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Sport Science Thesis and Dissertations

2020-02-24

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN

ANTHROPOMETRIC

CHARACTERISTICS AND PHYSICAL

FITNESS TRAITS OF JUNIOR

VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS IN WEST

GOJAM, ETHIOPIA

GASHU, DEMISSIE

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THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ANTHROPOMETRIC

CHARACTERISTICS AND PHYSICAL FITNESS TRAITS OF

JUNIOR VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS IN WEST GOJJAM, ETHIOPIA

BY:

DEMISSIE GASHU WALLE

(Asst. professor)

DEPARTEMENT OF SPORT SCIENCE

SPORT ACADEMY

BAHIR DAR UNIVERSITY

JULY, 2019

ii


CHARACTERISTICS AND PHYSICAL FITNESS TRAITS OF

JUNIOR VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS IN WEST GOJAM, ETHIOPIA

BY:


(Asst. professor)

DEPARETEMENT OF SPORT SCIENCE

SPORT ACADEMY

BAHIR DAR UNIVERSITY

JULY, 2019

iii


CHARACTERSTICS AND PHYSICAL FITNESS TRAITS

OF JUNIOR VOLLEYBALL PLAYERS IN WEST GOJJAM, ETHIOPIA

By:


(Assistant professor)

A Dissertation Submitted to the Sport Academy Bahir Dar University

for fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in

Sport Science (volleyball coaching)

JULY, 2019

iv

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i

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Firstly, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my principal advisor Dr.

Kaleemulla Angadi (Associate professor, PhD) for the continuous support throughout

my study from the beginning up to its completion. Without his kindness, motivation

and suggestions on the various phases of this research, it would not have been

completed on time and successfully.

Besides my principle advisor, I would like to thank my co-advisor Dr. Zelalem

Melkamu (Assistant professor) for his insightful comments, enormous knowledge and

encouragement, but also for the hard question which incited me to widen my research

from various perspectives. I could not have imagined having a better advisor for my

PhD study.

I would like to extend my thanks to Prof. Alemayehu Bishaw and Dr. Teffera Tadesss,

Dr.Amare Sahelie and Dr. Zerihun Birhanu for their encouragement, critical comments

and suggestions. I am also very much grateful to volleyball experts in the Amhara

volleyball federation, coaches, players and officers in West Gojjam zone of Ethiopia

who participated in the study.

Last but not the least; I would like to thank my friend, Dagnachew Negeru, for editing

and supporting me in every aspect throughout this dissertation report.

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ABSTRACT

Anthropometric characteristics and physical fitness are the key predictors for

identifying talent in junior volleyball players. However, volleyball players and

coaches in Ethiopia, particularly junior volleyball players in the west Gojjam zone of

Ethiopia were not familiar with these parameters. Hence, the purpose of the study

was to compare whether there exists a significant mean difference between junior

volleyball players in the West Gojjam, Ethiopia and international players with

respect to some selected anthropometric characteristic and physical fitness traits.

Further, examine the relationship between the anthropometrics characteristics and

physical fitness traits of players. In this study, 54 junior (U-19) volleyball players

from three volleyball teams participated in the study. Secondary data were also

obtained from the databases of the world championships 2017 on the official FIVB

website and journals and books. A total of 34 anthropometric variables and six

physical fitness components were selected, measured and tested based on the

procedure set by international society for kin-anthropometry, ISAK procedure, and

copper institute respectively. Independent t- test, one sample t- test, one way ANOVA,

Pearson Product Moment correlation test and multiple linear regression method were

used for analysis and Alpha Value of 0.05 was set for statistical significance. The

results of the study reveal that there were significantly difference between junior

volleyball players at the West Gojjam zone of Ethiopia and international players in

some selected anthropometric characteristic and physical fitness traits (p<.001).

