The Road to Revolution

The Road to RevolutionThe Road to Revolution

Salutary NeglectSalutary Neglect

• During the early During the early years of the years of the existence of the existence of the colonies, Parliament colonies, Parliament opted for a policy of opted for a policy of salutary neglect or salutary neglect or non-interferencenon-interference

• It was too difficult It was too difficult to control the to control the situation in the situation in the colonies when they colonies when they were 3000 miles awaywere 3000 miles away

North American Land Claims North American Land Claims in 1750in 1750

The French & Indian War The French & Indian War BeginsBegins• England and France had England and France had been at odds with each been at odds with each other over the other over the Americas but the final Americas but the final struggle began in the struggle began in the Ohio ValleyOhio Valley

• The French drove out The French drove out English fur traders English fur traders and in 1754 built Fort and in 1754 built Fort Duquesne at the point Duquesne at the point where the rivers where the rivers Monongahela and Monongahela and Allegheny rivers meet Allegheny rivers meet to form the Ohio riverto form the Ohio river

• The fort posed a The fort posed a serious threat to the serious threat to the Virginia and Virginia and Pennsylvania coloniesPennsylvania colonies

George Washington George Washington ArrivesArrives

• Facing the threat of Facing the threat of the Fort, the the Fort, the colonists, under the colonists, under the command of 22 year old command of 22 year old George Washington, George Washington, attacked the fortattacked the fort

• the Virginia militia the Virginia militia were later captured were later captured and released by the and released by the French signaling what French signaling what became the start of became the start of the warthe war

A Shift in SupportA Shift in Support

• General Braddock’s General Braddock’s defeat in a second defeat in a second attempt to take attempt to take Fort Duquesne Fort Duquesne caused many Native caused many Native Americans to shift Americans to shift their support to their support to the Frenchthe French

• At this point the At this point the French were French were winning the war!winning the war!

William PittWilliam Pitt

• When William Pitt When William Pitt became minister of war became minister of war in 1758 for Britain in 1758 for Britain the tide shiftedthe tide shifted

• Pitt realized that by Pitt realized that by giving aid to France’s giving aid to France’s enemies in Europe he enemies in Europe he could effectively could effectively split her forcessplit her forces

• By the end of 1758 the By the end of 1758 the British were again British were again gaining a foothold in gaining a foothold in the Americasthe Americas

Quebec FallsQuebec Falls

• On September 13, On September 13, 1759 – General 1759 – General James Wolfe James Wolfe defeated Commander defeated Commander Montcalm on the Montcalm on the Plains of AbrahamPlains of Abraham

• Montcalm and Wolfe Montcalm and Wolfe both die as a both die as a result of their result of their wounds wounds

The Treaty of ParisThe Treaty of ParisFrance -->France --> lost her Canadian lost her Canadian

possessions, most of her possessions, most of her empire in India, and claims empire in India, and claims to lands east of the to lands east of the Mississippi River.Mississippi River.

Spain -->Spain --> got all French lands got all French lands west of the Mississippi River, west of the Mississippi River, New Orleans, but lost Florida New Orleans, but lost Florida to England.to England.

England -->England --> got all French lands got all French lands in Canada, exclusive rights to in Canada, exclusive rights to Caribbean slave trade, and Caribbean slave trade, and commercial dominance commercial dominance in India.in India.

• North American was now divided North American was now divided between Great Britain and between Great Britain and Spain with the Mississippi Spain with the Mississippi River forming the boundary River forming the boundary

The Effects of War The Effects of War

BritainBritain• It increased her It increased her colonial empire in colonial empire in the Americas.the Americas.

• It greatly enlarged It greatly enlarged England’s debt.England’s debt.

• Britain’s contempt Britain’s contempt for the colonials for the colonials created bitter created bitter feelings because feelings because they felt they had they felt they had to support the to support the colonists overseascolonists overseas

The ColoniesThe Colonies• It united them against It united them against a common enemy for the a common enemy for the first time.first time.

