The Research Process From Topic to Question. Why research? The best research comes from a need to know. The best research has as its purpose enhanced.

The Research Process

From Topic to Question

Why research?

• The best research comes from a need to know.

• The best research has as its purpose enhanced understanding.

• The best research begins with a careful, detailed process of developing a valid, researchable question that YOU need to answer.

Topic

• A topic is a general subject or area that you may want to investigate. A topic is phrased as a word (e.g. “white lies”) or, better, as a sentence fragment (e.g. “gender and the practice of telling white lies”).

• Write your general topic as a sentence fragment: _____________________.

• Topic as words: – “White lies”– Stories of the Alamo– Free will and historical

determinism

• Topic as fragment: o gender and the telling

of white lieso Stories of the Alamo

from the US and Mexico

o Free will and determinism in Tolstoy

Where do you get a topic?

• Read newspapers• Read magazines• Write down your interests and hobbies• Talk to friends• Watch public television, movies, ads.• Think critically about what you see always asking “why?”

Hint: For the next two days, keep a record of the “why” questions

you have about everyday occurances, issues in the news, gossip heard at lunch. Potential research topics are all around you.

From a broad topic to a narrow one

• After you have chosen a subject that interests you, you will need to narrow your focus. Your topic is too broad if you can state it in four or five words.

• Add modifying words or phrases to your broad topic to make it narrower.

• Example: – From: white lies– To: “The effect of gender

on the nature of lies told in romantic relationships.”

• Example: – From: free will– To: The conflict between

free will and historical inevitability in Tolstoy’s War and Peace.

Getting specific

• Beginning researchers:

– Have a topic– Gather information

about the topic– Present the

information in a coherent, organized paper.

Thesis examples:

1. Studies show that men and women tell white lies for different reasons in different situations.

2. There are differences between American Stories of the Alamo and Mexican stories about the Alamo.

Getting specific

• Intermediate researchers:– Have a topic that poses a

researchable question– Gather information about

that topic– Present the information in a

coherent form that answers the proposed research question.

Sample questions:-Why do men and women

exhibit different physical characteristics in the telling

of a lie?

-How do three key battle scenes in Tolstoy’s War and Peace articulate the conflict between free will and historical determinism?

From narrowed topic to question

• To get from a narrowed topic to a researchable question, engage in a process known as “questioning your topic.”

• During this process ask yourself four categories of questions about your topic.

1. What are the parts of your topic?

2. What larger history is your topic part of?

3. What are the categories of your topic?

4. What is the importance of your topic?

From narrowed topic to a question: 1. What are the parts?

• Question your topic in a way that analyzes its components and the relationships between them. – What are the parts of a lie?– What are the parts of a white lie? – What are the parts of body language?– What kinds of body language occur during

which kinds of lies?

From narrowed topic to a question: What history is your topic a part of?

• Question your topic in a way that treats it as a dynamic entity that changes throughout time.– Has the body language associated with lying changed as a

result of the feminist movement? – What are early literary examples of lying? – How was lying (esp. the white lie) understood by philosophers?

Theologians? How is it understood today?– Has anyone ever quantified the nature of the changes?

From narrowed topic to a question: What are the categories of your

topic? • Question your topic in a way that defines

its range of variation, how instances of it are alike and different from one another. – Are some white lies more damaging than

others? – What kinds of white lies exist?– What branch of philosophy or theology deals

with lying? – What are the most typical kinds of white lies?

From narrowed topic to a question: What is the importance of your

topic?• Question your topic in regard to the value

of its uses. – How have white lies helped people? How

have white lies harmed people? What is the social/psychological use of lying? What are the political uses of lying?

Review and Arrange Answers

• Write at least one page of questions.

• Read over your questions. Separate into groups of “who,” “what,” “where” questions and groups of “how” and “why” questions.

• Consider the “how” and “why” questions. Which ones spark your interest? Cause you pause? This question is your narrowed research question.

Review and Arrange Answers

Who What Where• Who, what , where questions

will shape your intiail research. You need to have the answers to some or most of these questions in order to deepen understanding.– What kinds of white lies exist?

– Are some white lies more prevalent than others?

– What are the most typical kinds of white lies?

How Why• How and why questions are

potential research questions. Circle those questions that resonate most strongly with you.– How was lying (esp. the white

lie) understood by philosophers? Theologians? How is it understood today by feminist scholars?

– How have white lies helped people?

– How have white lies harmed people?

From Question to Significance

• Once you have a question that you’d like to answer, the next step is to add the crucial “so what?” This is called “motivating the question.”

• Even skilled researchers often cannot answer this question until they are into the research process, but it doesn’t hurt to formulate the “so what” part of the research now.

Three steps to refining the question Step one

• 1. Name your topic:I am studying the role of gender difference in the telling of white lies.

Fill in the blank with a phrase:I am studying _______________________.

Hint: Tell people about your project

At this stage of your research it pays to articulate the object of your study as clearly and to as many people as possible. The more often you say it to yourself and others, the more opportunities you will have to clarify and refine your statement. Not only that, but they might have the perfect source for you.

Three steps to refining the questionStep two

• 2. Suggest your motivation– I am studying the role of gender in the telling

of white lies because I want to know whether and how gender difference impacts the social purposes of the white lie.

Adding a “because” to your statement gets the motivation into your statement. It helps you remember and articulate exactly what you want to achieve through your research.

Three steps to refining your questionStep three

3. Place your research in a larger context of understanding.

a. I am studying the role of gender differences in the telling of white lies

b. because I want to know whether and how gender impacts the social purpose of the white lie

c. in order to understand more about the relative ethics of our culture.

The third step

• Step three is the hardest part.• Many times, professional researchers fail to

answer this critical question.• You may not KNOW the answer until well into

the research process.• Trying to answer it now may give you some

guidance for future research decisions. • Be patient. Return to this step often to see

whether you are closer to understanding your purpose.

Statement to Question

I am studying the role of gender differences in the telling of white lies because I want to know whether and how gender impacts the social purpose of the white lie in order to understand more about the relative ethics of our culture.

Becomes

How does gender impact the social purpose of the white lie?

Refining Question

• How does gender impact the social purpose of the white lie?1. Nouns

2. Verbs

3. Look for underlying assumptions

Refining Question: Nouns

• How does gender impact the social purpose of the white lie?

1. Gender: the construct of male and female identity through environment

2. Social Purpose: accepted societal reasons and uses

3. White Lie: not telling the truth for a good reason

– How does the construct of male and female identity impact the accepted societal reasons and uses of the white lie?

Refining Question: Verbs

• How does the construct of male and female identity impact the accepted societal reasons and uses of the white lie?

1. Impact: positively and negatively influence

2. Impact: over time?

– How does the construct of male and female identity positively and negatively influence the accepted societal reasons and uses of the white lie from 1960s to the present?

Refining Questions: Underlying Assumptions

• How does the construct of male and female identity positively and negatively influence the accepted societal reasons and uses of the white lie from 1960s to the present?

1. The Construct of Identity influences the White Lie

– Does the construct of male and female identity positively and negatively influence the accepted societal reasons and uses of the white lie from 1960s to the present?