The Roots of the Arab-Israeli Conflict (1890s-1947)

By: Ms. Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley HS

Chappaqua, NY

By: Ms. Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley HS

Chappaqua, NY

The Dreyfus Case, 1894The Dreyfus Case, 1894

Capt. Alfred Dreyfus

Capt. Alfred Dreyfus

Emile ZolaEmile Zola

ZionismZionism

Theodore Herzl1860-1904

Theodore Herzl1860-1904

GOALS:The spiritual andpolitical renewal ofthe Jewish peoplein its ancestralhomeland ofPalestine.

Freedom from Western anti-Semitism.

GOALS:The spiritual andpolitical renewal ofthe Jewish peoplein its ancestralhomeland ofPalestine.

Freedom from Western anti-Semitism.

First Zionist Conference, 1897

First Zionist Conference, 1897

Herzl writes Der Judenstaat, orThe Jewish State in 1896.

Met in Basel, Switzerland.

Creates the First Zionist Congress.

Becomes an international Jewishorganization.

“Next Year in Jerusalem!”

Herzl writes Der Judenstaat, orThe Jewish State in 1896.

Met in Basel, Switzerland.

Creates the First Zionist Congress.

Becomes an international Jewishorganization.

“Next Year in Jerusalem!”

The Ottoman Empire in WW1

The Ottoman Empire in WW1

The Main Players in

WW1The Main Players in

WW1

Nicholas II Nicholas II [Rus][Rus]

Nicholas II Nicholas II [Rus][Rus]

George V [Br]George V [Br]George V [Br]George V [Br]

Pres. Poincare Pres. Poincare [Fr][Fr]

Pres. Poincare Pres. Poincare [Fr][Fr]

AlliedAlliedPowersPowers

::

AlliedAlliedPowersPowers

::

Franz Josef [A-H]Franz Josef [A-H]Franz Josef [A-H]Franz Josef [A-H]

Wilhelm II [Ger]Wilhelm II [Ger]Wilhelm II [Ger]Wilhelm II [Ger]

Victor Emmanuel Victor Emmanuel II [It]II [It]

Victor Emmanuel Victor Emmanuel II [It]II [It]

Central Central PowersPowers::Central Central PowersPowers::

Enver PashaEnver Pasha[Turkey][Turkey]

Enver PashaEnver Pasha[Turkey][Turkey]

The Middle East in 1914

The Middle East in 1914

T. E. Lawrence [1888-1935]

T. E. Lawrence [1888-1935]

“Lawrence of Arabia,”

The Legend Begins

“Lawrence of Arabia,”

The Legend Begins

Hussein-McMahon Letters, 1915

Hussein-McMahon Letters, 1915

....Britain is prepared to recognize and uphold the independence of the Arabs in all regions lying within the frontiers proposed by the Sharif of Mecca....

Hussein ibn Ali,

Sharif of Mecca

Hussein ibn Ali,

Sharif of Mecca

Sykes-Picot Agreement, 1916

Sykes-Picot Agreement, 1916

The Arab Revolt: 1916-1918

The Arab Revolt: 1916-1918

The Allied Advance Against

the Ottoman Turks

The Allied Advance Against

the Ottoman Turks

Br. GeneralEdmund Allenby

Br. GeneralEdmund Allenby

The British & Arab Armies Meet

The British & Arab Armies Meet

British ForcesBritish Forces

Lawrence

& Faisal’s Forces

Lawrence

& Faisal’s Forces

British Promise to the Jews: Balfour Declaration,

1917

British Promise to the Jews: Balfour Declaration,

1917

Sir Arthur James Balfour

Br. Foreign Secretary

Sir Arthur James Balfour

Br. Foreign Secretary

His Majesty’s Government views with favor the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people and will use their best endeavors to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine…

1.5 million: A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!

Turkish Genocide Against the Armenians

Turkish Genocide Against the Armenians

Districts & Vilayets of Western Armenia in Turkey

1914 1922

ErzerumErzerum 215,000215,000 1,5001,500

VanVan 197,000197,000 500500

KharbertKharbert 204,000204,000 35,00035,000

DiarbekirDiarbekir 124,000124,000 3,0003,000

BitlisBitlis 220,000220,000 56,00056,000

SivasSivas 225,000225,000 16,80016,800

Other Armenian-populated Sites in Turkey

Western AnatoliaWestern Anatolia 371,800371,800 27,00027,000

Cilicia and Northern SyriaCilicia and Northern Syria 309,000309,000 70,00070,000

European TurkeyEuropean Turkey 194,000194,000 163,000163,000

Trapizond DistrictTrapizond District 73,39073,390 15,00015,000

Total:Total: 2,133,1902,133,190 387,800387,800

Turkish Genocide Against the Armenians

Turkish Genocide Against the Armenians

Prince Faisal at Versailles, 1918Prince Faisal at Versailles, 1918

Arab Disappointment!Arab Disappointment!

