Reiner Stuhlfauth Technology Marketing Manager The road to 5G LTE-A evolution, Internet of Things and first 5G aspects Subject to change – Data without tolerance limits is not binding. R&S® is a registered trademark of Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KG. Trade names are trademarks of the owners. 2016 ROHDE & SCHWARZ GmbH & Co. KG Test & Measurement Division ROHDE & SCHWARZ GmbH reserves the copy right to all of any part of these course notes. Permission to produce, publish or copy sections or pages of these notes or to translate them must first be obtained in writing from ROHDE & SCHWARZ GmbH & Co. KG, Mühldorfstr. 15, 81671 Munich, Germany
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Reiner Stuhlfauth
Technology Marketing Manager
The road to 5G
LTE-A evolution, Internet of Things and first
5G aspects
Subject to change – Data without tolerance limits is not binding.R&S® is a registered trademark of Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KG. Trade names are trademarks of the owners. 2016 ROHDE & SCHWARZ GmbH & Co. KG
Test & Measurement Division
ROHDE & SCHWARZ GmbH reserves the copy right to all of any part of these course notes. Permission to produce, publish or copy sections or pagesof these notes or to translate them must first be obtained in writing fromROHDE & SCHWARZ GmbH & Co. KG, Mühldorfstr. 15, 81671 Munich, Germany
Agenda topicsı LTE evolution aspects: Rel. 13 with outlook on Rel. 14ı Optimization for IoT (LTE-M, NB-IoT)ı Device to device communication, LTE Directı Dual connectivityı License assisted access and LWAı V2V/V2X communications
2
Internet of Things IOT aspects• Bluetooth low energy• WLAN evolution• IEEE 802.15.4• LPWAN (Sigfox, LoRa, …)
The road to 5G – requirements and air interface• 5G a “new” air interface – technology aspects of new radio in 5G• Aspects of 5G new radio, industry trials, pre-5G implementation and 3GPP agreements• New multiple access schemes: schemes like NOMA, SCMA, IDMA• channel propagation aspects• Demystifying massiveMIMO and testing concepts
In the year of the LTE Surpass!
3
Enh. DL Control CH
NetworkEnergy Saving
Security enh.(eea3 ZUC)
CoMP UL / DLIn-device
co-existence
RAN enh. forDiverse DataApplication
Relays (part 2)
feICIC(further eICIC)
Service Continuityfor eMBMS
CAenhancements
NW-based positioning
(UTDOA)
UL MIMO 4x4
LTE Release 8FDD / TDD
The LTEvolution path: Rel. 8 – Rel. 11
Rel-10
Rel-9
Rel-11
Relaying SONenhancements
CarrierAggregation
DL MIMO8x8
UL MIMO2x2
EnhancedSC-FDMA
eICIC
eMBMS
Positioning
Dual LayerBeamforming
Multi carrier /Multi-RAT
Base Stations
Home eNodeB
Self OrganizingNetworks
Public WarningSystem (PWS)
5
5G - Continuing the Success of LTE Evolution
2009/10+ 2013+ Commercial operation2016+
Rel8 Rel9 Rel10 Rel11 Rel12 Rel13 Rel14
20 MHz
MIMO
OFDM
MBMS
Voice
Service: Data +Voice Mobile Broadband (MBB) eMBB / mMTC / URLLC
8x8 MIMO
CA
eICIC
CoMP
WLAN offload
MTC
D2D
DC
256 QAM
NB-IoT
Cat0
LAA
LWA
LWIP
PSM
CA FDD + TDD
CATM1
SC-PTM
D2D enh.
V2X
CA enh.
Carrier aggregation: primary + secondary CC
f
Uplink DownlinkUL-DL frequency Separation is signalled viaSystem information
Information provided bynewly introduced SystemInformation Blocks (SIB)
1 ms
Time
LTE-Advanced – Release 13 OverviewWork is completed in 3GPP
18
ı A new Study Item on “V2x” will particularly consider the usefulness of new LTE features to the automotive industry - including Proximity Service (ProSe) and LTE-based broadcast services such as Public Warning Systems (PWS) and eMBMS.
