded.When the feed data base has been loaded the user is presented with several options to proceed. If Starting

35

a New ration is selected from the next window then the animal description window is displayed. Ifretrieving a ration is selected then the Retrieve Ration window is displayed.

Window variable MeaningRation title The ration description (up to 40 characters long) used to identify the ration on

the screen and print-outs.Weight Weight of cow (kgs) when barren and condition score 2.5.Daily Live Weightgain

Amount of weight (kgs) the animal is gaining (or losing) per day. Enter anegative value for weight loss. Values of less than 0.05 are considered aschanges in condition score. RUMNUT uses USA equations to relate CS changeto weight change according to body weight and current condition score.

Milk yield The average daily milk yield (litres) per cow. Values of less than 2.0 kilogramsare considered as calf growth rates and the appropriate milk yield is calculated.

Current conditionscore

Average condition score according to the ADAS system with 1 being very thinand 5 obese.

Activity level The basic AFRC requirements are calculated for housed or tightly stockedanimals. Entering Low, Medium or High allows an allowance to be made forany exercise incurred whilst grazing.

Time post calving Number of weeks since the animal calved.DMI correction In certain instances intake can differ from that predicted. For example enter

0.90 to reduce intake by 10% for heifers and 1.10 to raise intake by 10% foranimals on complete diets.

Stage of pregnancy Number of weeks animal is pregnant. Enter 0 if the animal is barren.Calf weight When milk yield is given as calf growth rate this value is used in part of the

calculations to determine cow milk yield.Prop ME frommilk

When milk yield is given as calf growth rate this value is also used todetermine cow milk yield. It is the proportion of calf's nutrients assumed to bederived from milk with the rest assumed to come from solid feeds. Valid rangeis 0.0 to 1.0

Main ration WindowThe structure of the main ration window is very similar to that of the Dairy module.

36


The print-outs are generated in the same way as in the Dairy module. The only ration display windowthat differs substantially from the Dairy module is the Supplementary window.

Supplementary window

Additional ration analyses are compared to limits set via theSupp Screen Tab of the Preferences sub-option on the Fileoption in the main menu. The limits can either be user specifiedor determined by the program. Analyses lying outside the limitsare flagged up in yellow and clicking on the yellow areas willtransfer you to the Ration Advisory System where more detailsabout the potential problem can be found. The bottom part ofthe window shows details used to determine the rate of weightchange from the condition score change and the milk yield fromthe calf growth rate, weight and proportion of nutrients the calfis getting from the dam.

Supp Screen TabThese settings influence the display of ‘flags’ in theSupplementary window and are specific for eachmodule. Users can either set their own lower and upperlimits or check the boxes alongside the numbers to usethe RUMNUT default values which are generallyrelated to milk yield eg the minimum NDF leveldeclines with increasing yield. To turn off the flagsenter 0 as the lower flag and 100 as the upper limit.

The final check box determines if the peNDFcalculations and milk and rumen pH depression figuresare shown (see Appendix II). If the feed database is notcomplete for peNDF analyses the resultant display willbe incorrect and distracting.

37

38

BREEDING SHEEPThe SHEEP module allows the user to formulate rations for breeding ewes. The program considers theeffects of body weight, weight change, pregnancy, lactation and dry matter intake correction factors todetermine nutrient requirements. RUMNUT can be used to formulate rations to the revised UK MPsystem (1998-2001) and the RDP/UDP system (Australia 1980). The systems run concurrently and theuser can switch whilst running the program either via the main ration status bar or the‘ProteinSystem’menu option. The default protein calculation mode can be pre-set when starting up the program or viathe Preferences option within the File option in the main menu. Which of the protein systems is availableto the user can be set via the Preferences option. The overall structure of the program is the same as theDairy module and only the windows and features that differ in the Sheep program are outlined in thischapter.

The program is started by clicking on the RUMNUT folder (if necessary) and then the SHEEP icon. Aninitial banner window is displayed (see above).




system is in bold; those systems de-selected via the Preferences option are greyed out.

Once the Accept button is clicked the feed database, saved ration details and user details are loaded.

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When the feed data base has been loaded the user is presented with several options to proceed. If Startinga New ration is selected from the next window then the animal description window is displayed. Ifretrieving a ration is selected then the Retrieve Ration window is displayed.

C

Window Variable MeaningRation identifier Used to identify the ration on all screen displays and print-outs. Up to 40

characters long.Weight Weight of ewes (kgs) when barren and condition score 2.5.Daily Live Weightgain

Amount of weight (kgs) the animal is gaining (or losing) per day. Enter anegative value for weight loss.

Preg or lact Whether the ewe is Pregnant or LactatingStage of lact / Preg Stage of pregnancy or lactation (weeks).Litter size Number of lambs expected (part numbers such as 2.2 are allowed)Ewes breed Hill or Lowland breedActivity level The basic AFRC requirements are calculated for housed or tightly

stocked animals. Entering Medium or High allows an allowance to bemade for an exercise incurred whilst grazing. This increases the energyrequirements by 6% and 18% of maintenance respectively.

Current condition score Average condition score according to the ADAS system with 0 being verythin and 5 obese.

Housed Are animals housed Inside or Outside. Animals outside have a higherenergy requirement for maintenance.

DMI correction In certain instances intake can differ from that predicted. For exampleenter 0.90 to reduce intake by 10% for animals on self fed block cut silageor with loose teeth.

Prop pred milk yield The predicted milk yield is for ewes on ad lib feeds such as good grass etc.If diet is going to restrict milk yield enter decile proportion of predictedyield expected. For example ewes on hay and concentrates may only beexpected to yield 70% of predicted.

40

Main ration WindowThe structure of the main ration window is very similar to that of the Dairy module.


The print-outs are generated in the same way as in the Dairy module.

41

Milk quality and animal details window

The values that can be altered via this window are:

Variable MeaningLamb birth weight -single

Weight of single lamb at birth. Used to determine the nutritionalrequirements during pregnancy.

