COPYRIGHT © 2011 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. 1 COPYRIGHT © 2012 ALCATEL-LUCENT. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. THE RISE OF HETEROGENOUS NETWORKS STEVE KEMP, SR. DIRECTOR MARKETING & STRATEGY MARCH 29, 2012
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THE RISE OF HETEROGENOUS NETWORKSSTEVE KEMP, SR. DIRECTOR MARKETING & STRATEGY
MARCH 29, 2012
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NEW WIRELESS NETWORKSAN AMALGAM OF SEVERAL IMPORTANT ELEMENTS
DEVICES BANDWIDTH CONTENT & PRESENTATION
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MOBILE DATA DEMAND IS EXPLODINGVIDEO-ENABLED DEVICES ARE THE FUTURE CONSUMERS
Source: Bell Labs analysis and Alcatel-Lucent analysis of live networks using 9900 Wireless Network Guardian
PETABYTES PER MONTH
30X GROWTH OVER 5 YEARS!
0
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015
Dongle/tabletsSmartphonesFeature phones
6.5 million gigabytes!
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VIDEO-ENABLED DEVICES ARE THE BIG CONSUMERS
Source: BusinessWeek February 2010 plus internal Alcatel-Lucent Research estimates
One megabyte equals:
• one digital book, or …
• 45 seconds of music, or …
• 20 seconds of medium quality video
Voice Calls: 4-11 MB
Web Browsing: 20 MB
Email: 20 MB
Voice Calls: 4-11 MB
Web Browsing: 30 MB
Email: 50 MB
Voice Calls: 4-11MB
Web Browsing: 100 MB
Net Radio: 70 MB
YouTube: 50 MB
Email: 50 MB
Web Browsing: 350MB
Net Radio: 140 MB
YouTube: 150 MB
Email: 100 MB
80 MB
185 MB
800 MB
1900 MB (1.9 GB) per Month
high-end netbooks or laptops model about 30% higher
Monthly Totals
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LTE NETWORKSA GLOBAL SNAPSHOT
222 OPERATORS IN 87 COUNTRIES INVESTING IN LTE*
• 37 commercial network launches in 21 countries
• 185 network commitments in 66 countries
• More than 103 commercial networks by the end of 2012
• 3.8 million LTE subscriptions
3.8 Million LTE Subscriptions as of September 2011
Asia Pacific
392 thousand
10.34%
Eastern Europe
7 thousand
0.18%
Western Europe
103 thousand
2.71%
USA/Canada
3.3 million
North America has87% of all LTE
connections worldwide
Sources: *GSA Evolution to LTE report, October 2011, 4G Americas/Informa, and other company data
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BEYOND THE DEPLOYMENT OF LTE MACRO BTSEMERGING NETWORK CONCERNS
• Macro cells are spaced for good “overall” performance; weaker at the cell edge
• Numerous factors make it difficult to place new macro cells; zoning restrictions, real estate, expense, etc.
• Certain bands are inherently better performers than others
Heterogeneous Networks Address All of These Needs
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WIRELESS DEPLOYMENTSKEY UNDERLYING NORMS
• 2%-3% users generate 40%-50% of mobile data traffic
• 60% - 70% mobile data generated by nomadic users, indoors
• 1 sector often carries the bulk of the traffic
Traffic:
EXAMPLE HEAT MAP BASED ON LARGE US CITY
Small Cells and DAS are Specific Solutions for Specific Problems
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SETTING REAL WORLD EXPECTATIONSBASED ON LTE FDD 10 MHZ @ 2.6 GHZ
Source: Bell Labs RF analysis using Mobile Data Analysis Modeling (MADM)
Existing Macro Cells
DISTRIBUTION OF CUSTOMER EXPERIENCE
28% >10Mb/s
59% >5Mb/s
84% >3Mb/s
85% >1Mb/s
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HETEROGENOUS NETWORKS (HETNETS)SMALL CELLS
RESIDENTIAL COVERAGE
INDOORHOT-SPOTS
OUTDOORHOT-SPOTS
IN-BUILDINGPENETRATION
RURALACCESS
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IN A SIMILAR VEIN TO HETNETS:DISTRIBUTED ANTENNA SYSTEMS
Wideband Antenna
Radio Interface
Wideband Antenna
Wideband Antenna
A-to-A Converter(s)
BTS or Remote Amp(s)
Patch Panel -48VDC
Coax
Fiber
Coax
Source diagram for explanation copyright SOLiD Technologies
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DISTRIBUTED ANTENNA SYSTEMS AND SMALL CELLSMAJOR DIFFERENCES
BTSDAS
SYSTEMCORE
CORE
1 Sector
Largely limited to the throughput of 1 sector
and the air link
Largely limited to the throughput of the air interface and backhaul
However big you make it
(GbE, CPRI, etc.)
