The Role of NGOs , SHGs - Development Process

8/15/2019 The Role of NGOs , SHGs - Development Process

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G. S. PAPER II – GOVERNANCE, SOCIAL JUSTICE

Development processes n! t"e !evelopment #n!$str%& t"e role o'NGOs, S(Gs, v r#o$s )ro$ps n! ssoc# t#ons, !onors, c" r#t#es n!

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/. 0"% " s 1p rt#c#p t#on2 n! 1empo erment2 ) #ne! #!e c$rrenc% #n recent !evelopment l#ter t$re3

Decades of development efforts have provoked a feeling of disenchantment with the conventional growth-orientedstrategy of development not prod cing the desired trickle-down effect. !he fail res sensiti"ed the planners andadministrators to the need for drawing on the indigeno s knowledge system of the local people. #nless peoplethemselves participate$ the programmes administrated %y e&ternal agencies remain e&ogeno s to the r ral

comm nity there%y affecting res lts. A people-centred vision is %eing advanced %y citi"en's organisations working tocreate an alternative world order %ased on economic ( stice$ environmental sta%ility and political incl siveness.

As the ) man Development *eport +#,D 1 /0 commented eople's participation is %ecoming the central iss e ofo r times3

/. So, #s people p rt#c#p t#on recent !#scover%3

4 eople' as real actors in history have %een %ro ght forward %y the 4 S$ ltern ' school. easant resistances weres %tle and effective peoples' actions against oppression. eople do act$ it is for s to appreciate it and mo%ilise it forparticipatory people-centric movements. eople as development actors emerged long ago in the vision and action of

!agore at Shantiniketan and 5andhi at 6ardha. !agore e&perimented with people centred r ral development in thevillages for the re( venation of r ral arts and crafts and economy in general. 5andhi relied on the mo%ili"ation ofmasses and their economic pliftment thro gh the development of cottage and small-scale ind stries

/. O*. I )et t" t p rt#c#p tor% !evelopment #s #mport nt. 0" t s" pes4'orms !oes #t t *e3

Anis r*ahman has identified the following different forms of comm nity organisations representing collective action%y the nderprivileged people to improve their socio-economic conditions

• 5#rst$ there are grassroots organisations that are %asically economic in nat re$ ndertaking income-generatingactivities with the help of internal reso rce mo%ili"ation s pplemented %y reso rce and knowledge s pport

from o tside• Secon! $ there are other organisations that emerge in 4press re gro p' activities. !hey resist e&ploitation or

oppression %y other gro ps$ assert economic$ social and h man rights incl ding women's rights$ or demandservices from the p %lic agencies

• T"#r! $ some of the organisations ndertake social and c lt ral activities in s ch areas as health$ ed cation$c lt re and so on

• 5o$rt" $ some aim at the promotion of holistic life %y way of activities that integrate spirit al advancementwith economic and social development

• 5#'t" $ comm nity organisations to promote ecologically oriented socio-economic life are also growing in manyareas s ch as organic agric lt re$ social forestry$ coastal fishing etc.

• S#6t"$ participatory action research is %eing p rs ed %y some organisations to develop people's own thinkinga%o t their living conditions and environment

/. T"#s prol#'er t#on o' comm$n#t% se! or) n#s t#ons m$st e c*e! % some ene'#ts, r#)"t3

!he val e of participation as a facilitative development process has %een widely recognised and ma(or %enefits have%een identified as follows

• !he participatory process provides important information in the planning$ programming and implementationstages there%y ens ring congr ence %etween o%(ectives and comm nity val es and preferences

• 7y rationali"ing manpower reso rces tili"ation$ the process red ces pro(ect cost• Any change %ro ght a%o t thro gh development is more accepta%le to the comm nity if the local people are

involved$ also$ mistakes are more tolera%le if these are made %y people who have to live with them• 8onitoring is %etter$ and s staina%ility of the pro(ect is more likely even after the withdrawal of the e&ternal

agent$ %e it government or ,59 agency



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• !he comm nity learns from its own involvement and from this point of view$ participation is a 2 way learningprocess in which the administrator and the people %ecome co-learners

• Active comm nity participation helps re% ild comm nity cohesion and installs a sense of dignity into thecomm nity. eople gain in confidence and steadily emerge as real actors in the development process.

/. Is comm$n#t% p rt#c#p t#on t"en& t"e ns er to ll !evelopment pro lems3

:ritics of comm nity participation arg e participation has pop larity witho t clarity and is s %(ect to growingfaddishness and a lot of lip service.

Serio s analysis of local comm nity life reveals differentiation in terms of stat s$ income and power. :onflicts andrivalries are not ncommon even among the poor and nderprivileged. !he romantic vision of frictionless$harmonio s comm nity life does not match gro nd realities

;&ternal intervention %y social workers or political activists has %een fo nd necessary almost everywhere to organi"ethe local comm nity and mo%ili"e the local people

It has also %een o%served that there is an imaginary notion of contin o s activism %y the local people %ehind alldisc ssions on comm nity participation. !otal and contin o s commitment to activism is more a revol tionary's

dream than the poor people's act al %ehavio r

!here are critics who do %t the efficacy of comm nity participation in %ringing a%o t radical change in the life of thepoor and the nderprivileged thro gh a tonomo s local action only. Small changes are not r led o t$ % t comm nityparticipation$to %e really effective$ needs profo nd social str ct ral change at %oth domestic and international levels.:omm nity mo%ili"ation cannot$ on its own$ correct the %asic social im%alances that have their roots in deeper socio-economic layers of the society

7 r6#st r)$ment participatory development within capitalistic mode is nworka%le$ the p rpose of participation isto diff se revol tionary movements and create an ill sion of sol tion. !he state seeks to s %vert pop lar movementsthro gh manip lative co-optation of the poor

/. O* %. P rt#c#p tor% !evelopment " s #ts ' $lts n! s"ortcom#n)s $t #t !oes st n! 'or ct#on, e8$#t% #n reso$rce!#str# $t#on 9 soc# l c p#t l n! "ence c nnot e #)nore!. 0" t #s t"e role o' st te #n ll t"#s3

!he state plays a f ndamental role in helping or hindering participation. Different social science theories evokedifferent images of state-society relationships. 6hile 8ar&ian and elite theories are pessimistic a%o t the possi%ilityof comm nity participation$ li%eral-democratic and pl ralist theories are m ch more helpf l.

