The Renaissance and Reformation. Lecture. Copy the highlighted notes Read Ch. 12 pp. 398-399 & pp. 401-405 Discuss What are the important characteristics.

The Renaissanceand Reformation

• Lecture. Copy the highlighted notes• Read Ch. 12 pp. 398-399 & pp. 401-405• Discuss• What are the important characteristics of the

Renaissance?• Explain how Leonardo da Vinci is an example of “a

Renaissance man”?• Why did the Renaissance begin in the Italian city-states?• What was the central idea of The Prince?• What do the nobles’ clothes tell you about their station in

life?• What role did peasants play in the economies of towns?• Identify artists and their artwork.

• Renaissance – means rebirth or revival

• A renewed interest in the ancient Greek and Roman worlds.

• (1350-1600) The Renaissance is a period of intellectual or artistic achievement in Europe.

• It began in the Northern Italian States by merchants and bankers.

• In Florence - the wealthy Medici family brought in artists to beautify the city

• Two other states in Italy were Milan and Venice.

Characteristics of the Italian Renaissance

• Urban society (powerful city-states became centers of Italian political, economic, and social life.)

• Age of recovery from the disasters of the 14th century-the plague, Hundred Years’ War, and a decline of Church power

• New view of human beings; emphasized individual ability.

• “Men can do all things if they will”

• Renaissance man was a well-rounded, universal person who could

achieve much in many areas

• Ex. Leonardo da Vinci.

• He was a painter, sculptor,

architect, and inventor.

Machiavelli• Niccolo Machiavelli wrote

The Prince one of the most influential books on political power

• Handbook for rulers-how to acquire and keep power.

• Machiavelli believed that Christian principles & morality had little to do with politics.

• “It’s better to be feared than loved.

Renaissance Society• Society in Europe was divided into 3 groups: nobility,

peasants, and townspeople • Baldassare Castiglione wrote The Book of Courtier

expresssed characteristics of a perfect, Renaissance noble.• A noble must have character, grace, and talent.• Noble had to be a warrior, but also needed a classical

education in the arts.• Peasants made up 85-90 % of the European population. • Serfdom began to decline and more peasants started to

own their own land by converting work to rent paid for land. • Townspeople were made up of merchants, bankers and

burghers (the shopkeepers, guild members, etc.).

The Impact of Printing• Johannes Gutenberg

invented the printing press (The Chinese had invented printing much earlier).

• The Bible was the first book produced from moveable metal type.

• There were more than 1000 printers in Europe by 1500.

• The printing press enabled religious ideas to spread more rapidly.

• Europeans began to seek knowledge.

• The ideas of the Reformation would not have spread as rapidly without the printing press in the 16th century.

Family and Marriage

• The father was the dominant figure in the homes.

• Marriages took place when the wife’s family gives a dowry to the husband’s family.

• Adulthood could be reached when the father freed them (usually between the ages of 13-29).

THE INTELLECTUAL AND THE ARTISTIC RENAISSANCE

• Humanism is the study of the classics (works of the Greeks and Romans). Subjects such as: grammar, rhetoric, history, poetry, and moral philosophy.

• Petrarch is the father of Italian Renaissance Humanism. He compiled a library of Ancient Greek and Roman manuscripts. .

• Dante wrote The Divine Comedy – imaginary journey through Hell, purgatory, and Heaven or paradise.

• Geoffrey Chaucer wrote The Canterbury Tales – group of 29 pilgrims journeying to the tomb of Saint Thomas `a Becket at Canterbury.

Artistic Renaissance

• Frescoes are paintings done on wet plaster with water based paint.

• Perspective-figures in paintings have depth and come alive

• Masaccio –1st to use laws of perspective. Creates the illusion of three dimensions, leading to a new, realistic style.

Masters of the High Renaissance (1490-1520)

• *Leonardo da Vinci – realistic paintings (painted the Mona Lisa– dissected corpses to study the body better– painted the Last Supper

• *Raphael – admired for his Madonna’s (paintings of the Virgin

Mary– known for his frescoes in the Vatican palace

• *Michelangelo– famous painting on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in

Rome– accomplished painter, sculptor, and architect

Michelangelo created his masterpiece David in 1504.

Sistine ChapelAbout one year after finishing David, Pope Julius II summoned Michelangelo to work onHis most famous project, the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel.

“Creation of Eve”“Creation of Adam”

“Separation of Light and Darkness”“The Last Judgment”

“La Pieta 1499Marble Sculpture

Moses

Leonardo da Vinci

“The Last Supper” by da Vinci

The Notebook

Raphael “School of Athens”

Pythagoras

Socrates

Plato Aristotle

Euclid

Raphael in back

The Northern Artistic Renaissance• The large wall spaces of

Italian churches allowed the artists to paint frescoes.

• The Gothic cathedrals in Northern Europe with their stained glass windows did not allow for frescoes.

• Illustrations for books and wooden panels for altarpieces were painted.

• Jan van Eyck (Flemish painter) was one of the first to use oil based paint which enabled artists to use a variety of colors.

• Italian artists had a great impact on the artists from the north.

Jan Van Eyck

Van EyckPortrait of Giovanni Arnolfini and his Wife (detail)

• The Reformation is the name given to the reform movement that divided the western Church into Catholic and Protestantism.

• What developments led to the change?• Change in intellectual thought (Christian humanism –

People believed they could change the Catholic Church by using reason and improving themselves.

• Desiderius Erasmus did not believe in pilgrimages, fasts, and relics.

• He criticized the abuses of the Church. Erasmus prepared the way for the Reformation.

• He wrote The Praise of Folly (1509). • He “laid the egg that Luther hatched.”