There were significant relationship between most of anthropometric characteristics

and fitness traits of junior volleyball players in the west Gojjam zone of Ethiopia (r >

.275, p<.05). The findings suggest that flexibility of lower back and hummestring

muscles of junior volleyball players were predicted by block reach height, waist girth

and abdominal skin folds at about 39.6 %. Upper body strength of players was

predicted by the stature, flexed & tensed arm girth of players. Anthropometric

characteristics which predict strength of abdominal and hip muscles, speed runs,

agility and explosive power of lower extremities were also identified. Volleyball

coach and related bodies should consider this relationship while identifying talented

players.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT………………………………………………….……...…...i

ABSTRACT.…………………………………………………………….…….…...…..ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS……………………………………………………………...iii

LIST OF TABLES………………………………………………………………..........x

LIST OF FIGURES …………………………………………………….……….....vii

LIST OF TABLE IN THE APPENDIX………………………………………...……xiv

ABBRIVATIONES……………………………………………………..………...…..xvi

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………1

1.1. Background of the study ………………………………………………………… 1

1.2. A statement of the problem ………………………………………………………...7

1.3. Objective of the study …………………………………………………………….. 9

1.3.1. General objective of the study………………………………………………...9

1.3.2. The specific objective of the study………………………………………...….9

1.4. Research questions ………………………………………………………….….....10

1.5. The significance of the study.…………………………………………….……..10

1.6. Delimitations of the study….…………………………………………………....11

1.7. Limitation of the study……………………………….……………………..…...12

1.8. Operational definition of key terms …………………….………………………13

CHAPTER TWO: REVIEW OF RELATED LITRATURE ………………………..14

2.1. Historical development of Volleyball sport ………………….…………………14

2.2. Theoretical framework of anthropometric characters…………………………...19

2.3. Anthropometric characteristics of junior volleyball players ………………...….21

2.3.1. Stature of junior volleyball players……………………………………….23

2.3.2. Body weight of junior volleyball players…………………………………26

iv

2.3.3. Body mass index (BMI) of junior volleyball players.................................28

2.4. Theoretical framework of Physical fitness traits …………………………….....32

2.5. Physical fitness traits of junior volleyball players……………………...……….33

2.5.1. Flexibility of junior volleyball players…………………………………...34

2.5.2. Upper, abdominal and hip muscle strength of junior volleyball players....36

2.5.3. Speed and agility of junior volleyball player…………………………….40

2.5.4. Explosive power of junior volleyball players ……….…………………...42

2.6. Theoretical framework of the relationship between anthropometric

characteristics and physical fitness traits of volleyball players……………........44

2.7. The relationship between anthropometric characteristics and physical

fitness traits of junior volleyball players………………………………………..45

Summery.……………………………………...……………...………………….48

CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHOD ……………..……………………… 49

3.1. Research Design …………………………………………...……………… 49

3.2. The Population of the study ………………………………………………….49

3.3. Source of data……………………………….………………………………..49

3.4. Ethical Considerations ………………………………….……………………50

3.5. Data gathering tools and procedures. …………...……………………………50

3.5.1. Data gathering tools for anthropometric characteristics……….………50

3.5.2. Data gathering procedure for anthropometric characteristics………….51

3.5.2.1. Basic anthropometric variable measurement procedure ….…51

3.5.2.2. Skin folds measurement Procedure……………………….....53

3.5.2.3. Girth measurement procedure …………………………….…55

3.5.2.4. Length measurement procedure ………………………...…...60

3. 5.2.5. Breadth measurement procedure…………………………......61

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3.6. Data gathering tools and procedure for the physical fitness test ………..……….63

3.6.1. Data gathering instrument for physical fitness.…………….……..63

3.6.2. Data gathering procedure for physical fitness tests ………………63

3.6.2.1. Flexibility testing procedure ……………………………….…...63

3.6.2.2. Upper body strength test strength testing procedure ..................64

3.6.2.3. Abdominal and hip muscles strength testing procedure ……..…65

3.6.2.4. Speed testing procedure ….…………………………...………. 66

3.6.2.5. Agility testing procedure..……..…………………………….….66

3.6.2.6. Explosive power testing procedure . . . …..………………….….67

3.7. Tester‟s Competency …………………………………………………………...68

3.8. Methods of data analysis ……………………………………………………….68

CHAPTER FOUR: RESULTS ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION OF FINDINGD..70

4.1. Results …………………………………………………………………...…70

4.1.1. Results of some anthropometric characteristic of junior volleyball

players in West Gojam, Ethiopia and international norms…………..….70

4.1.1.1. Comparative result on anthropometric characteristics

of junior volleyball players in West Gojjam zone, Ethiopia,

and the international norm……………………………………….70

4.1.1.2. Comparative result on anthropometric characteristics among

junior volleyball players in West Gojjam zone, Ethiopia………..73

4.1.1.3. Comparative results on anthropometric characteristics

among junior volleyball players in the west Gojjam, Ethiopia..…75

4.1.1.4. Multiple Comparison results on anthropometric characteristics

of junior volleyball players in the west Gojjam, Ethiopia…….…77

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4.1.2. Results on physical fitness traits of junior volleyball players in the west