Lamb birth weight -multiple

Weight of one lamb from a multiple birth at birth. Used to determine thenutritional requirements during pregnancy.

Milk compositionButter fatMilk proteinMilk lactoseMilk calciumMilk phosphorusMilk magnesium

Used to determine the nutritional requirements of lactation. Usually thesecan be left at the national average figures but in high yielding dairy sheepthe exact protein and butter fat content of the milk can have a significanteffect on the nutritional requirements and hence ration formulation.

Wool clip Weight of wool shorn off each year. Assumed that wool growth is uniformthrough year and used to determine nutrient requirements.

Average age of ewe Young (less than 1 year) and Old are accepted. Used to determineefficiency of mineral absorption.

Supp Screen Tab

These settings influence the display of ‘flags’ in theSupplementary window and are specific for each module.Users can set their own lower and upper limits. To turn offthe flags enter 0 as the lower flag and 100 as the upperlimit.

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FEED MANAGEMENT MODULE

The feed management module allows the user to inspect, alter, edit, copy, move and delete feeds fromthe feed database. The initial feed database contains space for 360 feeds each of which is described byup to 70 values. Within the Feed Management module the feed database can be expanded in‘pages’of30 feeds at a time up to 990 feeds over 33 pages.

To run the program click on the FEEDMAN icon and the following‘splash’window will be displayed

Command options Clicking the mouse on the Accept button takes you into the program. Clicking on the Quit button terminates the program. Clicking on the website address www.rumnut.com links you via your web browser to my website

Once the Accept button is clicked the feed database, saved ration details and user details are loaded.When the feed data base has been loaded the user is presented with main Feedman window.

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Feed management main Window

The main feed management window is similar in layout to the main ration window in the rationformulation modules. A series of menu option along the top of the window give access to sub-menus andvarious functions (see below). The more important of these are also duplicated in command buttons onthe RHS of the window. The various command functions available are:

Backward. Moves backwards through the pages of the feed database.Forward. Moves forwards through the pages of the feed database.Edit Feeds, Add feeds, Copy feeds, Delete feed. Clicking on a feed name to highlight the feed thenselecting one of these four options allows you to modify the feed database (see below). These fouroptions can also be accessed by double clicking on a feed name and selecting from the pop-up menu.Extend feed file. Makes space for more analyses (see page 49)Print-out. A further window allows feed names and analyses to printed out over eight pages.Alter feed prices. Permits changing of feed prices, inclusion rates and peNDF values a page at a time.Make a mix. Gives access to the routines to formulate, modify, inspect and save mixes (see page 22 inthe Dairy section for a full description).

Feed manipulation menu (obtained by double clicking on feed name)

This pop-up menu has four options which are described in more detail below Edit feed - pulls up the full feed analysis. Same as single clicking on a feed name

then selecting the edit feed command Add a feed at the location selected - will be prompted for feed on which to base

the entry. Copy a feed at the location selected - will be prompted for feed on which to base

the entry.

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Delete feed selected - you will be prompted as to how you wish to handle the space left. Abandon the feed manipulation menu.

Edit a feed in file

This option allows you to alter and edit the data stored for each feed and transfers you to the feedinformation window (see below - the full analysis window).

Feed naming conventionsFeeds preceded by an asterix (*) are considered to be title feeds and are displayed in bold type on thescreen. They may not be included in rations but can be incorporated in the feed file to clarify the windowlayout and are used as titles where they are the first feed in the column. Feeds that include the letters'anal' in upper or lower case are considered as feeds requiring an analysis to be specified when selectedfor inclusion in a ration. Unless this is required avoid using these letters. To enter a silage of knownanalysis into the feed data base use a specific name such as SILAGE SMITH. The words 'GRASS','SILAGE' and 'HAY' are reserved words. They are identified by various of the dry matter intake

45

prediction formulae and the predicted dry matter intake varied according to the type of forage. Only usethese reserved words when they apply to the forage and ensure that forages of any of these three typesare identified accordingly. Where feed analyses are not known enter a U for unknown; when such feedsare used in rations the full analysis of the overall ration will be shown in yellow and Tip text boxobtained by positioning the cursor over the yellowed area will indicate the proportion of the total DMImissing for the relevant analysis. In the case of FME, GE and ADIN, PDI analyses and USA proteindegradation figures approximate values will then be derived from the basic analysis if sufficient data areavailable.

Feed information

Window name ExplanationName Feed name - 15 characters maximum. See comments above concerning choice of

feed names.Details The international feed number - or can be used for any other information.DM Dry matter (percentage points)DOMD In vivo digestible organic matter in the dry matter. (g/kg DM)ME In vivo metabolisable energy. (MJ ME/kg DM)FME Fermentable Metabolisable Energy; the amount of energy that can be used by the

microbes for the production of ATP as defined by AFRC 1992.(MJ/kg DM)Point dg Degradability. Point degradability as categorised according to ARC (1980)

recommendations. (decimal proportion). Enter 0 where variable degradability isknown. Little used nowadays.

GE Gross energy (By adiabatic bomb calorimetry) (MJ /kg DM)CP Crude protein (g/kg DM)EE Ether extract (Fat) (g/kg DM)CF Crude Fibre (g/kg DM)TA Total Ash (g/kg DM)WSC Water soluble carbohydrates (sugars) (g/kg DM)Starch Starch (g/kg DM)NDF Neutral detergent fibre (g/kg DM)epNDF Effective physical NDF (g/kg DM). A measurements that attempts to take into

account the effect of processing on the fibre in the ration See Appendix II forfurther details. A value in the range 0-1 is assumed to be the effectiveness.