• It created a It created a socializingsocializingexperience for all who experience for all who participated participated increasing feelings of increasing feelings of being “American”being “American”

• It created bitter It created bitter feelings feelings towards the British towards the British that would only that would only intensify.intensify.

The Proclamation of The Proclamation of 17631763

• After Pontiac’s After Pontiac’s rebellion in the west rebellion in the west the British responded the British responded by drawing a boundary by drawing a boundary lineline

• This line effectively This line effectively ended settlement west ended settlement west of the Appalachian of the Appalachian MountainsMountains

• Colonists protested Colonists protested that the Proclamation that the Proclamation deprived them of land deprived them of land they had a right to they had a right to settle causing more settle causing more friction between friction between colonists and the colonists and the crowncrown

The Sugar ActThe Sugar Act

• British taxed colonists British taxed colonists on many of the goods on many of the goods coming into the colonies coming into the colonies from other placesfrom other places

• The most important of The most important of these was the Sugar Act these was the Sugar Act of 1764of 1764

• Colonial merchants Colonial merchants realized that realized that enforcement of this act enforcement of this act would wipe out profits would wipe out profits of the trade with the of the trade with the Spanish and French Spanish and French West IndiesWest Indies

The Stamp ActThe Stamp Act

• In 1765, British imposed In 1765, British imposed taxes upon all paper taxes upon all paper products and stamped products and stamped the item once the tax the item once the tax had been played.had been played.

• This tax was paid This tax was paid directly to the directly to the government – direct taxgovernment – direct tax

• Products affected Products affected ranged from documents ranged from documents and wills to playing and wills to playing cards and newspaperscards and newspapers

The Townshend ActsThe Townshend Acts

• This act placed This act placed duties on tea, duties on tea, paper, glass and paper, glass and paintpaint

• The British The British repealed this repealed this tax in 1770 tax in 1770 except for the except for the tax on teatax on tea

The Protests Begin!The Protests Begin!

• Patrick Henry’s speech

• Sons and Daughters of Liberty

• Benjamin Franklin’s visit to Parliament

• Boston Massacre

Patrick Henry Speaks Patrick Henry Speaks Out!Out!

• When the House of When the House of Burgesses met to Burgesses met to consider the Stamp Act consider the Stamp Act in May of 1765 Patrick in May of 1765 Patrick Henry introduced the Henry introduced the Virginia Resolutions Virginia Resolutions protesting protesting Parliament’s actionParliament’s action

• In his speech he In his speech he stated that since stated that since Americans elected no Americans elected no members to the British members to the British Parliament they should Parliament they should not be taxed by themnot be taxed by them

• This came to be know This came to be know as “no taxation as “no taxation without without representation”representation”

Sons of LibertySons of Liberty

• The Sons of Liberty The Sons of Liberty carried out organized carried out organized resistance by keeping resistance by keeping watch on shopkeepers watch on shopkeepers suspected of selling suspected of selling British goodsBritish goods

• A group existed in A group existed in almost every colony. almost every colony.

• Members included middle Members included middle and upper class and upper class citizens, anyone could citizens, anyone could join if they were join if they were trustworthy and had the trustworthy and had the skills the group needed. skills the group needed.

• Famous members included Famous members included Paul Revere, John Adams Paul Revere, John Adams and his cousin, Samuel and his cousin, Samuel Adams.Adams.

Daughters of LibertyDaughters of Liberty

• Colonial women Colonial women organized the Daughters organized the Daughters of Liberty to boycott of Liberty to boycott British goodsBritish goods

• They gave up imported They gave up imported clothes, made tea out clothes, made tea out of local herbs, and of local herbs, and produced homespun clothproduced homespun cloth

• One of the most One of the most influential Daughters influential Daughters of Liberty was Mercy of Liberty was Mercy Otis Warren, who Otis Warren, who published pamphlets published pamphlets supporting the supporting the resistance – she had to resistance – she had to publish in a man’s namepublish in a man’s name