Gojjam, Ethiopia………………………………………...…………………...80

4.1.2.1. Descriptive statistics result on the physical fitness traits

of junior volleyball players in the west Gojjam,

Ethiopia………………..................................................................80

4.1.2.2. Comparative statistical results on physical fitness traits

of junior volleyball players in West Gojjam zone of

Ethiopia and international norms………………………………...81

4.1.2.3. Comparison result on physical fitness traits of junior

volleyball players in the West Gojjam zone of Ethiopia………...83

4.1.3. Correlations between anthropometric characteristics and physical fitness traits

of junior volleyball players in the west Gojjam, Ethiopia. …...………85

4.1.3.1. Correlations between anthropometric characteristics

and flexibly of lower back and hamstring muscles

performance traits of junior volleyball players…..……...…..86


and upper body strength of junior volleyball players…..……87


and strength of abdominal and hip muscles of junior

volleyball players………………………………………….....87

4.1.3.4. Correlations between anthropometric characteristics and

moving speed of junior volleyball players……………….......88

4.1.3.5. The correlations between anthropometric characteristic

and agility of junior volleyball players……………………....88

4.1.3.6. The Correlations between anthropometric characteristic

and explosive power of junior volleyball players……………88

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4.1.4. Result of Regression analysis and prediction of physical fitness

traits of junior volleyball players. …………………………..…………..….89

4.1.4.1. Regression prediction of lower back and hamstring muscle

flexibility traits based on anthropometric variables…………….89

4.1.4.2. Regression prediction of the upper body strength traits

based on anthropometric variables………………….…………..91

4.1.4.3. Regression prediction of the abdominal and hip muscle

strength traits based on anthropometric variable………………..93

4.1.4.4. Regression production of 10m sprint runs performance

traits based on anthropometric variables……………...………..94

4.1.4.5. Regression prediction of agility traits based on

anthropometric variables ……..………………………………...96

4.1.4.6. Regression prediction of explosive power of lower

extremities based on anthropometric variables ………………...97

4.2. Discussion …………………………………………………………………......90

4.2.1. Comparative analysis of some anthropometric characteristics

of junior volleyball players in West Gojjam, Ethiopia and

international norms…………………………………………………..…100

4.2.1.1. The Stature of junior volleyball players …………………….….100

4.2.1.2. Body weight of junior volleyball players ………………………101

4.2.1.3. Body mass index of junior volleyball players ……………….....102

4.2.1.4. Spike and block reach heights of junior volleyball players ……103

4.2.2. Comparative analysis of some basic anthropometric characteristics

among junior volleyball players in the west Gojjam, Ethiopia…...…….104

4.2.3. Comparative analysis of most anthropometric characteristics of junior

volleyball players in the west Gojjam, Ethiopia…………………...…...105

4.2.4. Multiple comparative analyses of most anthropometric characteristics

among junior volleyball players in the west Gojjam, Ethiopia…….......108

4.2.5. Analysis of physical fitness traits of junior volleyball players…………110

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4.2.5.1. Comparative analysis of physical fitness traits of junior

volleyball players ………………………………………………111

4.2.5.2. Comparative analysis of physical fitness traits of junior

volleyball players in the west Gojjam of Ethiopia………….…..116

4.2.6. Co-relational analysis of anthropometric characteristics and physical

fitness traits of junior volleyball players………………………...…….. 118

4.2.6.1. Correlations between anthropometric characteristic and

flexibility of lower back and hamstring muscles of junior

volleyball players…………………………………………….....118


strength of the upper body of junior volleyball players……….119


strength of abdominal and hip muscle of junior volleyball

players…………………………………………………………..119


moving speed of junior volleyball players……...……………....119

4.2.6.5. The correlations between anthropometric characteristic and

moving agility of junior volleyball players………………….….120

4.2.6.6. The Correlations between anthropometric characteristic and

the explosive power of junior volleyball players……..………...120

4.2.7. Regression models for anthropometric characteristics and

physical fitness traits of junior volleyball players found in

West Gojjam, Ethiopia………..…..………………………………….121

4.2.7.1. Analysis of regression model of flexibility of lower back

and hamstring muscle traits and anthropometric

characteristics of junior volleyball players……………………..122

4.2.7.2. Analysis of regression model of upper body strength traits

and anthropometric characteristics of junior volleyball

players………………………………………………………….124

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4.2.7.3. Analysis of regression model of abdominal and hip muscle