ADF Acid detergent fibre (g/kg DM)RRS Rumen Resistant Starch (g/kg DM). A static measurement of how much starch is

resistant to rumen degradation in high yielding dairy cows.TDN Total Dietary Nutrients (g/kg DM). Used in the USA protein system. If not known

then enter u and it will be estimated from the chemical analyses.DE Digestible Energy (MJ /kg DM). Used for some derivations.Lignin (g/kg DM)NCD Cellulase digestible organic matter in the Dry Matter, following Neutral Detergent

Extraction. (g/kg DM)MADF Modified acid detergent fibre (g/kg DM)Ca Calcium (g/kg DM)P Phosphorus (g/kg DM)Na Sodium (g/kg DM)Mg Magnesium (g/kg DM)Co Cobalt mg/kg DMCu Copper mg/kg DMSe Selenium mg/kg DMS Sulphur g/kg DMFe Iron g/kg DM

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Mn Manganese mg/kg DMZn Zinc mg/kg DMK Potassium mg/kg DMCl Chlorine mg/kg DMI Iodine mg/kg DMMb Molybdenum mg/kg DMADIN Acid Detergent Insoluble Nitrogen. (g/kg DM) That proportion of the feed nitrogen

that is considered indigestible (van Soest).DM-a Proportion of the dry matter that is rapidly released.DM -b Proportion of dry matter that is not instantly released but is potentially degradable.DM -c Proportion of potentially degradable dry matter that is degraded per hour.N a Proportion of the nitrogen that is rapidly released (AFRC 1992)N b Proportion of nitrogen that is not rapidly released but is potentially degradable

(AFRC 1992).N c Proportion of potentially degradable nitrogen that is degraded per hour (AFRC

1992).PDIA Bypass protein content according to French PDI system(g/kg DM)PDIN Protein supplied if rumen limited by nitrogen in French PDI systemPDIE Protein supplied if rumen limited by energy in French PDI systemLysDI Lysine absorbable in the small intestine (g/kg DM)MetDI Methionine absorbable in the small intestine (g/kg DM)ADFIP (g/kg DM) USA type assessment of that proportion of the feed nitrogen that is

considered indigestibleUSA Na USA type assessment. Proportion (0-1) of the nitrogen that is instantly solubleUSA Nb USA type assessment. Proportion (0-1) of nitrogen that is not instantly soluble but

potentially degradableUSA Nc USA type assessment. Proportion (0-1) of nitrogen that is not degradable whatever

the retention period.B dig/h USA type assessment Rate of degradation (0-1) of the b fraction.RUP dig USA type assessment Digestibility (0-1) of bypass protein in the small intestine.Cost Cost of feed on farm on a wet matter basis (£/Tonne wet).Concs Proportion of feed that is considered as a concentrate (decimal proportion).Bought Proportion of feed that is bought in to the farm/unit. (decimal proportion).Inclusion Maximal percentage inclusion of this ingredient in rations.

FIM specific feed analysesDM-s Soluble fraction of the dry matterN-s Soluble fraction of the nitrogen (protein)PAL Potential acid load (meq/kg DM)FIP Forage intake potential (forages only)TFA Total fermentation acids (g/kg DM)Lys-FiM Lysine content (FiM model)Met-FiM Methionine content (FiM model)

Fresh weight analysesEntering negative values in the first column of major analyses results in the values being treated as freshweight analyses. Such values are converted to Dry matter analyses before they are stored in RUMNUT.This feature has been included to facilitate the entry of compound feeds.

Calculated analysesIf gross energy (GE) is not known enter a U and it will be estimated. It is estimated from the chemicalanalyses of the feed so the more analyses entered the better the estimate. If ADIN is entered at a U valueit is estimated either from the MADF and the CP of the feed. If FME is entered at a U value it will beestimated from the ME and the EE (ether extract figures). To determine the FME you will be asked if

47

the feed has been fermented or not and therefore contains volatile fatty acids. If TDN is unknown it willbe derived from basic feed analyses. The PDI figures can be predicted from the UK degradation figuresand chemical analysis and similarly the USA degradation figures can be derived. However please notethat all the above calculations have a limited (but statistically valid) correlation with the true values. Assuch each derivation introduces additional error into the feed analyses and this should be borne in mindwhen formulating rations with these feeds.

Entry of feed analyses in RUMNUT - Checking, validation and derivations performed byprogram

1. Analyses in the first columnIf a negative value has been entered then this is assumed to be on a fresh weight basis and acorrection is made.i.e. Enter an ME of -12 for a feed with 90% DM ME recorded is 13..33

2. DOMD and CP are checked to make sure they have not been entered as percentages rather than g/kg3. If FME is entered as 'U' - Missing then it is calculated

In older versions it was derived from ME and if the feed was fermented or not.In newer versions it is derived in a separate window from oil content and VFA content

4. peNDF can be given as the 'fraction physically effect' range 0-1. If this is the case actual peNDFvalue is derived from NDF value

5. ADIN is checked and derived if necessary from MADF or UDP.6. GE is derived if necessary from chemical analysis7. Check that conc/forage proportion agrees with NDF values8. Check to see that a cost value and an inclusion rate have been defined.9. Units checked for degradability values a and b; if given as percentages they are corrected.10. If N degradability given as a=1, b=0, c=0 which some people might use for minerals this is changed

to a=0.99, b=0.01, c=0.01 to prevent computing problems.11. If N a, b and c are missing then they are predicted. This can only be done if we have valid values for

CP, ME, NDF, DM, MADF, EE, TA and ADF otherwise they remain missing.12. If PDI figures are missing then attempt to predict them. Need ME, DOMD, FME, CP, ADIN, EE

(Fat) and Nitrogen degradability a,b,c. If these data available user asked if wants to make theprediction. If user says‘Yes'here is how it is done. Initially RUMNUT uses equations derived fromunderstanding of biology of two protein systems and then there is some simple checking for validityand correct if needed.

13. In a similar way sorts of USA analyses including DE and TDN15. If there is no fixed degradability value but we have nitrogen degradabilities a,b,c then derive fixed

degradability value assuming 6% outflow rate.14. Finally sorts out any missing values for FiM system such as solubility values, FAL and FIP values.