State's actions depend pon the definition and p rpose of comm nity participation$ state's perception a%o t its roleand the political will to decentrali"e power and reso rces to local instit tions

Accordingly < different state's responses have emerged +ideal models to characteri"e %etter0

Ant#&p rt#c#p tor% mo!e !he state in a capitalist system is interested$ not in ameliorating the conditions of the poor$% t in promoting the interests of capital and the r ling class. ower is$ therefore$ concentrated and not dispersed tofacilitate acc m lation of wealth

7 n#p$l t#ve mo!e !he state follows a diplomatic approach and the state s pport to comm nity participation isintended to ens re political and social control as well as red ce local development costs and facilitate s ccessf lpro(ect implementation. State seeks to ne trali"e political opposition %y co-opting a tonomo s movements with thelterior motive of gaining control over them. !he rhetoric of participation is invoked to mo%ili"e local la%o r in state'sdevelopment activities and to give legitimacy to the regime in power

Increment l mo!e It is marked %y an am%ivalent approach to comm nity participation. !here is no lack ofgovernment s pport to participation % t the policy is nclear and piecemeal = ad-hoc approaches are the norm. !hestate in reality is not willing to part with power and to devolve reso rces to local comm nity gro ps. Also$ the% rea crats and the technocrats have their own ways of %ringing a%o t efficient3 local development management.Still$ comm nity participation is not$ in theory$ re(ected and decentralisation contin es in an ad-hoc fashion with apl rality of actors



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P rt#c#p tor% mo!e :haracteri"ed %y state's own initiative to create instit tions of comm nity participation to ens reeffective involvement at the grassroots level. !here are no lterior motives and gen ine pop lar involvement isens red %y providing reso rces to local %odies and sensiti"ing % rea cracy thro gh training and directives. 6ithin anoverall development planning framework$ the central$ regional and local development policies and activities areharmoni"ed thro gh positive political will and % rea cratic s pport

>5ollo &$p / 6hich of these modes is tr e for India? )ave we evolved from one mode to another or is there onepartic lar mode more applica%le or does the state adopt different modes at different times@places

Eno$)" o' p rt#c#p t#on, lets come to vol$nt r% or) n#s t#ons:

/: 0" t #s NGO3

According to the 6orld 7ank$ a ,on-governmental 9rgani"ation +,590 is a private organi"ation that p rs esactivities to relieve s ffering$ promote the interests of the poor$ protect the environment$ provide %asic socialservices$ or ndertake comm nity development3. In other words$ ,59s are legally constit ted organi"ations$ operateindependently from the government and are generally considered to %e non-state$ non-profit oriented gro ps whop rs e p rposes of p %lic interest3. !he primary o%(ective of ,59s is to provide social ( stice$ development andh man rights. ,59s are generally f nded totally or partly %y governments and they maintain their non-governmentalstat s %y e&cl ding government representatives from mem%ership in the organi"ation.

In a democratic society$ it is the state that has the ltimate responsi%ility for shering development to its citi"ens. InIndia$ thro gh the progressive interpretation of the :onstit tion and its laws and policies$ the scope of developmenthas %een significantly %roadened to incl de not ( st economic progress for citi"ens$ % t also promotion of social

( stice$ gender eB ity$ incl sion$ citi"en's awareness$ empowerment and improved B ality of life. !o achieve thisholistic vision of development$ the state reB ires the constr ctive and colla%orative engagement of the civil society inits vario s developmental activities and programs. ,on-governmental organisations +,59s0 as the operational arm ofthe civil society therefore have an important role in the development processes.

/: 0" t re t"e !#''erent t%pes o' c#v#l soc#et% or) n#; t#ons3

• C#v#l r#)"ts !voc c% or) n#; t#ons to promote h man rights of specific social gro ps e.g. women$ migrants$disa%led$ )IV$ se& workers$ Dalit people$ tri%al people$ and the likes.

• C#v#l l# ert#es !voc c% or) n#; t#ons to promote individ al civil li%erties and h man rights of all citi"ens$rather than foc sing on partic lar social gro p.

• Comm$n#t% se! or) n#; t#ons, c#t#;en2s )ro$ps, ' rmers2 cooper t#ves to increase citi"en's participationon p %lic policy iss es so as to improve the B ality of life in a partic lar comm nity.

• <$s#ness n! #n!$str% c" m ers o' commerce to promotion policies and practices on % siness.• L o$r $n#ons to promote the rights of employees and workers.• Intern t#on l pe ce n! "$m n r#)"ts or) n#; t#ons to promote peace and h man rights.• 7e!# , comm$n#c t#on or) n#; t#on to prod ce$ disseminate$ or provide prod ction facilities in one or more

media formsC it incl des television$ printing and radio.• N t#on l reso$rces conserv t#on n! protect#on or) n#; t#ons to promote conservation of nat ral

reso rces$ incl ding land$ water$ energy$ wildlife and plant reso rces$ for p %lic se.• Pr#v te n! p$ l#c 'o$n! t#ons to promote development thro gh grant- making and partnership.• Also the :ivil society incl des - olitical artiesC *eligio s 9rgani"ationsC )o sing cooperatives$ sl m dwellers

and resident welfare associations.

/: 0" t " s een t"e #nter ct#on n! rel t#ons"#p et een t"e In!# n st te n! NGOs l#*e3

In India the state policies have significantly infl enced the formation of ,59s and their activities. !he governmentsponsored and aided programmes provided financial assistance to ,59s either as grants or as matching grants tos pport the implementation of social development pro(ects. !he need for the involvement of vol ntary organisationshas %een acknowledged %y a n m%er of official committees dealing with development.



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< l ntR # 7e"t Comm#ttee, =>?@ !oday in the implementation of the vario s schemes of comm nitydevelopment$ more and more emphasis is laid on ,59s and workers and on the principle that ltimately people'sown local organisations sho ld take over the entire work

R$r l&Ur n Rel t#ons"#p Comm#ttee, => Eocal vol ntary organisations can %e very helpf l in mo%ili"ing pop lars pport and assistance of the people in the activities of local %ody. It is possi%le to maintain constant and closecontact with the people thro gh these organisations

As"o* 7e"t Comm#ttee 9f the several vol ntary organisations engaged in r ral welfare$ a few have helped the *Isin preparation of area development plans$ cond ct feasi%ility st dies and cost@%enefit analysis$ e&plore ways andmeans to ind ce local participation in planning and implementation.

