The Rise of Absolutism. Absolutism: A political system in which a single ruler has unrestricted power.

The Rise of Absolutism

Absolutism:

A political system in which a single ruler has

unrestricted power

INTRODUCTION• In the Middle Ages, the power of kings had

been limited by nobles, parliaments, and the Catholic Church

• The decline of feudalism, the Renaissance, the Protestant Reformation, and the Commercial Revolution all helped enrich European society and increase the power of European monarchs (hereditary rulers)

THE BIG QUESTION:

• How did Europe’s rulers achieve absolute power?

WARS OF RELIGION• During the Reformation, most kings took

control of religion within their own borders• Religious wars provided kings with an

opportunity to build large standing armies–Introduced new government officials–Allowed tax increases (resistance was put

down by the king’s army)

CHANGING ROLES OF THE NOBILITY

• In the Middle Ages, nobles had been independent sources of power

• In the 1600s, rulers began to “tame” the nobility by keeping watch over them.

• Nobles kept wealth and privileges, but had to obey the king’s command

• The growing urban middle classes often allied themselves with kings against the nobility

JUSTIFICATIONS FOR ROYAL POWER

• “Reason of state” – justified doing whatever was necessary for the survival of the state

• Some thought that without a strong central authority to keep order, society would break down, so kings were justified in seizing absolute power in order to maintain order in society

• Divine right of kings – the king was God’s deputy on earth, and royal commands expressed God’s wishes

Spain

King Charles V• 1500-1558• Grandson of Ferdinand &

Isabella• Also heir to the Hapsburg

family, who ruled over the Holy Roman Empire and the Netherlands, so he was King of Spain, King of the Netherlands, and the Holy Roman Emperor (or King of Germany) all at the same time!

King Charles V• Charles was staunchly Catholic

and, in his role as Holy Roman Emperor, tried to suppress Martin Luther by issuing the Edict of Worms (and, thereby control his people’s religion)

• In 1556, Charles retired and became a monk, giving control of the Holy Roman Empire to his brother and control of Spain, its colonies, and the Netherlands to his son Philip II.

King Philip II• 1556-1598• Made Spain the strongest

power in Europe, based mainly on the immense wealth Spain had due to its American colonies

• Absolute Monarch– believed that he ruled by “divine

right,” or through God’s authority– Sought to protect and strengthen

the Catholic Church by outlawing Protestantism in his lands and reinstating the Spanish Inquisition

Wars of Philip II• Faced rebellion by Dutch

Protestants in the Netherlands (Dutch broke free of Spanish rule in 1648, after 67 years of fighting.)

• Attempted to invade and conquer England in 1588 and claim the throne of his late wife, the Catholic Mary I, from her Protestant sister Elizabeth

The Spanish Armada• Invasion force which included

130 ships and 20,000 men• Despite its formidable size, the

Armada was decisively defeated by a combination of bad weather and smaller, faster English ships

• Philip had spent so much of Spain’s wealth on the Armada that its failure (coupled with inflation) ruined Spain’s economy and caused Spain to quickly go into decline as a world power

France

King Louis XIV• 1638 – 1715• Became king at age 5 and

ruled for 72 years• Referred to himself as the

“Sun King” – because the sun was believed to be the center of the universe by this time

• Nearly bankrupted France by building himself a massive new palace at Versailles, which housed 10,000 people

King Louis XIV• Absolutist

– Disbanded France’s legislature (Estates General)

– Forced the upper nobility to live at Versailles as his perpetual guests so that he could control them

– Built a powerful, professional army of 300,000 men

– Revoked the Edict of Nantes, causing over 100,000Protestants and Jews to flee France

– His personal motto was “I am the state.”

