THE robotics

REPUBLIQUE ALGERIENNE DEMOCRATIQUE ET POPULAIRE

Ministère des études supérieures et de la recherche scientifique

UNIVERSITE DES SCIENCES ET DE LA TECHNOLOGIE D’ORAN

MOHAMED BOUDIAF

Prepared by :

Ammour Ahlem

Robot

ics

2014/2015

Sommary :I- IntroductionII- History of robotics III- Robotics TerminologyIV- DefinitionV- Laws of RoboticsVI- The robot control loopVII- Types of RobotsVIII- Robot ComponentsIX- The Purpose of RobotsX- Robotic ApplicationsXI- Conclusion

Introducti

on :

What is the first thing that comes to mind when you think of a robot?

For many people it is a machine that imitates a human—like the androids in Star Wars, Terminator and Star Trek: The Next Generation. However much these robots capture our imagination, such robots still only inhabit Science Fiction. People still haven't been able to give a robot enough 'common sense' to reliably interact with a dynamic world. However, Rodney Brooks and his team at MIT Artificial Intelligence Lab are working on creating such humanoid robots.

History of

robotics :

The term "robot" was first used in 1920 in a play called "R.U.R." Or " Rossum's universal robots" by the Czech writer Karel Capek.

The word “Robot”comes from the word “Robota”,meaning,in Czech”,forced labour,drudgery .

Many sources attest to the popularity of automatons in ancient and Medieval times. Ancient Greeks and Romans developed simple automatons for use as tools, toys, and as part of religious ceremonies. Predating modern robots in industry, the Greek God Hephaestus was supposed to have built automatons to work for him in a workshop. Unfortunately, none of the early automatons are extant. 

In the Middle Ages, in both Europe and the Middle East, automatons were popular as part of clocks and religious worship. The Arab polymath Al-Jazari (1136-1206) left texts describing and illustrating his various mechanical devices, including a large elephant clock that moved and sounded at the hour, a musical robot band and a waitress automaton that served drinks.

In Europe, there is an automaton monk extant that kisses the cross in its hands. Many other automata were created that showed moving animals and humanoid figures that operated on simple cam systems, but in the 18th century, automata were understood well enough and technology advanced to the point where much more complex pieces could be made. French engineer Jacques de Vaucanson is credited with creating the first successful biomechanical automaton, a human figure that plays a flute. Automata were so popular that they traveled Europe entertaining heads of state such as Frederick the Great and Napoleon Bonaparte.

Victorian Robots  

The Industrial Revolution and the increased focus on mathematics, engineering and science in England in the Victorian age added to the momentum towards actual robotics. Charles Babbage (1791-1871) worked to develop the foundations of computer science in the early-to-mid nineteenth century, his most successful projects being the difference engine and the analytical engine. Although never completed due to lack of funds, these two machines laid out the basics for mechanical calculations. Others such as Ada Lovelace recognized the future possibility of computers creating images or playing music.

Automata continued to provide entertainment during the 19th century, but coterminous with this period was the development of steam-powered machines and engines that helped to make manufacturing much more efficient and quick. Factories began to employ machines to either increase work loads or precision in the production of many products. 

Boilerplate was unveiled in 1893 by Professor Archibald Campion . Built as a prototype soldier for use in resolving the conflicts of nations, Boilerplate served with Roosevelt’s Rough Riders ans fought alongside Pancho Villa.

The Twentieth Century to Today

 In 1920, Karel Capek published his play R.U.R. (Rossum’s Universal Robots), which introduced the word “robot.” It was taken from an old Slavic word that

meant something akin to “monotonous or forced labor.” However, it was thirty years before the first industrial robot went to work. In the 1950s, George Devol designed the Unimate, a robotic arm device that transported die castings in a General Motors plant in New Jersey, which started work in 1961. Unimation, the company Devol founded with robotic entrepreneur Joseph Engelberger, was the first robot manufacturing company. The robot was originally seen as a curiosity, to the extent that it even appeared on The Tonight Show in 1966. Soon, robotics began to develop into another tool in the industrial manufacturing arsenal. 

Robotics became a burgeoning science and more money was invested. Robots spread to Japan, South Korea and many parts of Europe over the last half century, to the extent that projections for the 2011 population of industrial robots are around 1.2 million. Additionally, robots have found a place in other spheres, as toys and entertainment, military weapons, search and rescue assistants, and many other jobs. Essentially, as programming and technology improve, robots find their way into many jobs that in the past have been too dangerous, dull or impossible for humans to achieve. Indeed, robots are being launched into space to complete the next stages of extraterrestrial and extrasolar research.