The League of Nations Mandates

The League of Nations Mandates

“New” Countries & Ruling Families Emerge!

“New” Countries & Ruling Families Emerge!

Prince Faisal “ruler” of Trans-Jordan.

Prince Abdullah “ruler” of a newly-created Iraq [pasted together from three distinctgeographic regions].

The House of Saud put on the throne of thenewly-created Saudi Arabia.

The Pahlavi Family put on the throne of a new Iran.

Mustafa Kemal leads a military/nationalistmovement in Turkey.

Prince Faisal “ruler” of Trans-Jordan.

Prince Abdullah “ruler” of a newly-created Iraq [pasted together from three distinctgeographic regions].

The House of Saud put on the throne of thenewly-created Saudi Arabia.

The Pahlavi Family put on the throne of a new Iran.

Mustafa Kemal leads a military/nationalistmovement in Turkey.

Treaty of Lausanne, 1923

Treaty of Lausanne, 1923

Modern Turkey Is Born.Modern Turkey Is Born.

Mustafa Kemal “Atatürk”

(1881-1938)

Mustafa Kemal “Atatürk”

(1881-1938)

Ataturk’s Reform Program

Ataturk’s Reform Program Capital moved from Constantinople to

Ankara.

Secularism Qur’an in Turkish translation.

Adoption of a republican constitution and aSwiss civil code.

Westernization & nationalism:

Compulsory, secular education.

Banning the fez.

Western [Roman] script.

Western clothing.

Women unveiled & given full citizenship and the right to vote.

Capital moved from Constantinople to Ankara.

Secularism Qur’an in Turkish translation.

Adoption of a republican constitution and aSwiss civil code.

Westernization & nationalism:

Compulsory, secular education.

Banning the fez.

Western [Roman] script.

Western clothing.

Women unveiled & given full citizenship and the right to vote.

Oil Discovered in Mesopotamia!

Oil Discovered in Mesopotamia! First discovered on Masjid-I Suleiman

in Persiain 1908.

Turkish-Petroleum Co. [TPC] founded in 1911 drill for oil in Mosul, Mesopotamia.

Britain signed a secret agreement with the sheikh of Kuwait who, while outwardly pledgingallegiance to the Ottoman Sultan in Istanbul,promised exclusive oil rights to the British.

Kuwait became a British protectorate in November, 1914.

In 1927, oil was struck in Kirkuk, Iraq, and the Iraq Petroleum Co. [IPC] was created.

First discovered on Masjid-I Suleiman in Persiain 1908.

Turkish-Petroleum Co. [TPC] founded in 1911 drill for oil in Mosul, Mesopotamia.

Britain signed a secret agreement with the sheikh of Kuwait who, while outwardly pledgingallegiance to the Ottoman Sultan in Istanbul,promised exclusive oil rights to the British.

Kuwait became a British protectorate in November, 1914.

In 1927, oil was struck in Kirkuk, Iraq, and the Iraq Petroleum Co. [IPC] was created.

Oil Becomes the New International

“Coin of the Realm!”

Oil Becomes the New International

“Coin of the Realm!” American oil

companies [Texaco & Chevron], gainoil concessions in Bahrainin 1929.

In 1933, American oil

companies win an oilconcession in Saudi Arabia.

ARAMCO [Arab-American Oil Co,] is created in 1939.

American oil companies [Texaco & Chevron], gainoil concessions in Bahrainin 1929.

In 1933, American oil

companies win an oilconcession in Saudi Arabia.

ARAMCO [Arab-American Oil Co,] is created in 1939.

Rezah Khan (1877-1944)Rezah Khan (1877-1944)

an Iranian officer, seizedcontrol of the govt. in 1921.

declared himself SHAH in1925.

created the Pahlavi Dynasty.

ruled from 1925-1941.

initiated some modern reforms.

forced to abdicate his throne by the Allied armies in 1941.

an Iranian officer, seizedcontrol of the govt. in 1921.

declared himself SHAH in1925.

created the Pahlavi Dynasty.

ruled from 1925-1941.

initiated some modern reforms.

forced to abdicate his throne by the Allied armies in 1941.

Reforms in IranReforms in Iran

Secularization seizure of religious lands.

Adoption of the French civilcode.

Built the Trans-IranianRailroad.

Improved education.

Secularization seizure of religious lands.

Adoption of the French civilcode.

Built the Trans-IranianRailroad.

Improved education.

The Middle East Between the Wars

The Middle East Between the Wars

Essential Question: Essential Question:

How did Britain’s actions in Palestine after

1918 lay the groundwork for the on-going conflict between the Jews and the Arabs

in the Middle East today?

How did Britain’s actions in Palestine after

1918 lay the groundwork for the on-going conflict between the Jews and the Arabs

in the Middle East today?