SMALLCELL
2x2 MIMO
• Typically engineered for coverage with average wireless data speeds
• Satisfies requirements for multi-operator transmission (“neutral host”)
• Is a mini BTS in itself
• Capable of significant data throughput and capacityper user
• Not geared toward neutral host operation
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Assumptions from TR36.814 adapted to
700 MHz
# of pico cells per macro
Based on uniform user distribution
Based on hotspot user distribution
1 17% 193%
2 40% 300%
4 85% 467%
10 212% 960%
Percent Gain in Median User Throughput (compared to macro only)
2x1 watt metro cell Tx power, cell edge placement
HETNET PERFORMANCEMETROCELLS
• For hotspot traffic, large throughput gains are achieved with well planned small cell deployment, where more users access more bandwidth
• For uniform traffic, less traffic is offloaded from the macro cell and fewer users access more bandwidth, resulting in more modest gains
• With hotspot traffic, good
small cell planning provides
cell splitting-like gains (use
per call monitoring to identify
hotspot locations)
ENGINEERED HOTSPOT DISTRIBUTION
Macro eNB
Metro Cell Metro Cell
Macro eNB
Metro Cell Metro CellUNIFORM USER DISTRIBUTION
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HETNET ENGINEERING CONSIDERATIONSSEAMLESS MOBILITY BETWEEN SMALL AND LARGE
Small Cell to Small Cell
• Handovers supported for all calls (CS, PS and CS+PS)• Small cell to small cell within the same group• Small cell to small cell within different groups (future)
Small Cell to Macro Handovers
• Handovers supported for calls (CS, PS and CS+PS)• Small cell to 3G macro• Small cell to 2G macro• UE assisted small cell to macro (increases success rate)• Intra-frequency small cell to 3G macro Mobile Assisted MAHO (shared carrier deployment)
Macro to Small Cell Handovers
• Handovers supported for all calls (CS, PS and CS+PS)• 3G macro to small cell
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3G (NON-LTE) HETEROGENOUS NETWORKSINTERFERENCE MANAGEMENT USING BIAS AND/OR BAND
Exclusion zone
Low efficiency zone
Moderate efficiency zone
High efficiency zone
Small cell footprint varies based on its distance from the macro
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LTE HETEROGENOUS NETWORKSINTERFERENCE MANAGEMENT: RELEASE 10 eICIC & ABS
Macrocell Layer
Metrocell Layer t
tSchedule Cell Border
Schedule Cell Inner
Almost Blank Subframes
• Increased coverage
• Higher spectral efficiency
• Significant improvement in capacity and cell edge performance
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LTE HETEROGENOUS NETWORKSFREQUENCY SELECTIVE SCHEDULING & FRACTIONAL POWER
• Leverage existing Release 8 capabilities with availability of RI, PMI, CQI data in periodic (PUCCH) and/or aperiodic (PUSCH) fashion
• Simultaneously employ Frequency Selective (specific) and Frequency Diverse (weighted) scheduling depending on user velocity
• Employ upstream fractional power control based on variable SINR
• Implement hybrid ARQ based on variable scheduling
Virtually the same network gains without waiting for Release 10!
180KHz Resource Blocks
spread over 1.4-20MHz
1ms tim
e intervals
Small CellTraffic
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HetNets seem like a lot of work.So, why bother?
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COMPARISON OF NETWORK FIRST COSTSHETNETS RESULT IN ABOUT 30% DCF SAVINGS*
Note: Based on new build of 10 million subscriber LTE network
CAPEX EXPENSE
-
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Millions USD
Without HetNets
With HetNets
NON-CAPEX EXPENSE
-
500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
4,500
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017
Millions USD
Without HetNets
With HetNets
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TYPICAL APPLICATION FOR SMALL CELLS OR DASLARGE PUBLIC VENUES
• Reflective exterior finishes (steel and glass) attenuate inward
• Reflective interior materials (suite glass, LCD screens)
• Concrete and steel construction
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METROCELLS IN LARGE VENUESA CASE STUDY
• 3D RF study of 80,000 seat stadium
• Minimum service level of 128Kb/s unicast per user
• Different deployment models based on small cell density as well as type of antenna and carrier reuse
- Alternate deployment densities: 62, 104, 124 transmitters
- Use of single patch and 4x1 patch antennas
- Carrier reuse 1 (10MHz) and 2 (2x 5MHz)
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METROCELLS IN AN 80,000 SEAT STADIUM
• With 124 access points, nearly 5,000 subscribers would be able to receive 128Kb/s full time based on 2x 5Mhz carriers
RF HEATMAP BASED ON SINR
Network Price ($000)
PRICE VERSUS CAPACITY
700
800
900
1,000
1,100
1,200
1,300
1,400
1,500
2,000 2,500 3,000 3,500 4,000 4,500 5,000
Number of 128 Kb/s Channels
Small Cells compare quite favorably to DAS, especially given capacity
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AN EMERGING TREND IN HETNETSTHE END OF THE DREADED WI-FI LOG IN!
• Trusted/secure WLAN (Wi-FI) gateway integrated within EPC
• Integrated RAN/Wi-Fi access with seamless access
• Automatic discovery and selection (ANDSF), enabling connection to best network
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WI-FI INTEGRATED SMALL CELLSMETROCELL OUTDOOR WITH OPTIONAL PLUGGABLE WI-FI MODULE
lightRadio™ Metro Cell Outdoor with optional pluggable Wi-Fi module
- Carrier-grade Wi-Fi access point combined with 3GPP access point
- Innovative folded dipole antenna
- Dual band 2.4/5 GHz operation(802.11 b/g/n, 802.11a/n) with MIMO
- LTE 2x2 MIMO (AWS, 2600, or 700 bands)
– Common RAN OAM
– Several backhaul options (fiber, PON, xDSL)
Live at Mobile World Congress!
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HetNets
1
3
2
WE ARE NEARING THE PRACTICAL LIMITS OF INFORMATION THEORY AND SPECTRUM IS LIMITED
• Heterogeneous networks with small cells will become a necessity
THE GAINS OF HETNETS CAN’T BE IGNORED
• Typical models are indicating spectral gains of 200-400%• Business cases are yielding up to 30% savings in cost-per-bit• Live trials are yielding throughput up to the spectral limit
SMALL CELLS WITHIN HETNETS ARE SPECIFIC
• Mobile data users are known to be nomadic and concentrated
• HetNets should be engineered to address specific hot spots
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