In the S#6t" 5#ve Be r Pl n => &=> ?F $ the government identified new areas in which ,59s as new actors co ldparticipate in development

!he Sevent" 5#ve Be r Pl n => ?& =>> F $ envisioned a more active role for ,59s as primary actors in the effortstowards self-reliant comm nities. !his was in t ne with the participatory and empowerment ideologies$ which wasgaining c rrency in the developmental disco rse at that time

5overnment s pport and enco ragement for ,59s contin ed in the E#)"t" 5#ve& %e r pl n $ where a nation-widenetwork of ,59s was so ght to %e created

!he N#nt" 5#ve&%e r pl n proposed that ,59s sho ld play a role in development on the p %lic-private partnershipmodel. Also$ the agric lt ral development policies of the government and its implementation mechanisms providedscope and space for ,59s. A case in point is the watershed development program$ which has led to the growth of,59s working for r ral development

In 8arch 2FFF$ the 5overnment declared Pl nn#n) Comm#ss#on as the no! l )enc% 'or GO&NGO #nter' ce . !hemessage was clear- government has to and will work with the vol ntary sector. A 1C#v#l Soc#et% 0#n!o 2 was startedin 2FF<$ in the hope that it wo ld ena%le people to engage with the lanning :ommission and offer the %enefit oftheir field e&periences

D ring the ==t" 5#ve Be r Pl n process a regional cons ltation was organised to get civil society feed%ack.articipation of :ivil Society +:S0 had th s already %ecome a strong and ro% st element in the preparation of the lan

:ons ltations with citi"ens on the Approach aper to the 12th lan %egan on many platforms$ incl ding the internet.8em%ers of lanning :ommission travelled across the co ntry attending %lic 8eetings called %y :S aro nd vario ssectoral iss es to gather inp ts for the 12 Give Hear lan

N t#on l Pol#c% on t"e Vol$nt r% Sector, @ *ecogni"es the contri% tion of the vol ntary sector and the need for5overnment- Vol ntary Sector partnership and that pro(ect grants are a sef l means for %oth the 5overnment topromote its activities witho t its direct involvement and a val a%le so rce of s pport to small and medi m Vol ntary9rgani"ations. It highlights the need for 5overnment to enco rage all :entral and State 5overnment agencies tointrod ce pre-service and in-service training mod les on constr ctive relations with vol ntary organi"ations. Itrecogni"es the diffic lties faced %y the vol ntary sector in accessing government schemes and s ggests ways to tacklethis. !he main o%(ective of the ,ational olicy on the Vol ntary Sector is to identify systems %y which the 5overnmentmay work together with the Vol ntary 9rgani"ations on the %asis of the principles of m t al tr st$ respect and sharedresponsi%ility. It also recogni"es the importance of independence of vol ntary organi"ations$ which allows them toe&plore alternative models of development. !he ,ational olicy on the Vol ntary Sector is ( st the %eginning of theprocess to evolve a new working relationship %etween the government and the vol ntary sector witho t affecting itsa tonomy and identity. !here are many areas in which help of the vol ntary sector is so ght- for social a dits$%ehavio r change$ good governance and increasingly even for %etter service delivery.

/: (o " s In!# ene'#tte! 'rom NGOs3

India has a long history of civil society %ased on the concepts of daana 3 means giving and seva 3 means service.Vol ntary organi"ations were active in c lt ral promotion$ ed cation$ health$ and nat ral disaster relief as early as themedieval period. D ring the second half of the 1 th cent ry$ nationalist conscio sness spread across India and self-help emerged as the primary foc s of socio-political movements. !he early e&amples of s ch attempts are Griend-in-,eed Society +1 0$ rathana Sama( +1 J<0$ Satya Shodhan Sama( +1 K/0$ Arya Sama( +1 K 0$ the ,ational :o ncil for



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6omen in India +1 K 0$ the Indian ,ational :onference +1 K0 etc. !he Society's *egistration Act +S*A0 was approvedin 1 JF to confirm the legal stat s of the growing %ody of non-governmental organi"ations.

In India$ it was the 1 KFs which saw rapid growth in the formation of formally registered ,59s and the processcontin es to this day. 8ost ,59s have created their respective thematic$ social gro p and geographical priorities s chas poverty alleviation$ comm nity health$ ed cation$ ho sing$ h man rights$ child rights$ women's rights$ nat ralreso rce management$ water and sanitationC and to these ends they p t to practice a wide range of strategies andapproaches. rimarily$ their foc s has %een on the search for alternatives to development thinking and practiceCachieved thro gh participatory research$ comm nity capacity % ilding and creation of demonstra%le models. 6henwe review some of the work done %y ,59s over the past / decades$ we find that they have contri% ted greatly tonation % ilding.

8any ,59s have worked hard to incl de children with disa%ility in schools$ end caste- %ased stigma anddiscrimination$ prevent child la%o r and promote gender eB ality res lting in women receiving eB al wages for thesame work compared to men. D ring nat ral calamities they have played an active role in relief and reha%ilitationefforts$ in partic lar$ providing psycho-social care and s pport to the disaster affected children$ women and men.,59s have %een instr mental in the formation and capacity % ilding of farmers and prod cers' cooperatives andwomen's self- help gro ps. Several ,59s have worked hand in hand with the 5overnment to ens re that millions ofo t of school children are enrolled and contin e their school ed cation$ th s making the right to ed cation a reality.!he leprosy eradication programme was spearheaded %y ,59s and today only resid al leprosy remains in o rco ntry. ,59s have implemented the Jeev nD" r programme for creation of wells for safe drinking waterCpromoted comm nity toilets for total sanitation$ and s pported the p %lic health programs on imm nisation and foreliminating t %erc losis and malaria. !he m ch cele%rated ,*;5A$ I:DS$ I: S$ ,irmal 5ram and Swasthya7ima of thegovernment have their roots in the work of many ,59s. ,59s have significantly infl enced the development of lawsand policies on several important social and developmental iss es s ch as the right to information$ ( venile ( stice$ending corporal p nishment in schools$ anti-trafficking$ forests and environment$ wildlife conservation$ women$elderly people$ people with disa%ility$ reha%ilitation and resettlement of development ind ced displaced people toname a few. G rther$ ,59s made their modest attempts to ens re the effective implementation of these laws andpolicies %y cond cting and disseminating findings from participatory research$ % dget analysis$ p %lic hearings$ sociala dits$ workshops$ seminars and conferences.

