THE RENAISSANCE

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THE RENAISSANCE

*TIME OF CULTURE & LEARNING*1300-1600*RENAISSANCE – “REBIRTH”*Golden Age in: Arts, Literature, Science

RENAISSANCE

*Rediscovery of Greeks/Romans*Interest in SECULAR matters*Emphasis on the individual*Began in Italy

CHARACTERISTICS

I. URBAN CITY-STATESEurope mostly Rural – Italy was not!

II. MERCHANT CLASSGreat Wealth – Became Successful through Hard

Work

WHY ITALY?

*Best Example – MEDICI FAMILY

*Powerful Bankers- Medici Bank*Dominated city government

MERCHANT CLASS

The MEDICI FAMILY*One of the most respected families in Europe

*The Medici family was the wealthiest family in Europe for a period despite being of the merchant class

The MEDICI FAMILY*From this base, they acquired POLITICAL POWER initially in Florence, then the rest of Europe

*The most significant accomplishments of the Medici family was the sponsorship of ART and ARCHITECTURE

The MEDICI FAMILY*They were almost single-handedly responsible for the art of Florentine during their reign

*Artists received COMMISSIONS & ADVANCED payments

Location – FLORENCE MEDICI BANK – largest in Europe during 15th

Century Acquired Political Power – Florence, Italy,

Europe Helped Inspire Birth of Renaissance –

Created Environment where Art & Humanism Flourished

Supported Artists including Da Vinci & Michelangelo

4 members of the Family became Pope

MEDICI FAMILY

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9-YyCyrtSrQ

The Godfathers of the Renaissance

Part 1

The Godfathers of the Renaissance

Part 2

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GOAVRcI6mFU

III. LOCATIONInspired by Ancient Rome

http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/the-italian-renaissance-and-italys-transformation.html#lesson

WHY ITALY?

Europeans developed a new way of thinking: HUMANISM

Middle Ages – concerned with life after death Renaissance Humanists– life in the present Focus not only on religious but subjects of

Greeks/Romans: HISTORY, LITERATURE, PHILOSOPHY

(these subjects are called HUMANITIES) Most people were still Catholic SECULAR – concerned with here and now, not only

spiritual

HUMANISM

ARCHITECTURE / PAINTINGS/ SCULPTURES

Rejected Medieval Art – very Realistic Used Classical (Greco-Roman Style) and

Humanist Themes PERSPECTIVE – 3 dimensional effect on

flat surface

RENAISSANCE ART

Michelangelo was responsible for some of the finest works of art in Western history including “David”, the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel, “Pieta” and the “Last Judgment”

He was one of the greatest painters of the Renaissance who owed his early career to the foresight of Lorenzo de'Medici

Brought into the Medici home at the age of 13, the boy-genius was raised amongst future princes and popes and absorbed cutting-edge intellectual theories

MICHELANGELO

http://www.missedinhistory.com/podcasts/the-riotous-life-of-caravaggio/

DAVID

*Masterpiece of Renaissance sculpture

*Created between 1501 and 1504

*It is a 17 ft marble statue of a standing male nude -statue represents the Biblical hero David

* It soon came to symbolize the defense of civil liberties embodied in the Florentine Republic

PIETA

*Depicts the body of Jesus on the lap of his mother Mary after the Crucifixion

*It is the only piece Michelangelo ever signed

*This great piece of artwork is the first ever of Mary and Jesus after he was crucified that shows Mary with a solemn face instead of a depressed sad face

*Housed in St. Peter's Basilica in Vatican City

THE LAST JUDGEMENT

*Depicts the Second Coming of Christ and the final and eternal judgment by God of all humanity

*The work took four years to complete and was done between 1536 and 1541

*Michelangelo began working on it twenty years after having finished the Sistine Chapel ceiling

* The work is massive and spans the entire wall behind the altar of the Sistine Chapel

SISTINE CHAPEL

*Michelangelo was commissioned by Pope Julius II to paint the ceiling of the Chapel {It was originally painted as golden stars on a blue sky}

*Painted between 1508 and 1512 -about 131 ft long by 43 ft wide

*Pope offered to allow Michelangelo to paint biblical scenes of his own choice{After the work was finished there were more than 300 scenes}

*His figures showed the creation, Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden and the Great Flood

Ceiling of the Sistine Chapel

LEONARDO da VINCI

April 15, 1452 – May 2, 1519

*Epitomized the Renaissance humanist ideal

*Often described as the archetype of the Renaissance Man

*Considered to be one of the greatest painters of all time and perhaps the most diversely talented person ever to have lived

*Known primarily as a painter Most Famous -Mona Lisa and The Last Supper {most reproduced religious painting of all time}

*Only 15 of his paintings survive - small number because of his constant, and frequently disastrous, experimentation with new techniques, and his chronic procrastination

*Revered for his technological ingenuity -He conceptualized a helicopter, tank, calculator, and he outlined a theory of plate tectonics {Relatively few of his designs were constructed or were even feasible during his lifetime}

Leonardo's drawing of the Vitruvian Man is regarded as a cultural icon

MONA LISA

*The painting thought to be a portrait of Lisa Gherardini - believed to have been painted between 1503 and 1506

*Acquired by King Francis I of France

*Property of France on permanent display at the Louvre Museum in Paris since 1797

*Napoleon displayed the painting in his bedroom when he ruled France

*Stolen in 1911 by Italian upset with it being in France – recovered in 1913

*LOCATION - Convent of Santa Maria della Grazie, Milan

*Represents the scene of The Last Supper of Jesus with his disciples

*Portrays the reaction given by each apostle when Jesus said one of them would betray him

*All twelve apostles have different reactions to the news -various degrees of anger and shock

THE LAST SUPPER

http://www.biography.com/#!/people/leonardo-da-vinci-40396

RAPHAEL

*Work is admired for its clarity of form and ease of composition

*Together with Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci he forms the traditional trinity of great masters of that period

*Most famous work – THE SCHOOL OF ATHENS:The School of Athens represents all the greatest mathematicians, philosophers and scientists from classical antiquity gathered together sharing their ideas and learning from each other. These figures all lived at different times, but here they are gathered together under one roof.