strength traits and anthropometric characteristics of junior

volleyball players…………………………………………….....125

4.2.7.4. Analysis of regression model of speed performance traits

and anthropometric characteristics of junior volleyball

players…………………………………………………….…….126

4.2.7.5. Analysis of regression model of agility traits and anthropometric

characteristics of junior volleyball

players……………………………………………………….….127

4.2.7.6. Analysis of regression model of explosive power of lower

extremities traits and anthropometric characteristics of junior

volleyball players……………………………………………….128

CHAPTER FIVE: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION...130

5.1. Summary………………………….………………………………...…...130

5.2. Conclusions…………………….…………………………………...…...133

5.3. Recommendations for practitioner and researchers……….………..…...133

REFERENCES ………………………………………………….………...........…135

APPENDICES

APPENDIX A: DEFINATIONES OF TERMS AND PHRASES

USED IN THESTUDY…………………………………..….161

APPENDIX B: INFORMED CONSENT FOR………………..................….162

APPENDIX C: ANTROPOMETRIC ASSESSMENT SHEET……….….....163

APPENDIX D: FITNESS ASSESMENT SHEET……..………….………....165

APPENDIX E: LIST OF TABLES ………………………….………….........166

APPENDIX F: LIST OF FIGURES……………………………............188

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LIST OF TABLES page

Table 2.1: Suggested Volume in Metric Tons (1,000 kg) of Strength

Training for junior volleyball players per session and year……….... 39

Table 2.2: Intensity zones, Intensity, repetitions and sets of strength training …. 40

Table 2.3 Training Zone Intensities for Sprint Training………………………… 42

Table 3.1: Anthropometric category and variables ....………………………...… 51

Table 3.2 selected physical fitness components, testing methods and purpose…..63

Table 4.1: Independent sample t- test between junior volleyball players in West

Gojjam zone of Ethiopia and junior national team players of 2017

World championships ………………………………...……..…....…71

Table 4.2: One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) among junior volleyball

players in West Gojjam zone of Ethiopia and national team players

of the world .……………………………………………………….... 72

Table 4.4 Analysis of variance (ANOVA) among junior volleyball players

of the West Gojjam zone, Ethiopia, with regards to some

anthropometric characteristic……………….…………..…………….74

Table 4.9: Multiple comparison of skin folds characteristic difference

among three junior volleyball team players in west Gojjam zone

of Ethiopia (n-54)……………………………………..……….……....79

Table 4.10: Descriptive statistics on physical fitness traits of junior volleyball

players in West Gojjam zone of Ethiopian (n-54) ………..….…..……81

Table 4.11: Comparison of fitness traits of junior volleyball players in west

Gojjam with international mean value of their counterpart…………83

Table 4.12: A comparison of physical fitness traits among junior volleyball

players in west Gojjam zone of Ethiopia (n-54)……..……………...…83

Table 4.19: Summary of regression prediction of sits and reaches performance

traits with anthropometric variables. . …………………………..…….90

Table 4.20: Coefficients of regression prediction of sit and reaches

performance with anthropometric variables………………..………….90

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Table 4.21: Summary of regression prediction upper body strength,

