The Revival, Regeneration and Conservation Master Class: Focus Water Environment and Energy Conclave 29th and 30 th August 2014 at ITC Sonar, Kolkata Suresh.

The Revival, Regeneration and Conservation Master Class:

Focus Water

Environment and Energy Conclave

29th and 30th August 2014

at ITC Sonar, Kolkata

Suresh Kumar RohillaProgramme Director – Water ManagementCentre for Science & Environment, Delhi

Structure of the Presentation

• Summary assessment of water management in India based on CSE research – focus on urban water

• Agenda for change – mainstreaming revival, regeneration

and reuse/recycle for sustainable water management.

CSE’s Recent Publication

http://cseindia.org/content/excreta-matters-0 Buy online at http://csestore.cse.org.in

Volume 1 - dwells on how urban India is soaking up water, polluting rivers and drowning in its own waste ( 296 pages).

Volume 2 - contains a very detailed survey of 71 cities, and presents an assimilation of the survey's results (496 pages).

Growing Water crisis Asia

o In the last hundred years world population tripled .... but human use of water increased six times

o Worldwide, the consumption of water is doubling every 20 years - more than twice the rate of increase in population.

o Crisis is more evident in India as major population share is accommodated here

Is India Water-stressed ?

Per capita availability of fresh water has fallen from 6042 cubic meters in 1947-50.

Reduced to 1545 cubic meters in 2011 within five decades

Based on the mark fixed (i.e.1700 cu.m) by the United Nations. India has already become a "water-stressed” nation.

Emerging Water Scenario

Emerging Wastewater Scenario

Condition of Rivers and Lakes Condition of Rivers and Lakes

The urban water crisis

• Most cities are water stressed• Many places industry is given sewage (in place of water)• Every summer, there are riots, protests and sometimes

killings • Urban water bodies (lakes/ponds)disappearing• Rivers polluted / dead• When rains come, it leads to flooding• Is available water safe ?

Urban Water Challenges in India

Urban Water Challenges in India

Not a single town/city has 24-7 Water Supply in India

Not single city ranked health and clean city

Water Resources Scenario

Water for growth?

• Cities-industries need water for growth. Where will this come from?

• What are the options ?

Indian town/cities need to become prosperous without more water - How is that possible?

The conventional way:

Bring water into the city – storage, diversion, pipe, pump, treat – from further and further away.

Flush and carry the waste out of the city – pipe, pump, divert, treat – further and further away.

The water-sewage connection

Location of WTPs and Sources of Water - Delhi

Above 250 kms

Relentless search for water

Vaitarna cum Tansa

90 km

105 km

Mumbai

Bhatsa

Manjira dam

Hyderabad

Nagurjuna

105 km

100 km

Ajai 3

Ajai 2

Ajai 1

Nyari dam 1

Nyari dam 2

Bhadar dam – 75 km

Bisalpur dam

120 km – 1088 cr

Indira Gandhi canal

204 km

Rajivgandhi lift canal

How is urban water supply need calculated in India ?

Classification of towns/cities Recommended maximum water supply levels (lpcd)

Towns provided with piped water supply but without sewerage system 70

Cities provided with piped water supply where sewerage system is exists 135

Metropolitan and Mega cities provided with piped water supply where sewerage systems existing

150

Source: Ministry of Urban Development, Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organisation Manual on Water Supply and Treatment, Third Edition -Revised and Updated (May 1999), New Delhi.

Per capita supply is high and completely arbitrary

CPHEEO Norm

Official water demand, supply, leakage loss and supply after leakage loss

210

160

140

190

150

130125

115110

0

50

100

150

200

250

Million plus cities Class I Class II & III

Per

cap

ita

wat

er (

lpcd

)

Official per capita demand

Official per capita supply

Official per capita supply after leakage loss

34%

23%

15%

Official Water Demand, Supply, leakage loss and supply after loss

Slums : Unreached, Un-supplied

Cities Craving to Supply More

71 Indian Cities Survey by CSE reveals:

paradigm – water supplyThe current paradigm – water supply

More water supplied = More waste water generated = more costs for treatment =

Unsustainable

Water = Wastewater

Cities plan for water, forget waste

• 80% water leaves homes as sewage

• More water = more waste

• Cities have no accounts for sewage

• Cities have no clue how they will convey waste of all, treat it, clean rivers

• Cities only dream of becoming New York or London

Sewage : more sums

• 30% of total sewage can be treated• But Delhi and Mumbai alone have 40 per cent

of sewage treatment capacity in the country

Planning for hardware Cities plan for treatment not ‘sewage’