PROTESTANT REFORMATION

Religion on the Eve of the Reformation• Between 1450 and 1520, the Catholic

Church became corrupt. • A series of Popes known as the

Renaissance popes, failed to meet the Church’s spiritual needs.

• The popes became more interested in Italian politics and worldly interests.

• Ex. Pope Julius II led armies against his enemies.

• Some officials were asked how to save their souls and the priests could not offer advice.

• Other people wanted an assurance of their salvation and the Church offered an indulgence through the veneration (feeling of deep respect) of a relic.

• An indulgence could reduce punishment for sin.

• Many people sought salvation through the Modern Devotion (stressed teachings of Jesus).

Martin Luther

• German Monk• Professor at Wittenberg

and lectured on the Bible• Taught students that faith

and good works were needed for salvation (only through faith could one receive salvation)

• The Bible was the only source of religious truths

• Upset by the selling of indulgences (pieces of paper)

• Wrote 95 Theses (1517) or questions to the Church which criticized indulgences (thousands of copies were printed)

• Luther denied all but two of the sacraments (Communion and baptism) and declared the clergy could marry

• He was excommunicated (1521) and sent to Worms where the Edict of Worms made him an outlaw

The Rise of Lutheranism

• During the next few years, Luther’s movement became a revolution.

• German states began taking over Catholic churches and established state churches.

• Catholic Mass was replaced by services that consisted of Bible readings and preaching the word of God.

• The doctrine developed by Luther became known as Lutheranism (Lutheran churches).

• This was the first Protestant faith.

Politics in the German Reformation

• At the Peace of Augsburg (1555), German states formally were divided between Catholicism and Protestantism.

• King Charles V could not keep peace in his large empire (covered Spain, Holy Roman Empire, and parts of southern Italy).

• The Peace of Augsburg did not allow individual to choose their own religion; each German ruler determined the religion of his subjects.

THE SPREAD OF PROTESTANTISM AND THE CATHOLIC RESPONSE

• The Peace of Augsburg destroyed all hopes of a unified Christian faith.

• Protestantism saw divisions throughout Europe. • Ulrich Zwingli, a priest in Zurich, Switzerland,

abolished relics, paintings, and other decorations from churches which caused a war between Catholics and Protestants in Switzerland.

• Zwingli also replace Catholic Mass with scripture reading, prayer, and sermons.

• Zwingli attempted to make an alliance with the Lutherans in Germany but failed due to differences in the meaning of Communion.

Calvin and Calvinism• John Calvin, from France, fled to Switzerland; in 1536 he

published a book Institutes of the Christian Religion. • This was a summary of Protestant thought and gave him

recognition as one of the new leader of the Protestantism.

• Calvin’s idea of predestination proposed that God had determined in advance who would be saved (the elect) and who would be damned (the reprobate).

• In 1536, Calvin began to reform the city of Geneva by creating a church government in which the laity and the clergy performed church services.

• The Consistory was a special body for enforcing moral discipline.

• It had the right to punish people who deviated from the church’s teachings and moral principles (citizens punished for dancing, singing obscene songs, drunkenness, swearing, and playing cards.

• Geneva became popular and missionaries were trained in the city.

• Calvinism replaced Lutheranism in Europe as the dominant form of Protestantism by the mid 16th century.

The Reformation in England• King Henry VIII wanted a divorce from his first wife Catherine of Aragon. • He wanted to marry Anne Boleyn but the pope would not annul his marriage to

Catherine. • Henry turned to England’s own church courts. • In 1533, Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury (England’s highest church

court official) annulled his marriage. • Anne Boleyn became queen and she gave birth to a girl named Elizabeth (later

became Queen Elizabeth). • King Henry VIII became the head of the Anglican Church denouncing ties to the

Church in Rome. • He sold the land of which monasteries stood to wealthy landowners to build up his

treasury. • He still remained close to Catholic teachings. Edward VI gained the throne in

1547, after his father’s death. • He was 9 years old and was a sickly child. • Church officials moved the church into a protestant direction. • When Henry’s daughter Mary gained the throne in 1553, England was ready for a

reaction to the Protestant shift. • Mary wanted England Catholic again and went about it the wrong way. • She had as many as 300 Protestants burned at the stake earning her the

nickname “Bloody Mary”. • By the end of her rule, England was even more Protestant.

The Anabaptists• Anabaptists did not like the idea of the state playing a

dominant role in church affairs like the Calvinists and the Lutherans.

• They believed that the church is made up of voluntary community of adults who had undergone spiritual revival and had been baptized.

• The Catholics and Protestants baptized infants and believed that all believers are equal (early Christianity in the New Testament).

• They also believed that there needed to be a complete separation between church and state.

• Anabaptist did not bear arms and did not hold political offices.

• They were thought to be dangerous radicals by the other Protestant groups and Catholics.

Effects on the Role of Women

• Women’s role in society and in the family did not change with the arrival of Protestantism.

• They still were to maintain the household and care for the children.

Catholic Reformation• The Catholic faith was not looking good in Europe by the

mid 16th century. • The Catholic Reformation was supported by 3 chief pillars:

the Jesuits, reform of the papacy, and the Council of Trent. • The Jesuits (Society of Jesus) was founded in 1540 by

Ignatius of Loyola, a Spanish nobleman, who organized a group who vowed to be obedient to the papacy.

• The Jesuits were successful in spreading the Catholic faith throughout Europe and other parts of the world.

• The pope’s authority was to blame for the corruption of the church and was reformed.

• The Council of Trent was a meeting between the high church officials at Trent, between Germany and Italy.

• The use of indulgences, the belief of purgatory, celibacy of the clergy, and the 7 sacraments were strengthened; however selling of indulgences was forbidden.

• The Catholics were prepared to do battle for their faith like that of Protestantism.