The Rise of the Ottoman Empire - Miss Caspers' Classroommisscaspersclassroom.weebly.com/.../ottomans_safavids_mughals_p… · The Ottoman Empire under Suleiman The Law Giver • Ruling

Warmup • List the Five Pillars of Islam

• 1) Shahadah – declaration of faith • 2) Salat – pray 5 times a day • 3) Zakat – giving charity to the poor • 4) Sawm – fasting during Ramadan • 5) Hajj – pilgrimage to Mecca

The Gunpowder Empires

1/5/2017

Ottomans and Timurids

Timur The Lame Timur the Lame (1336 –

1405) was a warrior from Central Asia who claimed to be a descendant of Genghis Khan

Born a Muslim Turk (not

part of the Ottoman Empire)

Timur envisioned a

restoration of Genghis’ huge empire

The Court of Timur the Lame

Timur the Lame • Military genius

• Conquered Russia, Persia,

Mesopotamia and India

• Replaced Genghis’ laws with Sharia Law

• Butchered the inhabitants of Delhi, making a pyramid of their skulls

• Military activities slightly interrupted the growth of the Ottoman Empire

• Crushed the forces of the Ottomans at Ankara in 1404

• Died in 1407 on his way to conquer China

“proclaim throughout the camp that every man

who had infidel prisoners was to put them to

death, and whoever neglected to do so should

himself be executed and his property given to

the informer. When this order became known

to the gházís of Islám, they drew their swords

and put their prisoners to death. 100,000

infidels, impious idolaters, were on that day

slain.”

Impact of the Timurid Empire

• The Mongol (Mughal) rule continued in India until the 1800’s

• The brutality of the Muslim Mongol against the Hindus began a long lasting division between the Muslims and Hindus of South Asia

Anatolia

• Modern-day Turkey

• Inhabited by the Turks

• Bordered the Byzantine Empire

Rise of the Ottoman Empire • The Ottoman Empire

got its name from its first ruler, Othman (Osman I)

• Not much known about his early life • Died in 1323

• Othman led a powerful Ghazi army

• A ghazi is a warrior for Islam • They raided infidel (non-Muslim)

lands

• This army relied on gunpowder

Ottoman Rule • The Ottoman Emperors took the title sultan

• Sultan means a supreme military commander and political ruler of an Islamic nation

• The Ottoman Empire lasted over 600 years

• From Anatolia, the Ottomans expanded their empire by: • Forming alliances • Buying and trading land

The Ottoman Empire

• During the 15th & 16th centuries, the Ottoman Empire had a strategic location between Europe and Asia

• Because the Ottoman Empire controlled most of the land between Europe and Asia, explorers from Europe had to find an alternate sea route to Asia

• Ottoman ships carried goods to North Africa, the Middle East and Europe

Rule under the Ottomans • In most cases, the Ottomans treated conquered people fairly • Non-Muslims (Christians & Jews) lived in self-governing

communities and paid special taxes for Ottoman protection • Muslim men had to serve in the army but did not have to pay

taxes

Three Powerful Ottoman Sultans

•Mehmet II the Conqueror

•Selim the Grim •Suleiman the Law Giver

Mehmet II Mehmet saw

Constantinople as a threat to the Ottoman Empire – Constantinople controlled

the Bosporus Strait – The Bosporus is the gate

between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean Sea

– Constantinople could cut off trade to the Ottoman Empire

– It was a vital city for the Ottomans to possess for the control of the traffic between Europe and Asia

Modern Day Bosporus Strait

Mehmet II Mehmet II conquered

Constantinople • The city of Constantinople is on

a protected peninsula • He used a chain to stop ships from

attacking the eastern side of the city

• Mehmet II attacked the northeastern side of the city by dragging 70 ships over land and around the chained harbor

• He was the first to use cannons to demolish the walls

• After 57 days of siege, Constantinople fell

The Golden Horn of Constantinople = a protected peninsula -- The route of Mehmet II ships