The Boston MassacreThe Boston Massacre• After Parliament repealed After Parliament repealed

the Townshend duties, the the Townshend duties, the first clash between first clash between British and Americans took British and Americans took placeplace

• On the night of March 5, On the night of March 5, 1770, a crowd of 50 or 60 1770, a crowd of 50 or 60 men and boys gathered to men and boys gathered to taunt British soldiers taunt British soldiers outside the Boston Customs outside the Boston Customs HouseHouse

• When the crowd went as far When the crowd went as far as to throw sticks and as to throw sticks and snowballs at the redcoats, snowballs at the redcoats, the soldiers panicked and the soldiers panicked and opened fire, killing five opened fire, killing five menmen

• The event quickly became The event quickly became known as the Boston known as the Boston MassacreMassacre

The Boston Tea PartyThe Boston Tea Party• In 1773 the British East In 1773 the British East

India Company, facing India Company, facing bankruptcy, appealed to bankruptcy, appealed to Parliament for assistanceParliament for assistance

• Parliament quickly voted Parliament quickly voted to give them a monopoly to give them a monopoly for the trade of tea in for the trade of tea in AmericaAmerica

• Opposition groups Opposition groups mobilized against the plan mobilized against the plan and forcing ships to turn and forcing ships to turn back at New York and back at New York and Philadelphia harboursPhiladelphia harbours

• In Boston, Governor In Boston, Governor Hutchinson ordered that no Hutchinson ordered that no ship could leave harbour ship could leave harbour without being unloadedwithout being unloaded

• Colonists on a signal from Colonists on a signal from Sam Adams disguised Sam Adams disguised themselves as Mohawks, themselves as Mohawks, boarded the ship and boarded the ship and heaved 342 chests of tea heaved 342 chests of tea into the harbourinto the harbour

The Intolerable Acts The Intolerable Acts (Coercive Acts)(Coercive Acts)

• The Boston Port Act - The Boston Port Act - closed the port of Boston closed the port of Boston to tradeto trade

• The Massachusetts The Massachusetts Government Act - revoked Government Act - revoked the colony's charter and the colony's charter and forbade town meetingsforbade town meetings

• The Quartering Act - The Quartering Act - required the colonists to required the colonists to provide billets for provide billets for British soldiersBritish soldiers

• The Impartial The Impartial Administration of Justice Administration of Justice Act - removed British Act - removed British officials from the officials from the jurisdiction of jurisdiction of Massachusetts courtsMassachusetts courts

The Quebec Act - 1774The Quebec Act - 1774• It was passed at the It was passed at the

same time and considered same time and considered by many as one of the by many as one of the Intolerable ActsIntolerable Acts

• It extended the Canadian It extended the Canadian province of Quebec south province of Quebec south to the Ohio Riverto the Ohio River

• It also allowed French It also allowed French Canadians use of their Canadians use of their own legal system which own legal system which did not recognize trial did not recognize trial by juryby jury

• The colonists believed The colonists believed The Quebec Act was The Quebec Act was designed to keep designed to keep American settlers out of American settlers out of western lands foreverwestern lands forever

The First Continental The First Continental CongressCongress• 56 delegates from 12 56 delegates from 12 colonies attended the colonies attended the first Continental first Continental Congress in Congress in Philadelphia in Philadelphia in September, 1774September, 1774

• The Congress The Congress petitioned the King petitioned the King for relief from the for relief from the Intolerable Acts and Intolerable Acts and vowed to stop trade vowed to stop trade with Britain until with Britain until the acts were the acts were repealedrepealed

Here come the Brits!Here come the Brits!• Early on April 19, 1775, Early on April 19, 1775,

700 British soldiers were 700 British soldiers were secretly sent to destroy secretly sent to destroy the military supplies the the military supplies the colonists had collected colonists had collected at Concordat Concord

• After learning the After learning the soldiers’ destination, soldiers’ destination, the Sons of Liberty sent the Sons of Liberty sent Paul Revere & William Paul Revere & William Dawes to warn the Dawes to warn the MinutemenMinutemen of approaching of approaching British soldiers. British soldiers.