Robotics Terminology:Robot - Mechanical device that performs human tasks, either automatically or by remote control. Robotics - Study and application of robot technology.

Telerobotics - Robot that is operated remotely.

Definition : What is the Defination of  a Robot ?

As strange as it might seem, there really is no standard definition for a robot. However, there are some essential characteristics that a robot must have and this might help you to decide what is and what is not a robot. It will also help you to decide what features you will need to build into a machine before it can count as a robot.

A robot has these essential characteristics:

Sensing First of all your robot would have to be able to sense its surroundings. It would do this in ways that are not unsimilar to the way that you sense your surroundings. Giving your robot sensors: light sensors (eyes), touch and pressure sensors (hands), chemical sensors (nose), hearing and sonar sensors (ears), and taste sensors (tongue) will give your robot awareness of its environment.

Movement A robot needs to be able to move around its environment. Whether rolling on wheels, walking on legs or propelling by thrusters a robot needs to be able to move. To count as a robot either the whole robot moves, like the Sojourner or just parts of the robot moves, like the Canada Arm.

Energy A robot needs to be able to power itself. A robot might be solar powered, electrically powered, battery powered. The way your robot gets its energy will depend on what your robot needs to do.

Intelligence A robot needs some kind of "smarts." This is where programming enters the pictures. A programmer is the person who gives the robot its 'smarts.' The robot will have to have some way to receive the program so that it knows what it is to do.

So what is a robot?

Well it is a system that contains sensors, control systems, manipulators, power supplies and software all working together to perform a task. Designing, building, programming and testing a robots is a combination of physics, mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, structural engineering, mathematics and computing. In some cases biology, medicine, chemistry might

also be involved. A study of robotics means that students are actively engaged with all of these disciplines in a deeply problem-posing problem-solving environment.

Laws of Robotics:Asimov proposed three “Laws of Robotics”

Law 1: A robot may not injure a human being or through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm.

Law 2: A robot must obey orders given to it by human beings, except where such orders would conflict with the first law.

Law 3: A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the first law.

The robot control loop :

Sense Think

Act

Types of Robots:

Industrial Robots

materials handling

welding

inspection

Speech, Vision ,Acceleration, Temperature ,Position ,Distance

Touch, Force,Magnetic field ,Light

Sound ,PositionSense

Output information Move, Speech ,Text, Visuals Wheels Legs

Arms Tracks

Task planning,Plan Classification

Learn,Process data,Path planning

Motion planning

improving productivity

Laboratory applications

Mobile Robots

Robots that move around on legs, tracks or wheels.

Eg- In 1979 a nuclear accident in the USA caused a leak of radioactive material which led to Production of special robot –which Can handle the radioactive materials.

Educational Robots – Robotic kits

Are used extensively in education.

Eg-Robolab,Lego and RoboCup Soccer

Domestic Robots–

2 types–those designed to perform household tasks and modern toys which are programmed to do things like talking, walking and dancing,etc.

Robot

Components :

1. Manipulator or Rover: Main body of robot (Links, Joints, other structural element of the robot)

2. End Effecter: The part that is connected to the last joint hand) of a manipulator.

3. Actuators: Muscles of the manipulators (servomotor, stepper motor, pneumatic and hydraulic cylinder).

4. Sensors: To collect information about the internal state of the robot or To communicate with the outside environment.

5.Controller: Similar to cerebellum. It controls and coordinates the motion of the actuators.

6. Processor: The brain of the robot. It calculates the motions and the velocity of the robot’s joints, etc.

7. Software: Operating system, robotic software and the collection of routines.

The Purpose of Robots :

Robots are also used for the following tasks:

• Dirty Tasks

• Repetitive tasks

• Dangerous tasks

• Impossible tasks

• Robots assisting the handicapped Can operate equipments at much higher precision than humans. Cheaper on a long term basis.

Robotic Applications :

EXPLORATION

– Space Missions

– Robots in the Antarctic

– Exploring Volcanoes

– Underwater Exploration

MEDICAL SCIENCE

– Surgical assistant

ASSEMBLY - factories Parts-

- handling

- Assembly

- Painting

- Surveillance

- Security (bomb disposal,etc)

- Home help (grass cutting, nursing)

Conclusion :In the future is what we can answer these questions :

Can robots think? Will robots really be able to do all the things expected of them in the

future? Will robots eventually be able to take the place of humans? Do you think it’s worth spending the money to research robots for

military & police usage?

Bibliography :

http://www.thomasnet.com/articles/engineering-consulting/robotics-history

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_robots

http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Robotics/Introduction

http://fr.slideshare.net/parthmullick/introduction-to-robotics

http://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robot