During the Middle Ages, people began writing in the native language, not in Latin or Greek

NICCOLO MACHIAVELLI WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE

NICCOLO MACHIAVELLI*Historian, politician, diplomat, philosopher, humanist and writer based in Florence during the Renaissance

*Most famous book -The Prince {sometimes claimed to be one of the first works of modern philosophy}

* The Prince is a manual to acquiring and keeping political power

*In direct conflict with Catholic doctrines concerning politics and ethics

*Uses approach that "the ends justify the means“ {Violence may be necessary to keep power -Force may be used to eliminate political rivals – use whatever means necessary to ensure success…}

*Machiavelli has become infamous for such political advice, ensuring that he would be remembered in history through the adjective, "Machiavellian"

NICCOLO MACHIAVELLI cont.

*He believed a ruler might have to trick his enemies and lie to his own people for the good of the state.

*Machiavelli was not concerned with morals but what was politically effective.

THE PRINCE – both realistic and ruthless became

a model for future leaders

NICCOLO MACHIAVELLI

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t7tFr9oaLw0

*English poet and playwright widely regarded as the greatest writer in the English language

*Wrote COMEDIES – examples: The Taming of the Shrew, A Midsummer Night’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, Twelfth Night TRAGEDIES – examples: Romeo & Juliet, Julius Caesar, Macbeth, Hamlet, King Lear, Othello - considered some of the finest works in the English language

*Believed to have produced most of his work between 1586 and 1616

*Wrote about joys & sorrows of life

WILLIAM

SHAKESPEARE

PRINTING PRESS

*Around 1300, paper making & printing arrived in Europe

*Block Printing Invented by Chinese began being used by Europe; but it was too slow to satisfy the demand for information

*1440 – Johan Gutenberg (German)-introduced movable type

*The first book printed with his invention was the Bible

*Books were produced QUICKER & CHEAPER*Invention of mechanical movable type printing started Printing Revolution - widely regarded as the most important event of the modern period *Played key role in the development of the Renaissance, Reformation, the Age of Enlightenment and the Scientific Revolution

*Laid the material basis for the modern knowledge-based economy - spread of learning to the masses; more people learned to READ & WRITE

PROTESTANT REFORMATION

“Reformers“, known as Protestants- objected to ("protested") the doctrines, rituals, leadership and structure of the Roman Catholic Church

Effort to “reform” (change) the Catholic Church Led to the creation of new Protestant churches

What was the Reformation?

MANY REASONS INCLUDING:*RENAISSANCE*NATIONALISM*CHURCH ISSUES*INVENTION OF THE PRINTING PRESS*BLACK DEATH (BUBONIC PLAGUE)

Reasons For Reformation

*Paying Taxes that went to Rome*Church involved in too many non-religious matters*Church Officials leading life of luxury{elaborate palaces, extravagant clothing, etc…}*Priests acting immoral – womanizing, drinking*Some Priests lacking education*Selling of Indulgences

UNHAPPY WITH CHURCH

WARTBURG CASTLE

*Luther taken to WARTBURG CASTLE by Frederick III of Saxony for his own protection

*While there Luther translated the New Testament into German

*His translation of the Bible into the vernacular (instead of Latin) made it more accessible – especially with the invention of the printing press

LUTHERANISM

*LUTHER eventually returned to Wittenberg

*His ideas spread and he gained many followers

*He would start a new church – Christian but not Catholic – Lutheran

*Helped the development of a standard version of the German language *Influenced the writing of an English translation of the Bible *His hymns influenced the development of singing in churches

*His marriage set a model for the practice of allowing Protestant priests to marry

Others followed Luther and established their own religions

They became known as Protestants – Christians who belonged to non-Catholic churches

Examples: Anglican, Presbyterian, Baptist, Methodist, Episcopalian, Wesleyan

CALVINISM

*Another influential reformer, a Frenchman who wanted to reform the Church

*1530 – Breaks away from the Catholic Church*1536 – flees to Switzerland*1541 – Protestants in Geneva ask Calvin to become their religious leader

*PREDESTINATION - belief that God appointed the eternal destiny of some to salvation by grace, while leaving the remainder to receive eternal damnation for all their sins

Calvin believed the ideal government was a Theocracy rule by religious leader

When Protestants began being persecuted he fled to France

In 1541 protestants in Geneva, Switzerland asked Calvin to lead their city

There he ran a strict society of highly moral citizens

CATHOLIC REFORMATION

*Response to the Protestant Reformation – in order to stop the spread of Protestantism, the Catholic church began their own counter reformation

*Council of Trent – meeting of Cardinals to reform the Catholic

Changes made to the church at the Council of Trent:• Banned the selling of indulgences• Church’s interpretation of Bible

was final• Drew up the Index - Made up a list

of prohibited books• Christians needed faith and good

works for salvation

Goal – keep Catholics from converting to protestant churches

EFFECTS of REFORMATION

*ENDED CHRISTIAN UNITY OF EUROPE

*RELIGIOUS CONFLICTS

*MONARCHS/NATIONS GAINED POWER

*OVERALL STRENGTH OF CATHOLIC CHURCH DECLINED

*PROGRESS IN EDUCATION & LITERACY

*MANY JEWS FLED TO EASTERN EUROPE