LTE in unlicensed spectrum (aka LAA)
CA enhancements
Elevation Beamforming / Full-Dimension MIMO
MTC enhancements
D2D enhancements
Single-cell Point-to-Multipoint (SC-PTM)
Enhanced multi-user
transmission techniques
Indoor positioning
NB-IoT
LTE-WLAN integration and interworking enhancements
32 CA
4G spectrum sharing today – on the way to 5G
Tiered sharing (incumbents)
Spectrum aggregation
Technology aggregation
Standalone unlicensed MulteFire
LTE-U / LAA
LWA (LTE + Wi-Fi)
CBRS, LSA
NR based MulteFire
NR based LAA
Multi-connectivity: NR,LTE,Wi-Fi
NR based tiered sharing
5G New Radio (NR)Sub 6Ghz + mmWave
LTE Advanced ProSpectrum below 6 GHz
Shared spectrum
technologies
unlicensed ≠ unlicensed: international licensing aspects
20
EIRP limitation -> maximum Tx power:e.g. BS power = max
1W, spectral density of17dBm/1MHz
Spectrumrestrictions
Interference aspects, toother radio technologies
⇒ proof of goodneighborhood
Limitation to indooronly of certainfrequencies
Avoid conflict withweather radar
Licensed Assisted Access (LAA) and LTE in Unlicensed Spectrum (LTE-U)
ı LTE-U Study Item to be completed by June 2015.
ı LAA included in 3GPP Rel. 13
21
20MHz
…..20MHz
5.925 GHz
UE
20MHz
…..20MHz
20MHz
20MHz
20MHz
20MHz
5.15 GHz 5.35 GHz
20MHz
5.47 GHz 5.85 GHz
20MHz
10MHz
Licensed Bande.g. Band 13
Downlink
Unlicensed Bande.g. 5 GHz initially as aSupplemental Downlink10
MHz
Licensed Bande.g. Band 13
Uplink
5.25 GHz
………
UNII-1 UNII-25.725GHz
…...
UNII-2e UNII-3
20MHz
120 MHzCould become
available in US, Europe
20MHz
………
Requires Dynamic Frequency Selection (DFS), UNII-2
777
f [GHz]
f [MHz]787 5725 5765746 756
UNII-4 (DSRC)
LAA – interference avoiding strategies
CSAT: carrier sensingadaptive transmission
LBT: Listen before transmit,e.g. source ETSI LBTproposal
LTE in unlicensed spectrumLTE-U / LAA: Introduction
ı Use Carrier Aggregation to enable LTE also in unlicensed spectrum.� Primary Component Carrier always in licensed spectrum. � Secondary Component Carrier could be in unlicensed spectrum.
ı “Good fences make good neighbors!”� In some regions unlicensed spectrum can be used “as is”, e.g. 5725
to 5850 MHz in the U.S., Korea or Japan. Generally all other regions have specific requirements, e.g. apply “Listen Before Talk” (LBT).
23
Sensing techniques are required →→→→ Rel13 LAA!
LBT – listen before talk, eLAA
LWALTE-WLAN Radio Level Integration – Radio Bearer
25
LTE-WLAN Aggregation Adaptation ProtocolSpecified in TS 36.360
WLAN offloading and LAA as complementSame motivation, separate ideas & similar results
LTEcell
WLANaccess point
e.g.10
MHz+
Licensed Band LTE carrier20
MHz
Unlicensed Band5 GHz
LTE carrier
LTEcell
LTE cell
e.g.10
MHz
Licensed Band LTE carrier
WLAN
Link aggregation
Carrieraggregation
WLAN offloading ISM Band
WLAN carrier
Both solutions will coexist – even in same network
CBRS – Citizens Broadband Radio Services
ı 3550-3650 MHz Bandı The 3550-3650 MHz band is allocated to the Radiolocation Service (RLS) and theı Aeronautical Radionavigation Service (ARNS) (ground-based) on a primary basis for federal
use. I.e. radar application for military usage.