The Fall of Constantinople, 1453

Mehmet II • Constantinople reshaped

under Mehmet II’s control • Constantinople’s name

changed to Istanbul

• Istanbul became the capital of the Ottoman Empire

• Opened the city to new citizens of many religions

Mehmet II changed the Hagia Sophia into a mosque

Sultan Selim the Grim • 1512 = Selim took power and

brutally eliminated all rivals except one of his sons

• 1514= Selim defeated the Salavids at the battle of Chaldiran

• He conquered Syria, Palestine, and North Africa

• He captured Mecca and Medina

Selim added the orange areas of the map

Sultan Suleiman The Law Giver (1520) • Son of Selim the Grim

• Ruled for 46 years

• Became known as Suleiman the

Magnificent

• Suleiman was the most powerful ruler on Earth at that time

• Three major accomplishments: • Helped Ottoman Empire reach it’s

largest size • Captured Tripoli • Supported government reform and

cultural achievements

Palace of Topkapi

Suleiman The Magnificent

Sultan Suleiman the Great • He conquered Belgrade and the

island of Rhodes

• Ottomans dominated the Eastern Mediterranean (until they were defeated by Spain in 1571)

• Conquered the ports along the

North African coast

• Expansion stopped when he was not able to take the city of Venice

Suleiman added the purple areas of the map

The Ottoman Empire under Suleiman The Law Giver • Ruling a vast empire required an efficient bureaucracy • The Devshirme Policy:

• The Sultan took the ablest Christian boys away from their families at an early age

• Candidates were selected by royal scouts and trained in the royal academies for leadership

• The Devshirme Policy was resented by most Christian families • The boys were enrolled into one of four imperial institutions: the

Palace, the Scribes, the Religious, and the Military • Converting to Islam was mandatory • The boys were given an exceptionally good education and could lead

to a rise in rank (more power and money)

The Ottoman Empire under Suleiman The Law Giver The Janissaries

• Enslaved Christian boys who received military training

• Soldiers created out of the

Devshirme policy

• Elite force that guarded the sultan’s palaces

• Talented Janissaries could rise to prominent governmental positions

Janissaries taking a guarded city

THE OTTOMAN BUREAUCRACY

•Millets = Ruling religious communities under the Ottoman Empire •Christians and Jews made up millets. They were self ruling but they had to pay a special tax because they were not Muslim

The Decline of the Ottoman Empire Suleiman killed his most competent son (feared rivalry)

His incompetent third son took control of the throne

Spain and Italy defeated the Ottoman's navy

A long line of weak sultans followed The Ottoman Empire ended in 1923 following the end of WWI

(the sick man of Europe)

The Safavid Empire

Patterns of Cultural Blending • Cultural blending occurs in places where two or more cultures

interact • Prompted by:

• Migration • Trade • Conquest • Pursuit of religious converts/religious freedom

The Safavids Built a Shi’a Empire • After the decline of the Timurid Empire,

Persia was a fractured area • Lots of different religious and political

groups • Safavids were a Turkish tribe of Shi’ite

Muslims • Descended from the prophet

Muhammad • Focused on building a powerful army

• Nicknamed the “redheads” because of unique red headgear they wore

• Leader, 14 year old Ismail, was a brilliant warrior

• Seized more of present-day Iran and continued to conquer the empire of Persia

• Took the title of Shah

Safavids vs. Ottomans • Safavids = small Shia Muslim area • Ottomans = large and powerful Sunni Muslim area • The Ottomans saw the Safavids as a threat, and Sultan Bayezid

II raised an army against them • The Ottomans had artillery (cannons, gunpowder, etc.), while

the Safavids did not • The Battle of Chaldiran in 1514 (Ismail defeated) started a

series of wars between the two empires that lasted for 300 years • Ideology • Territory • Politics

Ottoman and Safavid Empires The Safavid Empire prevented the Ottomans from controlling the Caspian Sea

The Mughal Empire

Early History of the Mughals • The Mughals were an Islamic group who were

the descendants of the Mongols

• Invaded and conquered India

• The word Mughal is the Indian word for Mongol

• 700-1000 = Indians prevented Mongol invasions

• 1000 = the Sultan Mahmud destroyed many Indian cities and made Delhi an Islamic capital

• 1398 = Timur the Lame destroyed Delhi as an example to other Indian cities

• Between 1100-1600, the interaction between

the Hindu and Muslim societies can best be described as a period of conflict alternated with periods of religious toleration and peaceful coalition

Timur took large parts of Northern India and other parts he looted and destroyed in a brutal fashion.

