Brigitte Laliberté, Bioversity International CacaoNet and Cocoa of Excellence Programme Coordination 8 September 2015, San Salvador, El Salvador The Role of Genetic Diversity and Conservation in support to developping quality and fine flavours - niche markets
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Brigitte Laliberté, Bioversity International
CacaoNet and Cocoa of Excellence Programme Coordination
8 September 2015, San Salvador, El Salvador
The Role of Genetic Diversity
and Conservation in support
to developping quality and fine
flavours - niche markets
Origins of cacao diversity
Species richness of Theobroma.Source: Thomas et al., 2012.
Highest levels of genetic diversity observed in the Upper Amazon areas from southern Peru
to the Ecuadorian Amazon and the border areas between Colombia, Peru and Brazil.
Genetic differentiation and geographical distribution of a number of other clusters seem to
have been significantly affected by processes of human management.
Cacao is indigenous to the Amazon
basin
Genus Theobroma originated millions of
years ago in South America – 22
species
Conservation of genetic diversity in Central America
and the Caribbean
"Cacao Genetic Clusters" by Juan C. Motamayor, Philippe Lachenaud, Jay Wallace da Silva e Mota, Rey Loor, David N. Kuhn, J. Steven Brown, Raymond J. Schnell - Geographic and Genetic Population Differentiation of the Amazonian Chocolate Tree. 2008
The Cocoa Route – how it moved around the world
• 1660-1670 - Mexico to the Philippines
• 1664 - Amazon to Martinique
• Philippines to Indonesian Archipelago
• 1757 - Amazon to Trinidad
• Early 19th century - Indonesian Archipelago to Ceylon
• 18th &19th centuries - Amazon to Southeastern Brazil
• 1822 - Brazil to Principe
• 1840s - Dublin to Sierra Leone
• 1861 - Ecuador to Guatemala
• 1880-1881 - Trinidad (via England) to Sri Lanka
• 1883 - Trinidad (via England) to Fiji
• 1892-1893 - Trinidad to Nicaragua. Nicaragua to Trinidad.
• 1898 - Trinidad to Costa Rica and Colombia
• 1890 - Venezuela to Ecuador
• 1930s - Ecuador to Costa Rica and Panama
• 1880s - Trinidad, Venezuela and Ecuador to Sao Tome
• 1899 - Trinidad, Venezuela, Ecuador and Central America to Cameroon
• End of 19th century - Indonesian Archipelago to Samoa
Cocoa Production Today
Côte d’Ivoire 36%
Ghana 21%
Indonesia 11%
Nigeria 6%
Brazil 5%
Cameroun 5%
Ecuador 5%
Dominica Republic 2%
Peru 1%
Threatened cacao genetic diversity
Serious problem because it
increases the vulnerability of
cacao to sudden changes in
climate and to new pests and
diseases.
Factors contributing to declining
genetic diversity :
Habitat loss due to natural disasters and extreme weather
Destruction of the Amazon rainforests - centre of diversity and home of cacao
Loss of traditional varieties grown
Global Strategy for the Conservation and Use of Cocoa Genetic Resources