ı 3650-3700 MHz Bandı The 3650-3700 MHz band is also allocated for terrestrial non-federal use
27
3 tier access model: 1st priority is incumbent owner of sp ectrumtier 2 + 3 can arrange on priority access based on geoloc ation databases for using thespectrum
tier 1: US navy,
incumbent
tier 2: Primary access
license PAL
tier 3: General
authorizedaccess GAA
can block can block
Multefire – industry driven standard, non-3GPP
20MHz
Unlicensed BandLTE carrier
LTEcell
Motivation mainly driven by industry:
• TD-LTE operation only in unlicensed or sharedspectrum 3.5 or 5.7 GHz. No licensed anchor
• According to LTE Rel. 13
• Full range of LTE services: data, voice, MBMS, IoTetc. with the simplicity of Wi-Fi
• Listen before talk like LAA to behave as goodneighbour
• operates at 20MHz bandwidth with up to 4x4 MIMO and 256QAM
DS
UU
UD
DD
DD
Multefire – fair spectrum usage and carrier aggregation
Dual link radio interface
Mobility issues in heterogeneous networks -> UE can keep one radio link to the macro cell and second link is added on best effort to add capacity
UE supports 2 simultaneous LTE radio links
Dual connectivity – motivation: handover failure
Measurement report
Handover to macro cell
But now,UE is out ofcoverage!⇒ Radio link failure
A major concern in HetNets is theissue of radio link failure whenhandover from pico into macro cell!
Handover to pico cell
Dual link radio connectivity
Macro #1
Pico #1Pico #2
Pico #3
Macro #2
SCell Addition
SCell Removal
SCell Change
SCell Addition
SCell Removal
PCell Handover
Mobility situation + capacity improvements due to dual radiofunctionality
Potential step (2018-2020) towards commercial 5G (≥ 2020)Combinations of Rel12/13 features + advanced antennas + increased BW @ below 6GHz
33
LTE/LTE-A(700 MHz - 2.5GHz)
SeNB in licensed or unlicensedband, using carrier aggregation
Small Cell3.5 GHz / ~ 5GHz
MeNB in licensed bandusing carrier aggregation
ı The below architecture is prepared to addresses future mobile broadband requirementsı LTE/LTE-A provides the controlling layer and specific enhanced requirements are solved by “adding” –
in this case adding small cell peak data rate / capacity using the carrier aggregation feature
3GPP Machine Type Communication
Making the network ready for the Internet of Things
Long PRU/PTU Timer per UESignaling ReductionSignaling Reduction
Minimum periodic search timer
Signaling ReductionSignaling Reduction
Attach with IMSIIndicator
Signaling ReductionSignaling Reduction
Device TriggeringReachabilityReachability
NIMTC SIMTC MTCe/LC_LTE
OverrideLAPI
Overload ControlOverload Control
MTCe2/eMTC
NB-IoTUE Category NB
Ultra Low Cost/Low powerUltra Low Cost/Low power
Rel.13: NB-IoT – even more ‚streamlined‘ than cat-M1
38
• Improved indoor coverage: extended coverage of 20 dB • Support of massive number of low throughput devices
e.g. 40 MTC devices per household• Reduced complexity• Things that cost less than a 2G device• Improved power efficiency: more than 10 years battery life time• Relaxed Delay characteristics: ~10 sec.
ObjectivesObjectives
Smart Parking Smart Bike Smart Suitcase Sensor NetworksAgriculture
Sensor
NB-IoT motivation aspects
39
Link budget of 164dB is requested for better coverage, i.e. deep indoor coverage
Huge number of devices is requested, i.e. goal is around 200 000 devices per cell
Power
frequency
single tone operationallows multiple UEs
single tone operationresults in a power
budget gain
repetitions increasecoverage
Rel 13: Narrowband-IoT (standardization still ongoing)
R&S LTE-M, NB-IoT, LTE-V - June 2016 40
The Uplink and Downlink total transmission bandwidt h is 180 kHz
Downlink: OFDM with 15 kHz sub-carrier spacing (1PRB)
Uplink: SC-FDMA with 3.75 kHz and 15 kHz for single-tone transmissions and
optional multi-tone transmissions with 15 kHz subcarrier spacing
Only FDD in half-duplex mode (analog to UE cat.0 half-duplex TypeB), no TDD in Rel.13
Reduced downlink transmission schemes:
TM1: Single antenna port, TM2: Two antenna ports, using transmit diversity
Only mobility in IDLE mode is supported
MTC features like Power Save Mode (PSM), extended DRX (eDRX) cycle are valid
Downlink: 1 Ressource block, 12 subcarriers à 15kHz
Uplink: 1 Subcarrier à 3.75kHz
Uplink: 1 Subcarrier à 15kHz
Uplink: 3 Subcarriers à 15kHz
Uplink: 6 Subcarriers à 15kHz
Uplink: 1 Ressource block, 12 subcarriers à 15kHz
NB-IoT core network and data transfer
42
Control plane CIoT EPS = data is sent via control messages only, suited for small + sporadic trafficUser plane CIoT EPS = data is sent connection oriented, i.e. using a radio bearer + traffic channel
2 types of traffic: IP based or non-
IP based
There is no QoS profile for NB-IoT, all trafficis assumed to be best effort and delay
tolerant!