• Fighting between the Fighting between the Americans and the British Americans and the British broke out near Boston – a broke out near Boston – a city occupied in 1774 by city occupied in 1774 by the British army under the British army under General Thomas GageGeneral Thomas Gage

Lexington and ConcordLexington and Concord• When the British When the British

soldiers reached soldiers reached Lexington, Captain Jonas Lexington, Captain Jonas Parker and 75 armed Parker and 75 armed Minutemen were there to Minutemen were there to meet them. meet them.

• The Minutemen were The Minutemen were greatly outnumbered. The greatly outnumbered. The British soldiers fired, British soldiers fired, killing 8 Minutemen and killing 8 Minutemen and injuring 10 others.injuring 10 others.

• While the British While the British soldiers continued on soldiers continued on their way to Concord, their way to Concord, the men and women of the men and women of Concord were busy moving Concord were busy moving the arms and ammunition the arms and ammunition to new hiding places in to new hiding places in surrounding towns. surrounding towns.

The British Retreat to The British Retreat to BostonBoston

• A large force of A large force of patriots gathered in patriots gathered in response to the British response to the British troops. troops.

• As the British soldiers As the British soldiers headed back to Boston, headed back to Boston, they were attacked by they were attacked by the Minutemen. the Minutemen.

• All along the route, All along the route, Minutemen, local Minutemen, local farmers and townspeople farmers and townspeople continued the attack continued the attack against the British. against the British.

• By the time the By the time the soldiers reached soldiers reached Boston, 73 British Boston, 73 British solders were dead and solders were dead and 174 more were wounded.174 more were wounded.

Second Continental Second Continental CongressCongress

• The The Second Continental Second Continental CongressCongress was a body of was a body of representatives appointed representatives appointed by the legislatures of by the legislatures of several British North several British North American colonies which met American colonies which met from May 10, 1775, to March from May 10, 1775, to March 1, 1781 1, 1781

• By the time the Second By the time the Second Continental Congress met, Continental Congress met, the American Revolutionary the American Revolutionary War had already started War had already started with the Battles of with the Battles of Lexington and Concord on Lexington and Concord on April 19, 1775. April 19, 1775.

• Thus, the Second Thus, the Second Continental Congress found Continental Congress found itself in the unenviable itself in the unenviable position of being the position of being the decision-making body of a decision-making body of a military alliance at war military alliance at war with a far more powerful with a far more powerful enemy. enemy.

Thomas Paine and Common Thomas Paine and Common SenseSense• In January 1776, In January 1776, Thomas Paine published Thomas Paine published Common SenseCommon Sense

• He attacked the He attacked the strongest bond tying strongest bond tying tying America to tying America to Britain – the KingBritain – the King

• He pointed out the He pointed out the advantages of freedom advantages of freedom from British rule and from British rule and commercial commercial restrictionsrestrictions

• The book divided The book divided Americans into either Americans into either Patriots or LoyalistsPatriots or Loyalists

Independence!Independence!

• Beginning in April of Beginning in April of 1776, the colonies 1776, the colonies advised their advised their delegates to vote for delegates to vote for independenceindependence

• On June 7On June 7thth, Richard , Richard Henry Lee introduced a Henry Lee introduced a brief “Resolution of brief “Resolution of Independence”Independence”

• On July 2On July 2ndnd, 1776, the , 1776, the Continental Congress Continental Congress adopted Lee’s adopted Lee’s resolution “that these resolution “that these united colonies are, united colonies are, and of right ought to and of right ought to be free and be free and independent states.”independent states.”

The Declaration of The Declaration of IndependenceIndependence

• The Official The Official Declaration of Declaration of Independence was Independence was agreed upon on July agreed upon on July 44thth, 1776, 1776

• Its purpose was to Its purpose was to justify the justify the Revolution, state Revolution, state that the colonies that the colonies were independent and were independent and to express the to express the nation’s principlesnation’s principles

• The rest is history!The rest is history!