Holy Roman Empire (Germany)

Rise of Austria and Prussia• Holy Roman Empire was

fractured into hundreds of small rival states, each with its own prince; the princes elected the Holy Roman Emperor, thereby keeping the emperor pretty much powerless

• In addition, Germany was home to both Catholics and Protestants, and they didn’t like each other very much

• These two things added together resulted in the Thirty Years’ War

The Thirty Years War• War started in 1618 in

Bohemian city of Prague when a rebellion broke out after the king there tried to suppress Protestantism

• Both sides sought allies outside of Bohemia, and pretty quickly most of Europe had taken one side or the other

• The war was extremely violent; as much as 1/3 of central Europe’s population may have died

The Peace of Westphalia• Ended Thirty Years War in 1648• France ended up with more

territory, the Holy Roman Empire broke apart into 360 separate states (but still had a figurehead Holy Roman Emperor), Switzerland and the Netherlands became independent states

• Led to the rise of Hapsburg Austria in the south, who would grow into a major Catholic power, and their rival, Hohenzollern Prussia in the north, a Protestant power

Austria’s Maria Theresa• 1717 – 1780• Absolutist

– Dictated reforms in everything from education to agriculture to the military

– Allowed only Catholicism– Employed special “moral

decency” police who expelled prostitutes, gamblers, and other undesirables from the state

– Forced smallpox inoculation (like a vaccine, but runs the risk of death) on her citizens

• Mother of 16 children, including Marie Antoinette

Austria’s Joseph II• 1741 – 1790• Son of Maria Theresa• Considered an “enlightened despot” –

ruled absolutely, but most of his decisions benefitted his people

• Allowed freedom of religion, even for Jews (angering Protestant citizens)

• Abolished serfdom (angering nobility)• Built public hospitals• Abolished the death penalty• Made elementary education mandatory• Made German the official language

(angering non-German citizens)• Patron of the arts: employed both

Mozart and Beethoven• Not satisfied with his accomplishments;

his epitaph reads: “Here lies Joseph II, who failed in all he undertook”

Prussia’s Frederick William I• 1688 – 1740• Absolutist

– Built Prussia into a military state

– Made basic education mandatory

– Forced the nobility (the Junkers) into serving as the officer-class for his army

– Had his own son (and heir) court-martialed at 19

Prussia’s Frederick II• 1712 – 1786• Son of Frederick William I• Another “enlightened despot”• Author of Anti-Machiavel

(1740), which argued against Machiavelli’s idea that the ends justifies the means

• Forcibly modernized Prussian government, agriculture and industry

• Practiced religious tolerance, even of Jews, and advocated peace with the Muslims

• Musician, artist, and Freemason, he spoke 9 languages

Russia

Peter the Great• Peter became czar at age 10, but

did not assume control until age 17 in 1689

• In 1697, he traveled to Western Europe to investigate stories of fantastic new technologies; he learned about new inventions, new forms of government; he hired many specialists to return to Russia with him

• In order to force through his western ideas, which were opposed by many in Russia, Peter became an absolutist

Peter the Great• Absolutist

– Peter wanted nobles free to serve the state; this meant that they had to have a regular income, so Peter added more serfs

– Forced educational and economic reforms

– Forced the nobility to shave their beards and to adopt western fashions

– Harshly put down anyone who opposed him, executed thousands

Peter the Great• Expanded Russia’s borders

– needed a warm water port (Russia’s ports were on the Arctic Ocean and iced in during the winter)• tried to seize Black Sea ports from

Ottomans, but failed• fought a war with Sweden and did

manage to secure access to the Baltic Sea

• on this new land, Peter built a new capital (called St. Petersburg), a sort of Russian version of Versailles

– Pushed Russia’s borders as far east as Alaska (N. America)

Catherine the Great• 1729 – 1796• Prussian princess who married

Czar Peter III and ascended to the throne after his death

• Another “enlightened despot”• Expanded Russian Empire• Brutally suppressed rebellions• Promoted education, even for

women• Continued to modernize the

government• Heavily censored the press• Promoted Orthodox Christianity,

but tolerated Islam and Judaism

Absolutist Monarchs• Spain: Charles V, Philip

II• France: Louis XIV• Austria: Maria Theresa• Prussia: Frederick

William I• Russia: Peter the

Great