NB-IoT inband operation
Frequency
fc= EUARFCN of LTE cell
Shift of N * 100kHz = possibleposition of NB-IoT anchor carrier
The inner 6 ressourceblocks cannot be used by NB-IoT
as overlapping with PSS; SSS and PBCHchannel bandwidth
possible RBs usedby NB-IoT
NB-IoT multi-carrier support: inband + standalone
fc of NB-IoT carrier,follows 100kHz raster
NB
-IoT
anch
orca
rrie
r
NB
-IoT
non-
anch
orca
rrie
r
NB
-IoT
non-
anch
orca
rrie
r
spectral offset doesnot need to follow
100kHz raster
maximum spectraloffset ∆f = 20MHz
NB-IoT UEs in idle modestay tuned to NB-IoTanchor carrier
NB-IoT UEs in connected mode mayuse the NB-IoTnon-anchor carrier
NB-IoT: new physical channels for data and controlNarrowband Physical Downlink Control Channel NPDCCH:ı Downlink and uplink scheduling decisionsı Paging indicationı Random access responseı HARQ feedback for UL NPUSCH
Narrowband Physical Downlink Shared Channel NPDSCH: l Downlink data + Layer 3 controll System informationl Paging informationl Random access response message
Narrowband Physical Uplink Shared Channel NPUSCH: l Uplink data & Uplink Layer 3 controll Uplink HARQ feedback
There are less number of physical channels to reduce the overall complexity
Narrowband Physical Random Access Channel NPRACH:• Uplink channel request
NB-IoT ressource unit
49
A new term is introduced: ressouceunit. Used to carry NPUSCH data
in uplink. Defined as a variable number of subcarriers and time
slots. (see next slides for details)
ULslots
ULsymb NN
Length in time domain:
Length in frequency domain(consecutivesubcarriers):
RUscN
4 slots=
2msec
NB-IoT UL ressource units – various combinations: time &
frequency
50
8 slots = 4msec
16 slots = 8msec
2 slots = 1msec
frequency axis: subcarrier spacing = 15kHz
time axis
ULscN = 12 subcarriers
16 slots = 32msec (data only)
frequency axis: subcarrier spacing = 3.75kHz
ULscN = 48 subcarriers
slotT = 15360 * Ts= 0,5msec
= 61440 * Ts= 2msec
slotT
4 slots = 8msec (control only)
frequency only single tone = 1 subcarrier
NB-IoT slot and frame structure
# 0 # 0 # 1 # 1 # 2 # 2 # 3 # 3 # 1 9 # 1 9
O n e s lo t , T s lo t = 1 5 3 6 0 × T s = 0 .5 m s
O n e ra d io f ra m e , T f = 3 0 7 2 0 0 × T s = 1 0 m s
# 1 8 # 1 8
O n e s u b fra m e ( ) sec55.322048150001s nT ≈×=
# 0 # 0 # 1 9# 4
O n e s lo t , T s lo t = 6 1 4 4 0 × T s = 2 m s
O n e ra d io f ra m e , T f = 3 0 7 2 0 0 × T s= 1 0 m s
O n e s u b fra m e
subcarrier spacing = 15kHz
subcarrier spacing = 3.75kHz
Cyclic prefix length
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Currently only normal CP length is supported for NB-IoT
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Normal cyclic prefix length: 1st CP is longer
1 slot = 0,5msecMismatch in time!1st Cyclic prefix is longer
15 kHz subcarrier spacing
SC-FDMA symbol lengthN = 2048 * Ts
CP length= 144 * Ts
= 160 * Ts for first symbol
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 slot = 2 msecSC-FDMA symbol lengthN = 8192 * Ts
CP length= 256 * Ts Guard period
N = 2304 * Ts
3.75 kHz subcarrier spacing
NPUSCH formats
NPUSCH format 1
NPUSCH format 2
carry UL-
SCH = data
carry UCI = control
frequency
1 subcarrier à 3.75kHzor1 subcarrier à 15 kHz
1 subcarrier à 3.75kHz or1 subcarrier à 15 kHz or3 subcarries à 15kHz or6 subcarriers à 15kHz or15 subcarriers à 15kHz
BPSK
BPSK
QPSK
frequency
Contentspectral bandwidth modulation
schemes
Resource allocation – timing aspects in downlink
subframesk k+1 k+2 k+3 k+4 k+5
NPDCCHDCI N2
NPDCCHDCI N1
NPDSCH
Downlink grant valid for subframe n+5 if DCI is format N1
Downlink grant with delay factor if DCI is format N2
NPDCCH
NPDSCH reception
NB-IoT Downlink reference signals