S mming p$ it is now well esta%lished that ,59s have an important role to play in the development processes andthat %oth the state and market need the colla%oration of credi%le$ active$ and acco nta%le ,59s. 5iven their connectwith the grassroots realities$ ,59s can and sho ld play the game changer3 to pro-poor development thro ghleadership on participatory research$ comm nity empowerment and search for development alternatives.

6ith the increasing role of the ,59s in development activities they are now attracting professionals from vario sother sectors$ and capacities are %eing % ilt in s pport areas s ch as financial management$ reso rce mo%ili"ation$h man reso rces$ leadership development$ governance proced res and practices and instit tional development. Atanother level ,59s have %een addressing the social service iss es and empowerment related advocacy efforts have%een increasing. !he st dy cond cted %y a ,ew Delhi %ased ,59 concl ded that every fifth ,59 in India works on theiss es of comm nity and social service. !he favo ra%le disposition of the governments and the political will to involve,59s is more prono nced in implementation of the welfare schemes addressing ca ses of women and children.G rther$ the ind strial policies have infl enced the formation and relations %etween the % sinesses and ,59s. !he:onfederation of Indian Ind stries +:II0$ a leading organisation$ has %een raising the iss es of corporate socialresponsi%ility. !he emphasis of ind strial policies on the promotion and development of small$ cottage and villageind stries has also lead to the formation of agencies s ch as the Lhadi and Village Ind stries :ommission$ SmallInd stries Associations and likes.

Pro'#l#n) NGOs:

India has possi%ly the largest n m%er of active non-government$ non-profit organi"ations in the world. !here has %eena sharp increase in the n m%er of new ,59s in the past decade in India. According to a government st dy$ there wereonly 1.<< lakh registered societies till 1 KF. !he ma&im m increase in the n m%er of registrations happened after2FFF. A recent st dy commissioned %y the government showed that there are a%o t /./ million ,59s in India %y theend of 2FF i.e.$ one ,59 for less than an average of <FF Indians. ;ven this staggering n m%er may %e less than the

act al n m%er of ,59s active in the co ntry. !his is %eca se the st dy$ commissioned in 2FF $ took intoconsideration only those entities which were registered nder the Societies *egistration Act$ 1 JF or the 8 m%ai%lic !r st Act and its variants in other states.



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It can %e noted that a great ma(ority of the ,59s are small and a%o t three-fo rths of all ,59s are r n entirely %yvol nteers. A%o t 1/ percent of the ,59s have %etween 2 to employeesC a%o t percent have %etween J to 1Femployees and only a%o t . percent ,59s employ more than 1F people. According to a s rvey cond cted %ysociety for articipatory *esearch in Asia + *IA0$ K/.< percent of ,59s have one or no paid staff$ altho gh across theco ntry$ more than 1 million persons work as vol nteers or paid staff at an ,59. 8ore often ,59s are registered astr sts$ societies$ or as private limited non-profit companies$ nder Section- 2 of Indian :ompanies Act$ 1 J. !heyalso en(oy income ta& e&emption. Goreign contri% tions to non-profits are governed %y Goreign :ontri% tion

*eg lation Act +G:*A0$ 1 KJ.

/: 0" t re t"e *e% )overn nce c" llen)es ' c#n) NGOs3

In view of the emergence of a new paradigm of scaling p$ in which ,59s are seen as catalysts of policy innovationsand social capitalC as creators of programmatic knowledge that can %e sp n off and integrated into government andmarket instit tionsC and as % ilders of vi%rant and diverse civil societies$ it's imperative to critically analy"e the role of,59s in the process of development and nderstanding the challenges facing the sector.

!ransparency and acco nta%ility are key ingredients of 5overnance in the ,59 Sector as these determine operationalefficiencies and risk mitigation. 9ver the years$ corporate sector has %een a%le to recogni"e and implement %est

governance practices thro gh appropriate instit tional framework. )owever$ the ,59 sector is yet to evolve anyinstit tionali"ed framework$ which co ld potentially play an important role in overall development of the nation.,59s play an increasingly active role in today's political and social arenas. :ivil society organi"ations are increasing inn m%er all over India. 9f late$ some of the local and national ,59s have %een fo nd involved in malpractices andacting irresponsi%ly$ th s ndermining the credi%ility of civil society. It's a h ge concern and poses a great challenge tothe development movement spearheaded %y ,59s in the co ntry.

!here is a h ge flow of f nds into the non-government organi"ation sector and this reB ires pr dence and goodpractices to maintain acco nta%ility and transparency to the %enefit of all stakeholders. Altho gh ,59s do internala diting % t for more acco nta%ility and transparency$ it is advisa%le to go thro gh e&ternal a diting also$ especiallywhere p %lic f nds are involved. )ence$ iss es of internal control mechanisms$ professionalism$ acco nta%ility$transparency and financial management m st %e given impet s. !he challenge is m ltidimensional$ and is

compo nded %y the4 norganised' nat re of the sector$ lack of reg latory frameworks and the fact that India %oasts ofmore than a million ,59s of different roles$ str ct res and si"es. In partic lar$ the Indian vol ntary sector rgentlyneeds self-reg latory g idelines and transparency mechanisms to increase the tr st and awareness as to how thephilanthropic f nds are %eing tilised.

!his is a critical challenge that creates a %arrier to raising f nds and capital for the sector. !he general lack oftransparency in the f nctioning of a large proportion of ,59s leads to aversion in donating f nds for charita%le ca sessince the general p %lic is largely cynical a%o t the 4gen ineness' of the non-profit spirit of the sector. !he stringentgovernance standards of an ,59 will facilitate the effective management and increase the acco nta%ility to itsstakeholders incl ding donors$ the government and the comm nity. It is in the self-interest of the ,59s to reali"e thefact that to implement a str ct re of 4corporate governance' principles wo ld provide the real val e to thestakeholders.