Palestine Was Part of the

Ottoman Empire

Palestine Was Part of the

Ottoman Empire

Jews & Arabs in Palestine, 1920 Jews & Arabs in Palestine, 1920 In 1920, there

was 1 Jew toevery 10 Arabs inPalestine.

By 1947, the ratio was 2 Arabs forevery Jew.

In 1920, there

was 1 Jew toevery 10 Arabs inPalestine.

By 1947, the ratio was 2 Arabs forevery Jew.

The Arabs felt that they were loosing control of their “country!”

The Arabs felt that they were loosing control of their “country!”

British Mandate

in PalestineCreated

July, 1922

British Mandate

in PalestineCreated

July, 1922

Jewish Settlements: The Kibbutz SystemJewish Settlements: The Kibbutz System

First one founded in 1908.

Communal living.

“Make the DesertBloom!”

First one founded in 1908.

Communal living.

“Make the DesertBloom!”

1929 Arab Riots 1929 Arab Riots IZBAH AL-YAHUD!

[“Slaughter All the Jews!”]IZBAH AL-YAHUD!

[“Slaughter All the Jews!”]

Jewish

1919 1,806

1920 8,223

1921 8,294

1922 8,685

1923 8,175

1924 13,892

1925 34,386

1926 13,855

1927 3,034

1928 2,178

1929 5,249

1930 4,944

Immigration

1931 4,075

1932 12,533

1933 37,337

1934 45,267

1935 66,472

1936 29,595

1937 10,629

1938 14,675

1939 31,195

1940 10,643

1941 4,592

Palestine Arab Revolt: 1936-1939

Palestine Arab Revolt: 1936-1939

The Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, Haj

Amin al-Hussani, with Adolf Hitler.

The Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, Haj

Amin al-Hussani, with Adolf Hitler.

An end to Jewish immigration to Palestine.

An end to the transferof lands to Jewish owners.

A new “generalrepresentative government.”

An end to Jewish immigration to Palestine.

An end to the transferof lands to Jewish owners.

A new “generalrepresentative government.”

Their Goals:Their Goals:

The Peel Commissi

on Partition

Plan, 1937

The Peel Commissi

on Partition

Plan, 1937

British White Paper of 1939

British White Paper of 1939 Limited Jewish

immigration toPalestine to 75,000 over the next five years.

It ended Jewish landpurchases.

Independence forPalestine within 10 years.

It is NOT British policythat Palestine become aJewish state.

Limited Jewish immigration toPalestine to 75,000 over the next five years.

It ended Jewish landpurchases.

Independence forPalestine within 10 years.

It is NOT British policythat Palestine become aJewish state.

The “Arab Legion” of the

British Army During WW2

The “Arab Legion” of the

British Army During WW2

The “Jewish Brigade” of the

British Army During WW2

The “Jewish Brigade” of the

British Army During WW2

Hitler’s

“FinalSolutio

n”

Hitler’s

“FinalSolutio

n”

The Jewish population in each country in 1942.

The Jewish population in each country in 1942.

Nazi Concentration & Extermination Camps

Nazi Concentration & Extermination Camps

The Nazi HolocaustThe Nazi Holocaust

6,000,00 Jews killed by the Nazis [1/2 in the concentration camps.]

6,000,00 Jews killed by the Nazis [1/2 in the concentration camps.]

Aliyah Bet : Illegal Jewish Immigration

Aliyah Bet : Illegal Jewish Immigration

Aliyah Bet Aliyah Bet

Illegal Jewish immigration to Palestine.

The Exodus, 1947.

Illegal Jewish immigration to Palestine.

The Exodus, 1947.

Palestine

Population in 1946

Palestine

Population in 1946

British “Detention” Camps

in Cyprus : 1946-1948

British “Detention” Camps

in Cyprus : 1946-1948

Jewish “Freedom Fighters”

(or “Terrorists”?)

Jewish “Freedom Fighters”

(or “Terrorists”?)

Irgun Zvai Leumi[Natl. Military

Org.]

Irgun Zvai Leumi[Natl. Military

Org.]

Avraham Stern &The Stern Gang

Avraham Stern &The Stern Gang

U. N. Partition Plan of 1947

U. N. Partition Plan of 1947

Israel Becomes a Nation:

May 14, 1948

Israel Becomes a Nation:

May 14, 1948

David Ben-Gurion,

1st Prime Minister

David Ben-Gurion,

1st Prime Minister

Chaim Weizmann,

1st President

Chaim Weizmann,

1st President

War Begins!: May 15, 1948

War Begins!: May 15, 1948

Arab Refugees, 1948Arab Refugees, 1948

The Palestinian Diaspora begins!The Palestinian Diaspora begins!

Armistice Signed, 1949Armistice Signed, 1949