Five Great Mughal Leaders 1. Babur

2. Akbar

3. Jahangir and Nur Jahan

4. Shah Jahan

5. Aurangezeb

The Mughal Empire • 1492 Babur became

king at the age of 11

• He was a descendant of Timur the Lame (related to Genghis Khan)

• At first his kingdom

was small (the area of present day Uzbekistan and Tajikistan)

Babur Finds The Mughal Empire • Babur was a brilliant

military strategist • Babur was able to

win a decisive victory over the sultan of Delhi • His army was greatly

outnumbered 12,000 to 100,000

Babur’s conquest is shown in purple

Akbar the “Great One” • Grandson of Babur • A military conqueror • Believed in war for its

own sake • Always on the offensive,

conquering new lands • His armies relied on

heavy artillery to take fortified cities

• He unified a land of a 100 million people

Akbar’s conquest is shown in dark orange

Akbar’s Religion • Akbar was born a Muslim

• He practiced religious

tolerance – He had wives who were

Christian, Hindu and Muslim (proof that he was tolerant of other religions)

– He abolished religious taxes for non-Muslims

• He started his own religion called the Divine Faith – It combined Hinduism,

Jainism, and Islam

Akbar the Great

The “Golden Age of Akbar” • A mixture of many cultures

• Persian was the language of the high court

• Hindi was the most common vernacular language • Still the most important language in India today

• Urdu (from the soldiers’ camps) was the language

of the army • A mixture of Arabic, Persian and Hindi

The Golden Age of Akbar • Arts flourished

• Example is miniatures (small, highly detailed and colorful paintings)

• Literature • The writing of the book Akbarnamah (Book of Akbar)

• A great period of revived architecture

– Akbar built the capital city of Fatehpur Sikri city – Abandoned only after 15 years due to a lack of a reliable water source

Palace at Fatehpur Sikri

The Reign of Janghira and Nur Jahan

• Jahangir was the the son of Akbar. He was a weak ruler, but his Persian wife Nur Jahan was a skilled politician

Nur Jahan: A Woman of Power • The Woman

• Persian wife • Hunted tigers • Rode horses • Composed poetry • Designed clothes

• She manipulated the offices

of state to ensure her power • She put her father in the

position of Prime Minister of the Mugal Court

• She positioned Khusrau, Jahangir’s son, as the future emperor

Nur Juhan

The Reign of Janghira and Nur Jahan • Nur Jahan and Jahangir did

not practice religious tolerance like Akbar

• They supported Islam

• Khusrau’s Rebellion – Son against father – He turned to the Guru Arjun, a

Sikh for support – Khusrau was defeated and

ordered to be blinded

• The Sikhs practice a religion that combine the beliefs of Buddhism, Hinduism and Sufism – Sikhism’s main goal was to build a

close and loving relationship with God through meditation

Emperor Janghir receiving his two sons, Khusrau and Parviz

Shah Jahan • Grandson of Akbar

• Feared all rivals to the throne

and had them assassinated

• Loved two things • Beautiful buildings • His wife, Mumtaz Mahal

• Under Shah Jahan there were

great famines, high taxes and war

Mumtaz Mahal • Mumtaz Mahal was

the wife of Shah Jahan

• She died at age 38 giving birth to her 14th child

The Taj Mahal

• Shah Jahan ordered the building of the Taj Mahal as a tomb for Mumtaz Mahal’s body • One of the most beautiful buildings in the world

• Made of white marble and jewels • Single towering marble dome and four slender towers • Inside is a glittering garden of a thousand carved marble flowers inlaid with precious

stones • Site for the Muslim faithful today • One of the finest examples of Mughal architecture, blending Persian, Islamic and Indian

styles

Aurangezeb • Ruled from 1658-1707

• Master military

strategist

• Aggressive empire builder

• The Mughal Empire expanded to its greatest extent

Aurangezeb’s conquests are shown in light orange

The Reign of Aurangezeb • Rigidly enforced Islamic law

• No drinking, no gambling or other vices • Appointed censors to police his subjects’ morals

• Did not practice religious tolerance • Taxed non-Muslims • Hindus removed from high positions • Hindu temples destroyed

• He made too many enemies and could not hold the empire together