NOTEThe dg value is little used now - only for the Australian RDP/UDP system. If you only enter a dg valuethe program will first estimate the N degradabilities and then the PDI values. For an 'extreme' feed suchas straw (low ME, low CP and high NDF) major errors will creep in after the two sets of regressions.

When you enter N a, b and c the regression gets better. When you alter DM, DOMD, ME, CP etc theprogram spots these have changed and asks if you want to recalculate the PDI figures. Again if you omitthe dg figure and enter N a,b and c the dg is calculated. If N a is 0.3 then dg must be over 0.3 and witha high c value the dg will be 0.65.

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Delete feed from feed fileAfter a feed has been selected you will be presented with three options concerning how the feed shouldbe deleted.

Option ExplanationLeave a space Delete the feed and leave a space

where that feed was such thatanother feed can be placed in thislocation.

Pack up the feeds Delete the feed and pack up thatcolumn of feeds on the screen suchthat the space is at the bottom of thecolumn.

Abandon Do not delete the feed and return tothe main window.

Add feedBecause of the number of analyses stored for each feed in the feed database it is recommended that younever start a feed analysis from‘scratch’but modify any analysis already in the feed database. Thereforewhen you select this option you will be asked to indicate which feed analysis you wish to base the new,added feed upon (See copy/move feed below). If you do wish to use a blank fed analysis then select ablank feed location.

Copy/move a feed in file

This option allows you to move and copy feeds within the database. Use of thisoption in conjunction with the delete option allows you to customise the lay-outof the feed file to suit your needs. The selected feed location is the feed to bemoved. When the feed to be moved has been selected you will be asked toindicate the target location for the feed. Select this location by either a singleclick over the feed location then clicking on the‘Targetfeed’command buttonor by double clicking on the location. Feeds can also be moved by ‘right clickand drag’.When you hold down the right mouse button the feed will behighlighted, dragging the mouse will move it to a new location and releasing the button will drop the feedinto that location. A short right click will allow you to edit the feed details.

Print out feed analyses

Command button functions Print out selected pages. Cancel the print outs. Choose how multiple copies are

collated. Access the Windows set-up. print out all the feed names with

ninety feeds to the page.NOTE If the printer does not print thecurrency sign correctly please run theprinter test and alter the code used for thecurrency sign in the Printer Control Tab

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of the Preferences sub-option on the File option in the main menu (page 25). Within the Printer ControlTab you can also set how many lines are left blank at the top of the page and the numbers of lines in theprinter headers.

Extend feed file

The basic feed file contains spaces for 360 feeds over 12 pages of 30 feeds a page. Additional space canbe made in the database to store more feeds. This option adds spaces thirty feeds (a page) at a time.

Alter feed prices

This window allows the user to change feed prices (and other analyses) simply and quickly a page at atime. Click on feed price to alter it; double click to set to blank (zero) or use the up and down arrowsalongside to make small changes. Using the Tab key will move from one feed to the next.

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Selecting different feed analyses in the selection box on the RHS allows the inclusion rate and peNDFanalyses to be entered. When entered the peNDF (physically effective NDF) values numbers less than1.0 are taken as being the proportion of the NDF that is physically effective and peNDF values arecalculated.

Command optionsBack a page. Move backwards through the feed database a page at a time.Forward a page. Move forwards through the database.Exit. Return to the main window.Print screen. Screen dump to printerSelect feed analysis to work on by clicking the appropriate radio button.

Compare feed prices and valuesSelecting the‘compare’option from the top line window will allow you to compare feed prices . Feedsare compared to three reference feeds and according to various protein system models (selected in bottomright hand corner). If the reference feeds have not been selected you will be asked to do; double click onthe feed in the‘select fees’ window to identify it and then select ‘Finish’. The reference feeds will beidentified by their name being in bold. You can select to look at the Price of the feeds in terms of sources

51

of energy, rumen available and bypass protein (see below). Alternatively clicking on the‘Value’buttonwill show the value of that feed in terms of the energy or protein supplied. In the more modern proteinmodels (MP and USA/UK) the animal specification and level of performance alter the proteindegradability. The capture this the user can change the animal details and alter the milk yield.

Where a feed price or value is shown in bold (eg ME for Barley Gr FiM) this indicates the feed is a goodvalue. Compared to wheat at £78/Tonne barley is worth £73/Tonne as a source of energy, as the priceis £65 it is worth buying. You can use the up and down arrows alongside any feed to alter the price andsee at what stage a feed becomes economically useful.

Make a mix

Select the make a mix option from the main menu and then proceed as described in the Dairy section(page 22)

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AbbreviationsADAS Agricultural Development and

Advisory ServiceADF Acid detergent fibreADFIP Acid detergent fibre insoluble

protein (USA) - same as ‘ADIP’ADIN Acid detergent insoluble nitrogen“ADIP” “Acid detergent insoluble protein”AFRC Agricultural and Food Research

CouncilAPL Animal production levelARC Agricultural Research CouncilB dig/h rate of degradation of protein the

rumen (USA)BHB Beta-hydroxy-butyrateBF ButterfatCDM Corrected dry matterCo CobaltCP Crude proteinCS Condition scoreCu CopperDCAB Dietary cation-anion balanceDCP Digestible crude proteinDE Digestible energyDEFRA Department of Environment, Food

and Rural Affairs (succeededMAFF)

DLWG Daily live weight gainDLWL Daily live weight lossDM Dry matterDMI Dry matter intakeDOMD Digestible organic matter in the

dry matterDOMDc Digestible organic matter in the

corrected dry matterDOMDo Digestible organic matter in the

oven dry matterDUP Digestible undegraded proteinECF Extra-cellular fluidsERDP Effective rumen degradable

proteinFCM Fat corrected milkFe IronFFA Free fatty acidsFME Fermentable metabolisable energyGE Gross energyI IodineLCFA Long-chain fatty acidsLysDI Lysine digestible in the small

intestine (French PDI system)MADF Modified acid detergent fibreMAFF Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries

and FoodMCP Microbial crude proteinM/D Metabolisable energy in the total

diet dry matterME Metabolisable energyMetDI Methionine digestible in the small

intestine (French PDI system)MP Metabolisable ProteinNCGD Neutral cellulase gammanase

digestibilityNDF Neutral detergent fibreNEFA Non-esterified fatty acidsNP Net proteinODM Oven dry matterOMD Organic matter digestibilityPDIA amount of bypass protein in