NB-IoT Downlink: NPSCH and NSSCH
10 ms radio frame
Zadoff-Chu sequence,
One sequence forall cells
Zhadoff-Chu sequencebased on the physical
cell ID
and then the index
Sent on subcarriers:
of symbols of first slot in subframe #5 + all symbols of second slot of each frame
Sent over the 12 assigned subcarriersand then the index over theassigned last 11 symbols of subframe #9
Only sent on evenframe numbers
NB-IoT mobility procedures
57
1. RRC connectionactivated
2. RRC connectionreleased, UE in idle mode
3. perform cellre-selection
4. RRC connectionestablished
No X2 interface for NB-Iot eNBs
To reduce the complexity, there are no handover possible in NB-IoT. Any mobility procedure is basedon UE idle mode mobility procedure, i.e. cell selection and cell re-selection principles
Secure User Plane SUPL= NB-IoT mayuse location based services sent over
user plane
LCSServer (LS)
SUPL / LPP
NB-IoT positioning aspects
LTE base stationeNodeB (eNB)
E-SMLC2)
SLP1)
MobileManagementEntity (MME)
ServingGateway(S-GW)
PacketGateway(P-GW)
SLs
S5
NB-IoTdevice with
location based capabilites
S1-U Lup
LCS4)
Client
GMLC3)
No support of radio based LBS, likeOTDOA or LPP or A-GNSS services
Challenges: For some NB-IoT devices, location based services would provideadditional value, but this would also increase the complexity. Compromise:
LBS support is UE specific and optional
Optional:GNSS support
Range of LTE categories to adress diverse IoT use cases
LTE-Advanced Pro Rel14No Signs for Slow-Down!ı Enhanced licensed-assisted access to unlicensed spectrum (eLAA)ı Support for V2V services based on LTE sidelink (V2V)ı LTE-based V2X services (V2X)ı Enhancements on Full-Dimension (FD) MIMO for LTE (eFD-MIMO)ı Downlink Multiuser Superposition Transmission for LTE (MUST)ı eMBMS enhancements for LTE (eMBMS)ı SRS Carrier Based Switching for LTE (SRS_CS)ı Further Indoor Positioning enhancements for UTRA and LTE (IPOS_enh)ı Uplink Capacity Enhancements for LTE (UL_CAP_enh)ı Further Enhanced MTC for LTE (feMTC)ı Enhancements of NB-IoT (eNB-IoT)ı Shortened TTI and processing time for LTE (sTTI)
60
Automotive and LTE / 5G
61
ı Initial Cellular V2X standard completedı “V2V communications are based on D2D
communications defined as part of ProSe services in Release 12 and Release 13 of the specification. As part of ProSe services, a new D2D interface (designated as PC5, also known as sidelink at the physical layer) was introduced and now as part of the V2V WI it has been enhanced for vehicular use cases, specifically addressing high speed (up to 250Kph) and high density (thousands of nodes). ”
ı 5G Automotive Association� AUDI AG, BMW Group, Daimler AG,
Ericsson, Huawei, Intel, Nokia und Qualcomm Inc. launched the 5G Automotive Association (5GAA)
� “The association will develop, test and promote communications solutions, support standardization and accelerate commercial availability and global market penetration. The goal is to address society’s connected mobility and road safety needs with applications such as connected automated driving, ubiquitous access to services and integration into smart cities and intelligent transportation”
C-V2X
62
Security aspect:An self-driving car mustbe able to takedecisions standalone!All measurementsamples are basedinside the system (=car)
C-V2X
63
Security aspect:An self-driving car mustbe able to takedecisions standalone!All measurementsamples are basedinside the system (=car)
But communication with others (cars, infrastructure, network etc) will make the self-drivingcars more comfortable => assume that there will be a mixture of self-contained like radar sensorsand communication techniques like DSRC and Cellular V2X.