Also$ this wo ld ena%le to track the potentially d %io s so rces of f nding coming in for the vol ntary sector M anaspect which has gained impet s in the wake of the increased n m%er of terror attacks and e&tremist activities.*ecently$ the #nion )ome 8inistry has identified some ,59s as sec rity threat to the co ntry. S ch sec rityconsiderations have nderscored the rising need of improving the governance practices in the Indian ,59s ande&ercising %etter reg latory mechanisms$ disclos re norms$ and management processes incl ding financialmanagement and % dgeting systems as well. 8oreover$ in the larger interest going %eyond the sec rityconsiderations$ the impet s has to %e on inc lcating a c lt re of incl ding performance goals$ cond cting financialand performance a dits$ and reforms for increasing the operational acco nta%ility and transparency in the eyes of thep %lic$ vol nteers$ donors and other stakeholders.

S$))est#ons:

!he implementation of a strategic framework is essentially important in the management of an ,59. !heendorsement of s ch a framework %rings in professionalism and internal control mechanisms$ which f rther makesthe organi"ation's performance more effective. Developing strategies also incl de esta%lishing a mechanism ofconsistent monitoring of whether they are %eing implemented and linking the res lts to the organi"ation's goals.




!here is need to %olster p %lic confidence in the vol ntary sector %y opening it p to greater p %lic scr tiny. !he5overnment sho ld enco rage :entral and State level agencies to introd ce norms for filing %asic doc ments inrespect of ,59s$ which have %een receiving f nding %y 5overnment agencies and placing them in the p %lic domain+with easy access thro gh the internet0 in order to inc lcate a spirit of p %lic oversight.

%lic donation is an important so rce of f nds for the ,59 sector and one that can and m st increase s %stantially.!a& incentives play a positive role in this process. !he 5overnment co ld simplify and streamline the system forgranting income ta& e&emption stat s to charita%le pro(ects nder the Income !a& Act. At the same time$ the5overnment might consider tightening administrative and penal proced res to ens re that these incentives are notmis sed %y paper charities for private financial gain.

!he 5overnment sho ld enco rage all relevant :entral and State 5overnment agencies to introd ce pre-service andin-service training mod les on constr ctive relations with the vol ntary sector. S ch agencies need to introd ce time%o nd proced res for dealing with the V9s. !hese co ld cover registration$ income ta& clearances$ financialassistance$ etc. !here m st %e a formal system for registering complaints and for redressing grievances of ,59s.

!he 5overnment sho ld enco rage setting p of Noint :ons ltative 5ro ps @ Gor ms or Noint 8achineries ofgovernment and vol ntary sector representatives$ %y relevant :entral Departments and State 5overnments. It alsoneeds to enco rage district administrations$ district planning %odies$ district r ral development agencies$"illaparishads and local governments to do so. !hese gro ps co ld %e permanent for ms with the e&plicit mandate to

share ideas$ views and information and to identify opport nities and mechanisms of working together. !he5overnment also might introd ce s ita%le mechanisms for involving a wide cross-section of the vol ntary sector inthese 5ro ps@Gor ms.

S$mm#n) Up:

6e are entering into an important phase where there are many targets that the government intends to achieve withthe active colla%oration of V9s$ in the 12 th plan. !herefore$ it is important to cond ct an effective review or reportcard of the ,ational olicy with specific recommendations. !hese recommendations co ld %ecome an agenda for allVol ntary 9rgani"ations$ lanning :ommission$ state governments and national 8inistries. ;fforts are also needed tof rther disseminate the information a%o t the policy and its intentions with small V9s as well as governmentf nctionaries. !here is a need to solicit commitment from state governments and national ministries. A systematic

intervention is also needed to get ,ational olicy approved and adopted %y the Indian arliament. !he most serio schallenge faced %y India today is the conflict %etween violent and non-violent approach of development. ,eedless tosay that ma(ority of pop lation of India is still deprived of %asic fr its of development$ % t rather than adopting theapproach which is more incl sive and look for sol tions within the constit tion$ India is faced %y dist r%ances in manyparts of the co ntry. !his not only hampers the development pro(ects % t also shrink the space for people'sparticipation to achieve their goals thro gh peacef l means. !he vol ntary sector %eing present in s ch locationsfaces the challenge of delivering the services and even mo%ili"ing people on the development agenda. !he need of theho r is to work closely with each other for the %enefit of the marginali"ed people$ as even today the dream of8ahatma 5andhi has not %een achieved.

( v#n) loo*e! t NGOs, no let $s t *e loo* t S(Gs:

/: 0" t re S(Gs3

Self-)elp 5ro ps are informal associations of people who choose to come together to find ways to improve their livingconditions. !hey help to % ild Social :apital among the poor$ especially women. !he most important f nctions of aSelf-)elp 5ro ps are

• to enco rage and motivate its mem%ers to save• to pers ade them to make a collective plan for generation of additional income• to act as a cond it for formal %anking services to reach them.

S ch gro ps work as a collective g arantee system for mem%ers who propose to %orrow from organised so rces.:onseB ently$ Self-)elp 5ro ps have emerged as the most effective mechanism for delivery of micro-finance servicesto the poor. !he range of financial services may incl de prod cts s ch as deposits$ loans$ money transfer andins rance.




/: Evol$t#on o' t"e S(G movement #n In!# :

!he first organised initiative in this direction was taken in 5 (arat in 1 < when the !e&tile Ea%o r Association +!EA0 ofAhmeda%ad formed its women's wing to organise the women %elonging to ho seholds of mill workers in order totrain them in primary skills like sewing$ knitting em%roidery$ typesetting and stenography etc. In 1 K2$ it was given amore systemati"ed str ct re when Self ;mployed 6omen's Association + SE0A 0 was formed as a !rade #nion nderthe leadership of El <" tt . She organised women workers s ch as hawkers$ vendors$ home %ased operators likeweavers$ potters$ papad @ agar%atti makers$ man al la%o rers$ service providers and small prod cers like cattlerearers$ salt workers$ g m collectors$ cooks and vendors with the primary o%(ective of +a0 increasing their income andassetsC +%0 enhancing their food and n tritional standardsC and +c0 increasing their organisational and leadershipstrength. !he overall intention was to organise women for f ll employment. In order to %roaden their access tomarket and technical inp ts$ these primary associations were enco raged to form federations like the 5 (arat State8ahila S;6A :ooperative Gederation$ 7anaskantha D6:*A$ 8ahila S;6A Association etc. : rrently$ S;6A has amem%ership strength of $ $FFF which is predominantly r%an. In the 1 Fs$ 8H*ADA M a Larnataka %ased non-governmental organisation$ promoted several locally formed gro ps to ena%le the mem%ers to sec re creditcollectively and se it along with their own savings for activities which co ld provide them economically gainf lemployment.