French systemPDIE Total dietary supply of protein if

rumen limited by energy so =PDIA + PDIME

PDIME Protein produced in the rumen ifenergy is limiting in Frenchsystem

PDIMN Protein produced in the rumen ifprotein is limiting in Frenchsystem

PDIN Total dietary supply of protein ifrumen limited by protein so =PDIA + PDIMN

QDP Quickly degraded proteinRDP Rumen degradable proteinRRS Rumen-resistant starchSe SeleniumSDP Slowly degraded proteinTDN Total Dietary Nutrients (USA)TMR Total mixed rationsTP Tissue proteinUDP Undegraded dietary proteinUME Utilised metabolisable energyUSA Na Instantly ruminally released

protein fraction (USA)USA Nb Slowly released but potentially

degradable protein fraction (USA)USA Nc Same as ADIN (USA)VFA Volatile fatty acidsWCS Water soluble carbohydratesY YieldZn Zinc

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54

FEED TABLESFeed name DM ME FME CP Ca Mg P GE NDF Fat Sugar Starch

% MJ MJ g g g g g g g g gCOMMON FORAGESHay DOMD600-650 86 9.6 9.0 131 6.3 1.6 3.0 18.5 650 18 93 1W Wheat Straw 87 6.1 5.6 38 3.7 0.9 0.8 18.1 801 13 11 0Sp Barley Straw 86 6.8 6.3 44 4.8 0.8 1.0 18.6 805 15 13 18NaOH Straw 77 8.3 7.9 40 3.3 1.3 0.9 17.2 665 12 14 2Grass D 60-65 23 9.8 9.1 106 4.4 1.4 2.5 18.4 629 19 154 5Grass D 65-70 21 10.7 10.0 121 4.6 1.4 2.7 18.6 610 20 161 3Grass D 70-75 21 11.2 10.4 140 4.9 1.4 2.9 18.6 576 22 174 3Grass D 75-80 22 12.3 11.4 167 5.2 1.5 3.2 18.9 531 25 187 3Silage Poor 38 9.2 7.3 152 6.3 1.3 2.9 18.6 595 27 32 5Silage Average 27 10.4 8.1 151 6.8 1.5 3.1 19.5 546 35 17 1Silage Good 27 10.8 8.4 156 5.8 1.5 3.0 18.7 523 37 21 10Silage V Good 25 11.0 8.4 171 5.8 1.5 3.0 18.7 523 30 21 10Maize Silage 30 11.2 9.0 88 3.9 2.4 1.8 18.5 390 30 5 250ENERGY FEEDSBarley Grain 86 12.8 12.3 128 1.1 1.2 3.9 18.4 234 13 35 528Citrus Pulp 88 12.6 11.8 72 19.0 1.3 1.2 17.4 254 24 217 2Fat Prills 99 35.0 0.3 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 35.0 0 990 0 0Fodder Beet 18 11.9 11.8 63 3.9 1.4 1.8 16.2 127 3 649 1Molasses Cane 75 12.7 12.7 55 9.6 4.4 1.2 16.4 1 4 850 1SBP Dry Molass 86 12.5 12.4 129 5.9 1.0 0.7 17.1 294 4 296 5Wheat Grain 87 13.6 12.9 123 0.6 1.1 3.4 18.2 166 19 58 660Wheat Caustic 77 12.6 11.9 118 1.3 3.5 5.7 18.0 290 20 58 660PROTEIN FEEDSBrewers Grains 28 11.7 9.0 245 3.3 1.5 4.1 21.5 572 77 10 57Cotton Seed Cak 90 12.3 9.2 457 3.2 5.8 14.7 20.8 280 89 48 16Fishmeal White 92 14.2 11.4 694 56.2 2.3 38.1 19.7 2 75 5 1Maize Gluten Fd 89 12.7 11.5 232 2.8 4.3 10.0 19.0 390 34 21 151Palm Kernel Ext 90 12.8 10.4 216 2.3 3.0 6.2 20.4 692 68 39 12Rape Seed Meal 90 12.0 11.2 418 7.8 4.5 12.0 19.5 279 23 103 40Soyabean Ml Exp 90 13.5 11.2 504 2.3 3.0 9.7 20.7 290 66 107 24Sunflower S Cak 90 10.3 9.2 423 4.1 3.0 13.3 19.0 350 31 66 3CAKES + MINSCAKE 18 88 13.0 10.5 204 8.8 4.1 8.0 19.1 263 69 100 225CAKE 20 88 13.2 10.8 226 9.0 3.6 7.6 19.2 241 69 102 228CAKE 24 88 13.0 11.1 272 5.8 3.6 9.1 19.3 246 53 89 262CAKE 28 88 13.0 10.8 315 6.0 3.5 9.5 19.6 241 60 90 226Minerals (gen) 96 0.0 0.0 0 150 50 70 18.4 0 0 0 0Dairy Min Hi P 99 0.0 0.0 0 160 30 120 22.1 0 0 0 0Min High P & Mg 99 0.0 0.0 0 100 125 100 18.4 0 0 0 0

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Feed name DM ME FME CP Ca Mg P GE NDF Fat Sugar Starch% MJ MJ g g g g g g g g

gHAYSHay DOMD550-600 85 8.7 8.1 120 5.2 1.4 2.6 18.6 692 16 59 2Hay DOMD600-650 86 9.6 9.0 131 6.3 1.6 3.0 18.5 650 18 93 1Hay DOMD650-700 87 10.3 9.5 121 5.3 1.4 2.8 18.4 595 22 153 2Hay DOMD > 700 86 11.5 10.8 140 5.0 1.3 3.1 18.6 560 21 167 1