•Treatment plants are not simple answers

•Can build plants to treat, but there is no waste being conveyed for treatment

•Most cities do not have underground sewerage. But engineers sell pipe-dreams of catching up with infrastructure

•Politicians buy pipe-dreams

•We lose rivers. Generations of lost rivers

• Cities do not have drains• New growth cities are growing without drains• Backlog and front-log impossible to fix• As cities fix one drain, another goes under

For example - Bengaluru: sewage not reaching

• 3610 km of sewage pipes • 14 sewage treatment plants = 781 mld• Generates 800-1000 mld of sewage• But treats only 300 mld• Rest does not reach• Now plans to build 4000 km more • Builds, grows and more lines need repair• Catch-up that does not catch-up

Partial treatment = pollution

“Cities do not control pollution” and Cost of building system is high•City can build sewerage system for few not all•Spends on building pipes, repair and energy costs of pumping to treatment plant of this waste of some few•Spends to treat waste of some few•Treated waste of few gets mixed with untreated waste of majority

•The result is pollution

Has 20 drainsHas 17 STP

Capacity existsBut River Yamuna dead

Why? Delhi keeps building to ‘catch up’

Can’tSewage reaches river

For example : Delhi

River has no water only sewage

Funds spentSewage system coverage highLarge number of pumping stations

Why still polluted?Pumps and pumpsTakes to outskirts of cityDumps it back into canals and riversThese flow through city

Engineers say ‘all is well’Waste is interceptedOnly stormwater flows

But not trueSewage flows , Treated sewage flows

For example : Chennai

Water-waste portrait

Urban water paradigm – cause & effect

Water is imported – pipes, tankers, trains

Raw water quality is very poor

Costs for government

Costs of treatment for government

Cannot meet the demand

Supply

Indiscriminate groundwater mining within and outside the city

Indiscriminate groundwater mining within and outside the city

Treatment

Cannot meet the demand

High health impacts among poor

Growth of bottled water industry

Sewerage

Supplied water turned into polluted water

Costs of collection and treatment for govt.

Cannot meet the demand

Polluted rivers and lakes. Further reduction of water supply

Typical Water Production / Wastewater Treatment & Energy Use

Cost Components

25-50/60 % revenuespent on water

Water financials, a dilemna

Source: Schneider Electric

•Water price is a public issue (no volatility, even fixed)

•Chemicals & additives will increase

•Asset management need regular investments

Example : River Ganga Basin

Very Low Flow

No Flow / Highly Polluted

Low Flow / Navigation Disrupted

Example : River Ganga is an over extracted and polluted freshwater ecosystemExample : River Ganga is an over extracted and polluted freshwater ecosystem

HOW DOES ALL THIS THIS COME TOGETHER? HOW DOES ALL THIS THIS COME TOGETHER?

pesticides

hydropower

effluent

processing

irrigation

domestic

energy and H2O

energy and H2O

energy and H2O

energy and H2O

sewageReduced Flow & Polluted River

How to address the situation ?

• When such water stress is reached, a new approach to water management within the catchment is required.

• Rather than an engineering approach, these approaches seek to restore river flow through a multi-disciplinary process of managing water withdrawal.

• Effective water allocation mechanisms need to be developed that manage the use of the scarce resource.

• Ways need to be found to allocate water between competing needs within a catchment, while sufficient water is retained to ensure the continuation of ecosystem functions.

Managing Water Stress & Variability

Reduced pesticides

Reduced pollution and energy use

processing

Reduced abstraction & energy use

domestic

Reduced pollution & energy use + better recycling

Sustainably managed hydropower

Increased flows & cleaner water

Need of the Hour – Revival, Restoration & Reuse

Cannot play catch up game

Cannot flush – and forget

Have to find new approaches : affordable and sustainable

Urban Areas

Way Forward

New Paradigm

• Use less water. Do not be wasteful - Do not make cities first water-wasteful and then think efficiency.

• Only bring the deficit water from outside.

Some examples :

- Rainwater Harvesting – both recharge and storage

- Decentralised wastewater treatment

- Local reuse and recycle

- Use of water efficient fixture ( less water consuming toilet flush system, shower and taps/faucets etc)

Future directions for addressing water variability and adaptation proposed in Indian context

?• Not a task for engineers (and water utilities)

alone

• Integrated planning of urban land and water

• Objective of equity, economic efficiency and environmental integrity

• Making water everybody’s business…

THANK YOU

Email: [email protected]