8a(or e&periments in small gro p formation at the local level were initiated in !amil ,ad and Lerala a%o t twodecades ago thro gh the !amil ,ad 6omen in Agric lt re rogramme +!A,6A0 1 J$ articipatory overty*ed ction rogramme of Lerala$ +L d m%ashree0 1 and !amil ,ad 6omen's Development ro(ect +!,6D 01 . !hese initiatives gave a firm footing to S)5 movement in these states. !oday$ aro nd <<O of the total 7ank-linked S)5s of the co ntry are in the fo r so thern States of Andhra radesh$ !amil ,ad $ Larnataka and Lerala.

!he positive e&perience gained from the a%ove programmes has led to the emergence of a very strong consens s thatthe twin concepts of F sm ll )ro$p or) n#s t#on and F sel'&m n )ement are potent tools for economic and socialempowerment of the r ral poor. ;fforts have %een made almost in all parts of the co ntry to adopt this model as anecessary component of the poverty alleviation programmes.

Gorming small gro ps and linking them to %ank %ranches for credit delivery has %een the most important feat re ofthe growth of the S)5 movement in o r co ntry. !he S)5-7ank linkage programme was started as a test pro(ect in1 when ,A7A*D$ the Ape& * ral Development 7ank in the co ntry$ sanctioned *s.1F.F lakhs to 8H*ADA as seed

money assistance for forming credit management gro ps. In the same year$ the 8inistry of * ral Developmentprovided financial s pport to *ADA, to esta%lish Self-)elp 5ro ps in some r ral pockets of *a(asthan. 9n the %asisof these e&periences$ a f ll-fledged pro(ect involving a partnership among S)5s$ 7anks and ,59s was la nched %y,A7A*D in 1 2. In 1 $ acting on the report of a working gro p$ the *7I streamlined the credit delivery proced re%y iss ing a set of g idelines to :ommercial 7anks. It ena%led S)5s to open 7ank Acco nts %ased on a simple inter-seagreement. !he scheme was f rther strengthened %y a standing commitment given %y ,A7A*D to provide refinanceand promotional s pport to 7anks for credit dis% rsement nder the S)5 M 7ank linkage programme. ,A7A*D'scorporate mission was to make availa%le microfinance services to 2F million poor ho seholds$ or one-third of the poorin the co ntry$ %y the end of 2FF . In the initial years$ the progress in the programme was a slowC only //FFF gro psco ld %e credit linked d ring the period 1 2- . 7 t$ thereafter$ the programme grew rapidly and the n m%er ofS)5s financed increased from 2FFF in 1 -2FFF to more than J.2F lakhs in 2FF -FJ and J. K lakhs in 2FFJ-FK.: m latively$ // million poor ho seholds in the co ntry have %een a%le to sec re access to micro-finance from theformal %anking system.

+As 'ollo &$p read p on the s ccess stories partic larly the L d m%ashree programme of Lerala in A*: 2 - *eportF Social :apital age F- 10

/: 0" t ot"er A)enc#es re #nvolve! #n t"e S(G movement3

Apart from ,A7A*D$ there are 'o$r other ma(or organisations in the p %lic sector which too provide loans to financialintermediaries for onward lending to S)5s. !hey are +a0 Small Ind stries Development 7ank of India +SID7I0$+%0*ashtriya8ahilaLosh +*8L0$ +c0 )o sing and #r%an Development :orporation +)#D:90 and+d0 then$ there arep %lic sector@other commercial %anks which are free to take p any lending as per their policy and *7I g idelines.



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R s"tr#% 7 "#l Hos":

!he *ashtriya8ahilaLosh was set p %y the 5overnment of India in 8arch 1 / as an A tonomo s 7ody registerednder Societies *egistration Act$ 1 JF nder the Department +now 8inistry0 of 6omen and :hild Development. !heo%(ective was to facilitate credit s pport to poor women for their socio-economic pliftment.It was felt that the creditneeds of poor women$ especially those in the norgani"ed sector$ were not adeB ately addressed %y the formalfinancial instit tions of the co ntry. !h s *8L was esta%lished to provide loans in a B asi-formal credit deliverymechanism$ which is client-friendly$ has simple and minimal proced re$ dis% rses B ickly and repeatedly$ has fle&i%lerepayment sched les$ links thrifts and savings with credit and has relatively low transaction costs %oth for the%orrower and the lender. !he Losh lends with a niB e credit delivery model *8L M ,59-S)5- 7eneficiaries3. !hes pport is e&tended thro gh ,59's$ 6omen Development :orporations$ State 5overnment agencies like D*DA's$Dairy Gederations$ and 8 nicipal :o ncils etc.

SID<I:

Small Ind stries Development 7ank of India +SID7I0 la nched its micro finance programme on a pilot %asis in 1 <sing the ,59 @ 8GI model of credit delivery wherein s ch instit tions were sed as financial intermediaries fordelivering credit to the poor and nreached$ mainly women. Eearning from the e&perience of the pilot phase$ SID7Ireoriented and pscaled its micro finance programme in 1 . A specialised department vi". 4SID7I Go ndation for8icro :redit' +SG8:0 was set p with the mission to create a national network of strong$ via%le and s staina%le 8icro

Ginance Instit tions +8GIs0 from the informal and formal financial sectors. SG8: serves as an ape& wholesaler formicro finance in India providing a complete range of financial and non-financial services to the 8GIs so as to facilitatetheir development into financially s staina%le entities$ %esides developing a network of service providers andadvocating for appropriate policy framework for the sector. SG8: is implementing the ,ational 8icro GinanceS pport rogramme +,8GS 0. !he overall goal of ,8GS is to %ring a%o t s %stantial poverty elimination andred ced v lnera%ility in India amongst sers of micro-finance services$ partic larly women.