HIGH TEMP FEEDDried Grass 89 9.5 8.2 197 9.2 1.7 3.3 18.4 536 38 110 5Dry Lucerne 90 8.6 7.5 192 14.0 2.0 3.0 18.6 473 32 56 13Chin Leafmeal 91 7.4 6.7 181 17.4 3.2 2.1 18.2 486 20 39 1

FRESH FORAGESCabbage 11 13.7 13.1 207 7.2 1.5 4.5 17.6 586 17 316 5Forage Pea 26 8.8 7.4 208 12.7 2.0 4.4 18.8 517 40 33 1Kale 15 12.2 11.5 155 21.0 1.4 3.2 17.3 242 20 288 9Rape 14 9.5 7.5 200 9.3 2.1 4.2 18.7 0 57 0 0Rye Forage 23 9.5 8.1 133 n/a n/a n/a 18.4 0 39 0 0Sugar Beet 23 13.7 13.6 48 1.6 1.0 1.9 17.6 0 4 0 0Sugar Beet Tops 16 9.9 8.8 125 8.6 n/a 2.8 15.4 0 31 0 0

STRAWSCereal Straw 87 6.4 5.9 40 4.1 0.8 0.9 18.3 802 13 14 11Barley Straw 87 6.5 6.0 43 4.5 0.8 0.9 18.5 809 14 18 11Sp Barley Straw 86 6.8 6.3 44 4.8 0.8 1.0 18.6 805 15 13 18W Barley Straw 88 6.3 5.8 38 4.0 1.0 0.8 18.2 808 13 35 2Wh Straw 87 6.1 5.6 38 3.8 0.8 0.7 18.1 805 13 13 12Sp Wh Straw 88 5.8 5.3 37 4.9 0.8 0.6 17.9 818 14 10 12W Wheat Straw 87 6.1 5.6 38 3.7 0.9 0.8 18.1 801 13 11 0W Oat Straw 86 7.0 6.5 37 3.6 0.8 0.9 18.1 735 14 19 1Pea Straw 86 6.7 6.3 63 n/a n/a n/a 17.7 600 11 3 3TREATED STRAWSNH3 Brl Straw 87 7.5 6.9 68 4.6 0.6 0.8 18.7 786 16 17 14NH3 Wh Straw 87 7.4 6.9 69 4.0 0.7 0.8 18.5 770 14 13 1NH3 Oat Straw 87 7.8 7.1 75 4.1 7.7 0.8 18.2 757 19 16 10NaOH Straw 77 8.3 7.9 40 3.3 1.3 0.9 17.2 665 12 14 2NaOH Bar Straw 80 9.0 8.5 43 3.6 0.8 0.9 17.3 671 14 14 6NaOH Whe Straw 74 7.7 7.3 40 3.3 0.8 0.9 17.1 672 12 13 9

FRESH GRASSESGrass Average 21 11.2 10.4 139 4.9 1.4 2.9 18.6 576 22 174 5Grass D 55-60 20 7.5 6.9 96 4.8 1.2 2.8 18.1 664 16 126 3Grass D 60-65 23 9.8 9.1 106 4.4 1.4 2.5 18.4 629 19 154 5Grass D 65-70 21 10.7 10.0 121 4.6 1.4 2.7 18.6 610 20 161 3Grass D 70-75 21 11.2 10.4 140 4.9 1.4 2.9 18.6 576 22 174 3Grass D 75-80 22 12.3 11.4 167 5.2 1.5 3.2 18.9 531 25 187 3Grass D>80 21 13.1 12.3 171 5.3 1.3 2.5 19.0 488 24 248 1Ital Ryegrass 22 11.3 10.5 126 4.7 1.3 2.9 18.5 534 22 232 2Pere Ryegr. S23 19 11.5 10.6 159 5.5 1.6 3.2 18.9 587 26 160 2Mixed Sward 20 11.7 11.1 162 4.9 1.5 2.5 18.4 566 18 207 7

SILAGESGrass Silage 29 10.7 8.3 159 6.2 1.5 3.0 19.0 525 37 20 1Silage V Poor 37 9.1 7.2 131 8.4 2.1 2.7 19.6 569 29 15 1Silage Poor 38 9.2 7.3 152 6.3 1.3 2.9 18.6 595 27 32 5Silage Average 27 10.4 8.1 151 6.8 1.5 3.1 19.5 546 35 17 1Silage Good 27 10.8 8.4 156 5.8 1.5 3.0 18.7 523 37 21 10Silage V Good 25 11.0 8.4 171 5.8 1.5 3.0 18.7 523 30 21 10Lucerne Silage 32 8.8 7.1 205 11.3 2.7 1.8 18.3 464 23 12 3Maize Silage 30 11.2 9.0 88 3.9 2.4 1.8 18.5 390 30 5 250Silage Analysed 26 10.5 8.1 160 6.8 1.6 3.1 19.5 546 35 17 7Urea Wh Crp Wht 55 10.4 9.9 230 2.0 1.0 2.5 18.2 500 15 5 200Maize Silage 30 11.5 9.0 88 3.9 2.4 1.8 18.5 390 30 5 290Silage V Good 25 11.5 8.4 171 5.8 1.5 3.0 18.7 523 30 21 10