ı Vehicle platooningı Sensor and state map sharing ı Remote driving of vehiclesı Collective perception of the environment ı Information sharing for full/automated driving/platooning ı Dynamic ride sharingı Intersection safety information provisioning for urban driving
Automotive Vertical: V2X & Autonomous Driving
V2V
V2D
V2P
V2H
V2I V2C
V2V: Vehicle to Vehicle
V2D: Vehicle to Device
V2P: Vehicle to Person
V2H: Vehicle to Home
V2C: Vehicle to Cellular
V2I: Vehicle to Infrastructure
C-V2X – infrastructure
C-V2X infrastructure scenario
2 modes possible:MBMS and direct End
to End
5GAA scenarios for C-V2X Device to device D2D
Vehicle to vehicle V2V Vehicle to pedestrian V2P Vehicle to (roadside) infrastructure V2I
Device to Cell-tower, V2I
Higher layer + scheduling
S-GW P-GW
Evolved nodeB
Evolved Packet Core
RAN
IMS
PSTNPDNMME
Device to network, V2N
C-V2X some aspects to be discussed: frequency, multi operator and sidelink+EUTRAN
single carrieror multi carrierpossible, UL / DL
2 frequencies considered:2GHz + 6GHz (ISM band)
single operator scenariomulti operator using shared UL/DLmulti operator, single UL, multi DL Rxby UE
simultaneous / sharedoperation beween sidelink basedand EUTRAN based
3GPP has defined the concept of temporary mobile group ID, TMGI to send data to a group of UEs via MBMS.But this concept does not support overlapping cell concept.
MBMS: broadcast data to different UEs -> addresse centricC-V2X: broadcast data to different UEs depending on their location -> position centric
e.g. cell group 2 (green) has to broadcast datarelevant for group 1 (red) and group 3 (yellow)
V2X Core Issues
Feasibilitystudy of
• Latency• Network coordination• Resource and energy efficiency• Higher Doppler
ı Enhancing the D2D (PC5) interface� In coverage and out-of-coverage
ı V2V PC5 uses a dedicated carrier which is only used for V2V communication� TR 36.785:
ı Time Synchronization via GNSS possibleı New transmission modes:
� TM3: eNB schedules resources� Scheduled by DCI format 5A, scrambled with SL-D-RNTI
� TM4: UE autonomous resource selection
73
E-UTRA V2X band /V2X channel bandwidthE-UTRA
V2XBand
1.4 MHz 3 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz 15 MHz 20 MHz
47 Yes Yes
Scenarios
74
Some Important Facts
ı DMRS extension� to cope with higher doppler shift up to 500 km/h
ı New arrangement of resources into resourcepools (RPs)� RP redesign� Control and data packets are in the same SF� Subchannel Structure� Reducing latency
75
C-V2X – some aspects to be considered
C-V2X will suffer from Doppler effect. Especially on the sidelink we have moving Rx and Tx!=> updated reference signal concept is needed
more DMRS, demodulation refernce symbols per subframe +shorter time interval
Some Important Facts (ct‘d)
ı Channel structure of Sidelink Communication is re-used� … however, no multiplexing between V2X and non-
V2Xı Spectrum sensing with semi-persistent transmission
� for distributed scheduling� taking advantage of the often periodic traffic in V2V
ı Concept of zones for transmission resources� Reducing the near-far problem
ı Service continuity optimization� … on Handover
77
The 7 pillars of V2V / V2X
78
Synchronization based on GNSS
Additional DMRS
New definition of resource pools
Control and data in same SF
Sensing and collision avoidance
Zone concept
One or two transmissions plus HARQ7
1
2
3
4
5
6
Two worlds collide
79
World Forum for the harmonization
of vehicle regulations (WP.29)
Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS) (US)China Compulsory Certification (CCC)ECE homologation (Europe)
Certification / Validation
1
80
“If you want to go fast, go alone. If you want to go far, go together!”