Pr#v te In#t# t#ves:

!ho gh$ government efforts have played a ma(or role in advancing the S)5 movement in the co ntry$ there have%een a large n m%er of vol ntary organisations +,59s0 which too have facilitated and assisted S)5s in organi"ingsavings and credit in different parts of India. S;6A in Ahmeda%ad$ 8H*ADA in Larnataka$ ,av 7harat Nagriti Lendra

and *amakrishna 8ission in Nharkhand$ and ADI!)I in 7ihar are some of the names which took the lead in promotingSelf-)elp 5ro ps +mostly of women0 aro nd income generation activities sing local skills. Grom organi"ing villagersinto gro ps which co ld work on via%le activities$ to making a pro(ect and sec ring f nds +own contri% tion orthro gh a tie- p with the financial instit tion0$ these V9s have worked with involvement and dedication. *ADA,+ rofessional Assistance for Development Action0$ D)A, Go ndation$ ASS;GA +Association of SarvaSeva Garms$ 8AEA*+8ahalir Association for Eiteracy$ Awareness and *ights0$ SLS$ Nanodaya$ :ohesion Go ndation and Nan:hetnaSansthan are some of the other ma(or non-governmental instit tions which are promoting and n rt ring alarge n m%er of S)5s of poor people$ mostly women into effective organisations which co ld leverage credit fromformal so rces$ and develop local reso rces and skills to increase prod ctivity and income. It is th s$ d e to thecom%ined efforts of the government and these private vol ntary agencies that the S)5s have come to occ py a placeof prominence in the socio-economic fa%ric of r ral India.

/: 0" t " s een t"e #mp ct o' S(Gs on r$r l l#'e3A random impact eval ation st dy covering JF mem%ers of 22/ S)5s linked to 7anks located in 11 States was carriedo t %y ,A7A*D. A three year period was selected for this st dy. !he res lts of this s rvey released in 2FFF1indicated that

• O of the ho seholds covered nder S)5s reported an increase in assetsC• the average val e of assets per ho sehold increased %y K2O from *s.J$ </ to *s.11$K /C• ma(ority of the mem%ers developed savings ha%it against 2/O earlierC• there was a threefold increase in savings and a do %ling of %orrowings per ho seholdC• the share of cons mption loan in the %orrowing went down from FO to 2 OC• KFO of the loans taken in post-S)5 period went towards income generation vent resC•

employment e&panded %y 1 OC• the average net income per ho sehold %efore (oining a S)5 was *s.2F$1KK which rose %y //O to 2J$ C and• a%o t <1. O of the ho sehold st died were %elow their state specific poverty line in the pre-S)5 enrolment

stageC it came down to 22O.




articipation in gro p activity significantly contri% ted to improvement of self-confidence among the mem%ers. Ingeneral$ gro p mem%ers and partic larly women %ecame more vocal and assertive on social and family iss es.

!he str ct re of the S)5 is meant to provide m t al s pport to the participants in saving money$ preparing acommon plan for additional income generation and opening %ank acco nts that wo ld help them in developing creditrelationship with a lending instit tion. It ltimately s pports them in setting p micro-enterprises e.g. personalised% siness vent res like tailoring$ grocery$ and tool repair shops. It promotes the concept of gro p acco nta%ilityens ring that the loans are paid %ack. It provides a platform to the comm nity where the mem%ers can disc ss andresolve important iss es of m t al concern.

6hile some of the S)5s have %een initiated %y the local comm nities themselves$ many of them have come thro ghthe help of a mentor 7ody +either government or an ,590 which provided initial information and g idance to them.S ch s pport often consists of training people on how to manage 7ank acco nts$ how to assess small % sinesspotential of the local markets and how to pgrade their skills. In the end$ it creates a local team of reso rce persons.

5ro p formation %ecomes a convenient vehicle for credit delivery in r ral areas. :ommercial 7anks and otherinstit tions which are otherwise not receptive to the demands of marginali"ed individ als$ start considering s chgro ps as their potential c stomers. 9verall s ch Noint-Eia%ility 5ro ps e&pand the o treach of the micro-financeprogramme in an effective way$ reaching o t to the e&cl ded segments e.g. landless$ sharecroppers$ small andmarginal farmers$ women$ S:s@S!s etc.

!he ma(ority of Self-)elp 5ro ps comprise of women mem%ers. !here is evidence in this co ntry as well as elsewherethat formation of Self-)elp 5ro ps has a m ltiplier effect in improving women's stat s in society as well as in thefamily. !heir active involvement in micro-finance and related entreprene rial activities not only leads to improvementin their socio-economic condition % t also enhances their self-esteem. 6omen in a gro penvironment %ecome moreartic late in voicing their concerns and a change occ rs in their self-perception. !hey start to see themselves not onlyas %eneficiaries % t also as clients @ informed citi"ens seeking %etter services. 9n the home front$ their new fo ndawareness and the confidence generated o t of their entreprene rial skills make them more confident vis-P-vis theirmenfolk.

!he S)5 programme has contri% ted to a red ced dependency on informal money lenders and other non-instit tional so rces. It has ena%led the participating ho seholds to spend more on ed cation than non- client

ho seholds. Gamilies participating in the programme have reported %etter school attendance and lower drop-o trates.

!he financial incl sion attained thro gh S)5s has led to red ced child mortality$ improved maternal health and thea%ility of the poor to com%at disease thro gh %etter n trition$ ho sing and health M especially among women andchildren.

7 t the S)5 movement has certain weaknesses as well

• contrarytothevisionforS)5development$mem%ersofagro pdonotcome necessarily from the poorest familiesC• the S)5 model has led to definite socialempowerment of the poor % t whetherthe economic gains are

adeB ate to %ring a B alitative change in their life is a matter of de%ateC• many of the activities ndertaken %y the S)5s are still %ased on primitive skills related mostly to primary

sector enterprises. 6ith poor val e addition per worker and prevalence of s %sistence level wages$ s chactivities often do not lead to any s %stantial increase in the income of gro p mem%ers.

• !here is lack of B alified reso rce personnel in the r ral areas who co ld help in skill pgradation@acB isitionof new skills %y gro p mem%ers.