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gENERGY FEEDSApples 14 12.2 11.8 39 0.5 0.3 0.9 16.8 111 12 7260Apple Pomace W. 23 8.7 7.8 67 1.7 0.6 1.4 19.9 503 27 167 30Barley Grain 86 12.8 12.3 128 1.1 1.2 3.9 18.4 234 13 35 528Bread 65 14.0 13.5 110 0.8 1.3 3.5 18.4 100 13 0 600Carrots 13 12.8 12.3 92 5.9 1.8 3.4 17.4 200 15 0 0Cassava Meal 89 12.2 12.1 28 2.7 1.2 1.0 16.8 80 4 5 645Citrus Pulp 88 12.6 11.8 72 19.0 1.3 1.2 17.4 254 24 217 2Cracker Feed 90 13.0 12.2 130 1.1 1.2 3.9 18.4 234 13 7 45Dist grains+sol 89 11.5 10.7 220 3.0 1.5 6.0 18.5 390 23 n/a 175Fodder Beet 18 11.9 11.8 63 3.9 1.4 1.8 16.2 127 3 649 1Hi Oil Mze Reds 45 14.0 7.0 150 3.0 1.5 6.0 18.5 190 200 n/a 175Maize bran 88 13.4 12.3 148 0.3 1.4 3.0 19.9 538 31 181 20Maize Fibre 50 14.5 13.4 250 0.3 1.4 3.0 19.9 538 31 2 181Maize Gluten Fd 89 12.7 11.5 232 2.8 4.3 10.0 19.0 390 34 21 151Maize Grain 87 13.8 12.6 104 0.1 1.3 3.0 18.9 117 39 18 700Moist Barley 55 12.5 12.0 127 0.8 1.3 3.5 18.4 230 13 100 500Molaferm 20 73 12.1 10.4 88 11.0 2.3 1.5 18.4 1 50 850 1Molasses Cane 75 12.7 12.7 55 9.6 4.4 1.2 16.4 1 4 850 1Oatfeed 88 9.0 7.8 50 0.8 1.0 3.4 18.0 750 34 0 471Oats Grain 85 12.0 10.8 105 0.8 1.0 3.4 19.6 320 34 11 471Orange Peel 17 12.5 11.2 85 19.0 1.3 1.2 17.4 254 38 217 2Potatoes 20 13.3 13.2 109 0.4 1.0 2.0 17.2 73 2 64 562Rice Bran 89 7.1 6.9 165 0.9 3.8 17.4 16.7 450 7 30 236Rye Grain 86 14.0 13.3 133 0.6 1.4 4.7 18.4 n/a 20 n/a n/aSBP Dry Molass 86 12.5 12.4 129 5.9 1.0 0.7 17.1 294 4 296 5SBP Dry Unmolas 84 11.6 11.3 101 8.0 6.5 1.9 16.6 480 8 56 75SBP Ensil Mol 24 12.5 12.3 126 7.3 1.4 0.8 17.0 347 6 20 2SBP Press Unmol 25 12.3 12.1 104 9.0 2.0 1.1 17.2 557 6 38 5Sorghum Grain 87 13.2 12.1 110 0.2 1.1 2.7 18.7 107 32 15 741Turnips Who Stu 8 11.6 11.1 112 3.5 1.1 2.6 18.4 140 15 587 100Wheat Bran 88 10.8 9.2 178 0.9 7.8 11.3 18.9 496 46 64 196Wheat Caustic 77 12.6 11.9 118 1.3 3.5 5.7 18.0 290 20 58 660Wheatfeed 89 12.0 10.4 163 0.5 1.0 3.0 18.4 320 46 84 275Wheat Grain 87 13.6 12.9 123 0.6 1.1 3.4 18.2 166 19 58 660Whey 43 14.0 11.7 240 4.1 2.5 6.0 18.4 10 66 n/a n/a

FAT SUPPLEMENTFat Prills 99 35.0 0.3 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 35.0 0 990 0 0

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gPROTEIN FEEDSAmino 2000 86 11.5 10.2 430 9.0 3.0 11.0 22.1 150 38 5 2Beans spr field 87 13.6 13.1 342 1.0 1.9 5.1 18.6 195 13 50 360Beans Win field 87 13.3 12.8 275 1.1 2.2 9.9 18.5 168 14 50 401Brewers Grains 28 11.7 9.0 245 3.3 1.5 4.1 21.5 572 77 10 57Copra Expelled 93 12.9 7.0 198 0.6 3.0 5.4 21.3 517 168 114 2Cotton Seed Cak 90 12.3 9.2 457 3.2 5.8 14.7 20.8 280 89 48 16Cottonseed Meal 92 11.1 8.8 375 2.1 5.8 8.9 20.4 390 66 68 17Cottonseed Whl 90 13.8 6.8 250 1.3 3.5 5.7 18.4 390 200 0 20Dist Gr Barley 89 12.2 9.9 267 1.4 3.0 9.4 21.2 420 65 18 16Dist Gr Maize 90 14.8 11.7 350 1.1 2.6 7.9 22.8 303 89 19 19Dist Gr Wheat 90 12.5 8.3 300 3.0 3.0 9.0 21.5 350 55 86 45Draff - Barley 25 10.2 9.5 210 3.3 1.5 4.0 19.0 672 86 5 18Dreg 34 12.0 9.2 370 0.2 0.4 2.8 18.4 500 80 n/a n/aFishmeal Chilea 90 14.9 11.8 736 43.0 2.5 27.0 20.7 2 88 5 2Fishmeal Herrin 92 17.8 14.5 758 34.0 2.1 24.0 22.0 2 95 2 1Fishmeal White 92 14.2 11.4 694 56.2 2.3 38.1 19.7 2 75 5 1Ground Nuts 92 13.5 11.1 512 2.5 3.5 6.0 20.0 180 70 95 53Linseed Meal 88 12.0 7.7 391 3.4 5.4 8.7 19.7 192 87 42 52Maize Glut Meal 90 17.5 15.5 665 0.6 0.5 2.8 23.8 84 31 6 155Maize Germ Meal 88 14.5 6.9 250 0.2 2.1 5.2 20.2 223 113 42 532Maize grm HiOil 96 22.0 6.6 130 2.0 1.0 6.0 28.0 100 440 5 100Milk 13 14.0 11.7 200 4.1 2.5 6.0 18.4 1 66 350 1Palm Kernel Ext 90 12.8 10.4 216 2.3 3.0 6.2 20.4 692 68 39 12Peas 87 13.8 13.3 261 0.9 2.1 8.3 18.5 132 14 75 440Pot Ale Syrup 48 15.4 15.3 374 1.9 6.4 20.1 20.0 6 2 23 13Rape Seed Meal 90 12.0 11.2 418 7.8 4.5 12.0 19.5 279 23 103 40Regumaize 22 69 10.7 9.5 220 9.6 4.4 1.2 18.4 0 4 550 0Regumaize 44 69 10.7 9.5 440 9.6 4.4 1.2 18.4 0 4 550 0Soyabean Ml Exp 90 13.5 11.2 504 2.3 3.0 9.7 20.7 290 66 107 24Soya Full Fat 89 14.7 8.4 360 4.5 3.0 5.8 18.4 200 180 84 15Sopralin 88 14.6 14.1 528 3.0 2.2 6.5 19.7 154 16 107 11Soypass 88 13.4 12.8 507 4.5 2.9 7.6 19.7 154 16 107 11Sunflower S Cak 90 10.3 9.2 423 4.1 3.0 13.3 19.0 350 31 66 3Tunnel Gold 40 12.5 10.2 200 4.1 2.5 13.3 18.4 350 66 24 185Whey 43 14.0 11.7 240 4.1 2.5 6.0 18.4 1 66 240 1Urea 99 0.0 0.0 2,875 0.0 0.0 0.0 18.4 0 0 0 0Malt residuals 90 11.5 10.1 220 2.2 2.0 6.0 19.0 390 23 160 175