/: 0" t t"en re t"e *e% #ss$es ' c#n) S(Gs to! %3

!ho gh$ d ring a short span of fifteen years the S)5 movement has recorded remarka%le progress m ch still remainsto %e done. !he movement shows steep territorial variations. 8any areas of the co ntry lack adeB ate %ankingstr ct re. #r%an and semi- r%an areas$ to a large e&tent$ stand e&cl ded from this mode of credit delivery. G rthergrowth of this movement faces threat from inadeB acy of skills in the r ral areas. And finally the pace of themovement needs to %e accelerated. !he following eight iss es of this sector deserve priority attention





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;ven after many years of e&istence$ %y and large$ S)5s are heavily dependent on their promoter ,59s or governmentagencies

Q5#n nc# l ss#st nce toS(PIs n! ot"ers$pport#nst#t$t#ons

Gorty-five per cent of the total n m%ers of women S)5s of the co ntry are located in Andhra radesh. !his envia%leposition of the State is primarily d e to the initiative shown %y promoter ,59s often known as Self-)elp romotingInstit tions +S) Is0 @ mentor organisations. If the S)5 movement is to spread across the entire co ntry$ there is need

to provide ma(or incentives to S) Is @ promoter ,59s. : rrently$ the financial s pport to S) Is comes from the 8icroGinance Development and ;B ity G nd +8GD;G0 of ,A7A*D. It is limited to an amo nt of *s.1 FF per S)5 +formedand activated0. !o attract more and more S) Is to the r ral areas$ this B ant m of s pport needs to %e revised.

QRole o' 7#cro&5#n nce Inst#t$t#ons

8icro-credit is defined as provision of thrift$ credit$ and other financial services +s ch as deposits$ loans$ paymentservices$ money transfer$ ins rance and related prod cts0 of very small amo nts to the poor in r ral$ semi- r%an andr%an areas for ena%ling them to raise their income levels and improve living standards. 8icro-finance instit tions arethose which provide s ch micro-credit facilities. 8icro-credit is an instr ment of %oth social as well as economicpolicy. It opens p integral development processes s ch as se of financial and technical reso rces$ %asic services andtraining opport nities to the nprivileged. Access to savings$ credit$ money- transfer$ payment$ and ins rance can help

poor people take control of their financial life. It also empowers them to make critical choices a%o t investing in% siness$ sending children to school$ improving health care of the family$ covering the cost of key social o%ligationsand nforeseen sit ations. 7 t the most important of all$ an access to finance generates self- esteem among them.

ARC& has made the following recommendations and the 8icro Ginance Sector +Development and *eg lation0 7ill$2FFK needs to %e amended to incl de the following s ggestions -

• !he scope of 8icro-finance Services sho ld %e s %stantially widened to cover credit @ savings$ ins rance$pension services$ money transfer$ iss e @ disco nt of wareho se receipts and f t re @ option contracts foragric lt ral commodities and forest prod ce.

• !he activities of Section 2 :ompanies to the e&tent they concern micro-financial services as descri%ed nderthe proposed 7ill sho ld also %e %ro ght nder the p rview of this legislation. )owever$ for theirmanagement and other f nctions$ they will contin e to %e governed %y the provisions of the :ompanies Act.

• !he iss e of interest rate charged %y the 8GIs sho ld %e left to the *eg latory A thority which is %eingcreated nder the proposed 7ill.

• It sho ld %e ens red that if 8GIs are allowed to handle thrift @ savings and money transfer services$ theywo ld do so only as % siness correspondents of commercial 7anks.

/: 0#t" n e%e on t"e '$t$re, let $s e6plore Corpor te&S(G l#n* )es 'or r$r l m r*ets:

* ral 8arket offers tremendo s potential of growth for corporations %y making their prod cts and services availa%leto these areas. Eot of interventions are designed %y vario s companies to tap the r ral market incl ding designingtailor made s pply chain$ r ral marketing campaigns$ pr ning marketing mi& elements and integrating social elements

to develop their %rand awareness and market for their prod cts. Apart from all these endeavo rs there is still asignificant area largely ntapped. Integration of S)5s with corporations as a part of their company policies in tacklingthe iss es of reach and market awareness is a win-win sol tion. 6ith vario s government initiatives incl dingromotion of S)5 formation$ microenterprise development$ microcredit %y GIIs and ,7G:s and skill training$ S)5s are%ecoming via%le in their operations. Sym%iotic association of corporations and S)5s tili"ing distinctive competencecan prove to %e fr itf l for %oth in the long r n %roadly in the form of market and socio-economic development. S)5sare %roadly st died on two %asis- 8icrofinance and 8icroenterprises. !he first aspect of S)5s +8icrofinance0 is widelyst died and several changes have %een incorporated towards making S)5s via%le. Development of 8icro-enterprisesis relatively a new phenomenon. As per st dy of 8.L nhaman$ 2F12$ S)5s can %etter promote 8icro-enterprises$especially in r ral areas.

!he real effort to s pport S)5s in India$ however$ came in the late 1 Fs when the central government of Indiaintrod ced a holistic program$ S5SH- Swarna(ayanti 5ram Swaro"garHo(ana %ased on the gro p approach for r raldevelopment. !he S5SH approach was to enco rage the r ral poor to organise themselves into S)5s and toindependently take p via%le economic activities as micro-enterprises with s pport from government s %sidies and



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%ank credit. 6ith the development of ind strial norms$ micro-enterprises are also coming p apart from large$medi m and small ind stries. 8icro-enterprises can %e started and managed %y individ als$ gro ps or S)5s. Intendedto strengthen via%le$ small % sinesses$ res lting in increased ho sehold income and savings and th s alleviating thecr nch of economic poverty$ 8icro-enterprise development aims at % ilding self-esteem$ self-reliance$ enco raginga tonomy and creating a comm nity atmosphere. It % ilds economic capital %y creating (o%s and generating income$ltimately working towards comm nity development in impoverished or nemployed areas.

!he report of the working committee of *7I +1 <0 proposed the integration of S)5s into the strategies and policies ofcorporations. S)5s can provide a s ita%le option for companies to integrate into vario s f nctions s ch as- 8arketing$Distri% tion$ roc rement of vario s raw materials and semi-finished materials$ rod ction and processing ofindigeno s prod cts etc. Gor e&ample$ !AN gro p has adopted a S)5 for proc rement of sea food and meet JFO oftheir demands thro gh the S)5. S)5s can also %ecome a s ita%le vehicle for distri% tion of r ral prod cts and help infaster diff sion of innovation in the r ral market.

RE5ERENCES:

• Mohit Bhattacharya- Social Theory and Development Administration• ARC-2 Report 9- Social Capital• Yojana Nov 2!"" iss#e on N$%s

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:orporate ,eeds

7 siness ;&pansion

5reater 8arket Segment

rod ct enetration = Diff sion

7rand Awareness

S)5 ,eeds

Scale of rod ction

8arketa%ility

rod ction 8ethods

:apital$ !echnology and Skills

The Role of NGOs , SHGs - Development Process

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