COMPOUND FEEDSCAKE 18 88 13.0 10.5 204 8.8 4.1 8.0 19.1 263 69 100 225CAKE 20 88 13.2 10.8 226 9.0 3.6 7.6 19.2 241 69 102 228CAKE 24 88 13.0 11.1 272 5.8 3.6 9.1 19.3 246 53 89 262CAKE 28 88 13.0 10.8 315 6.0 3.5 9.5 19.6 241 60 90 226CAKE 35 86 12.4 10.2 392 8.0 4.4 12.0 19.9 273 62 112 52Dry Cow Rolls 87 13.5 11.1 230 8.4 11.5 4.8 18.4 180 70 150 250

MINERALSMinerals (gen) 96 0.0 0.0 0 150 50 70 18.4 0 0 0 0Water 0 0.0 0.0 0 1.0 0.1 0.1 18.4 0 0 0 0Dairy Min Hi P 99 0.0 0.0 0 160 30 120 22.1 0 0 0 0Min High P & Mg 99 0.0 0.0 0 100 125 100 18.4 0 0 0 0Calcined Magnes 99 0.0 0.0 0 100 450 0.0 22.1 0 0 0 0Sodium Bicarb 99 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 22.1 0 0 0 0Limestone Flour 99 0.0 0.0 0 380 0.0 0.0 18.4 0 0 0 0Dry cow mins 96 0.0 0.0 0 60 120 60 18.4 0 0 0 0Mins low sodium 96 0.0 0.0 0 210 90 120 18.4 0 0 0 0Mins maize sil 96 0.0 0.0 0 152 40 65 18.4 0 0 0 0Min Maize lowNa 96 0.0 0.0 0 215 60 95 18.4 0 0 0 0Mins trace only 96 0.0 0.0 0 320 1.0 1.0 18.4 0 0 0 0Dical Phos 98 0.0 0.0 0 245 0.0 180 22.1 0 0 0 0Salt 99 0.0 0.0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 22.1 0 0 0 0

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AppendicesAppendix I Australian specific components in RUMNUT Dairy Cow

Current condition score

Average condition score according to the Australian system with0 being very thin and 8 obese.

Milk quality and payments details

These values are used to determine the nutritional requirements of lactation and the milk price (for butterfat).

Milk butter fat (g/kg)Milk protein (g/kg)Milk lactose (g/kg)Milk calcium (g/kg)Milk phosphorus (g/kg)Milk magnesium (g/kg)

Milk payment details. These values are used to determine the milk price.Farm quota - per cow per day or percentage of total production. Used to determine howmuch of the yield, given in the main dairy cow entry screen, can attract the liquid milkquota price and how much will attract the manufacturing price for butter fat.Basic milk price. Price per litre for quota milk.Payment for milk fat for manufacturing ($/kg BF). The price the factory offers formanufacturing milk.Quota litre/% production. Is the farm quota given above in terms of litres/cow/day or asa percentage of dairy production. For example 30 could be 30 litres/cow/day attracts thequota price or that 30% of the daily production attracts the quota price.

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Appendix II Water requirements

In this country we often have not given enough importance to the availability of water despite this being84% of milk. This is borne out by the fact that on many farms water troughs are drunk dry during milkingand it is likely that in hot summer weather water intake is a constraint on milk production. The Americanfeeding standards (NRC, 2001 p178) give various equations for predicting free water intake (water thatis drunk rather than eaten in wet feeds) for milking cows. Two are applicable to routine rationformulation. Dahlborn et al (1998) derived an equation relating water intake to milk yield and the drymatter content (%) of the diet. Little and Shaw (1978) derived an equation based in milk yield and drymatter intake. The figure below shows these two equations.

The top set of three lines show predicted water intakes for three different body weights (and henceDMI’s)at different milk yields based on Little and Shaw (1978). The bottom set of three lines showintake at three different dry matters based on Dahlborn et al (1998). Body weight, DMI and dry mattercontent all affect water intake but not as much as milk yield.

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Dry cows

NRC 2001 proposes an equation for water intake in dry cows based on the dry matter content of the diet,the DMI (and hence body weight) and the protein content. The figure below shows predicted free waterrequirements at 15% CP and four different DM contents. The protein content of the ration has a minoreffect with water intake increasing about 1 liter with every percentage point increase.

Predicted water requirements calculations (with 5% added safety margin) have been added to thesupplementary screen in version 5.2

THE RUMINANT NUTRITION PROGRAM · All ration formulation modules have a similar structure. ... When RUMNUT is working on your computer any saved rations and alterations to the feed

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