performance traits with anthropometric variables ……………………92

Table 4.22: Coefficients of regression prediction of upper body strength,

performance traits with anthropometric variables .........................…...92

Table 4.23: Summary of regression prediction of abdominal and hip muscle

strength traits with anthropometric variables ………………………..93

Table 4.24: Coefficients of regression prediction of abdominal and hip muscle

strength traits with anthropometric variables………………..……….93

Table 4.25: Summary of regression prediction of 10m sprint run

traits with anthropometric variables ……………………….…………94

Table 4.26: Summary of regression prediction of the 10m sprint run

traits with anthropometric variables…..…………………………..…..95

Table 4.27: Summary of regression prediction of agility, performance traits

with anthropometric variables ...……………………………………...96

Table 4.28: Coefficients of regression prediction of agility performance

traits with anthropometric variables……………….……..………........96

Table 4.29: Summary of regression prediction of vertical jump performance

traits with anthropometric variables..………….…..…………….......98

Table 4.30: Coefficients of regression prediction of vertical jump

performance traits with anthropometric variables..………………..…. 98

Table 4.31: Summaries of the regression models for physical fitness

performance traits to anthropometric characteristics of Ethiopian

junior volleyball players…………………………………...…….…...122

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LIST OF FIGURES page

Figure 2.1: Conceptual framework of anthropometric characteristics. ………..…... 21

Figure 2.2: Conceptual framework of physical fitness. . ………………………......32

Figure 2.3: Conceptual framework of the relationship between

anthropometric characteristics and physical fitness traits ………..........45

Figure 3.1, standing reach heights ……………………………………………...…...52

Figure 3.2, triceps skin folds …………………………………...……………………53

Figure 3.3, Sub scapular skin folds……………………………….…………...……..53

Figure 3.4, iliac crest skin folds …………………………..….……………...………54

Figure 3.5, abdominal skin folds………………………………………………….….54

Figure 3.6, Mid-thigh skin folds…………………………………………...………...54

Figure 3.7 Mid- Calfskin folds………………………………………...…………….55

Figure 3.8 Neck girth………………………….……………………………..………55

Figure 3.9 Arm relaxed girth ……………………………………………….……...55

Figure 3.10 Arm flexed and tensed girth………………………………..…………..56

Figure 3.11 Forearm girth……………………………………………….…………..56

Figure 3.12 Wrist girth…………………………………………………….…..…….57

Figure 3.13 Chest girth……………………………………………………..….…….57

Figure 3.14 Waist girth…………………………………………………….………..58

Figure 3.15 Gluteus girth…………………………………………………….…...…58

Figure 3.16 mid thigh girth…………………………………………………..….…. 59

Figure 3.17 Calf girth………………………………………………………….……59

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Figure 3.18 Ankle girth……………………………………..……………………….60

Figure 3.19 Radial-stylion lengths ………………………………………………......60

Figure 3.20 Acromiale-radiale lengths…………………………………………........60

Figure 3.21 Midstylion-dactylion lengths…………………………………………...61

Figure 3.22 Biacromial………………………….………………………………..….61

Figure 3.23 Transverse chests…………………………………………….………....61

Figure 3.24 Biiliocristal breadths. …………………………………………. ………62

Figure 3.25 sit and reach test………………………………………………… ……..64

Figure 3.26 push-up tests . …………………………………………………..………64

Figure 3.27 sit-up test…………………………………………….……………..….. 65

Figure 3.29 Block reach height……………………………………….………...……67

Figure 3.30, Spike reach height……………………………………….………..……67

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LIST OF TABLE IN THE APPENDIX

Table 4.3: Multiple comparisons of some anthropometric characteristic

difference between junior volleyball players in West Gojjam zone

of Ethiopia and overseas…………………...……………………...……168

Table 4.5 Multiple comparisons of some anthropometric characteristic

among junior volleyball players in the west Gojjam,

Ethiopia……….…………………………………………………….…..171

Table 4.6: Descriptive statistics of anthropometric characteristic of junior

volleyball players in west Gojjam zone of Ethiopia (N-54)………...….172

Table 4.7: A comparison of anthropometric characteristic among three junior

volleyball team players in West Gojjam, Ethiopia …………..………...174

Table 4.8: multiple comparisons of anthropometric characteristic difference

among junior volleyball teams players in west Gojjam zone

of Ethiopia……………………………………………………………..176

Table 4 12: Multiple comparisons of physical fitness difference among three

junior volleyball team players in west Gojjam zone of Ethiopia…….....177

Table 4.13: The correlation between anthropometric variables and sit &

reach the performance traits of junior volleyball players

in the West Gojjam zone of Ethiopia (N=54)……………….……….…178

Table 4.14: The Correlation between anthropometric variables and

push up the performance traits of junior volleyball players in

the West Gojjam zone of Ethiopia (n=54)…………………………….180

Table 4.15: The Correlation between anthropometric variables and sit

up the performance traits of junior volleyball players in the

West Gojjam zone of Ethiopia (N=54)…………….………………182

Table 4.16: The Correlation between anthropometric variables and 10m

sprint run performance traits of junior volleyball players in

the West Gojjam zone of Ethiopia (n=54)……………………………184

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T- shuttle run agility, performance traits of junior volleyball

players in the West Gojjam zone of Ethiopia (n=54)…………….......186


vertical jump performance traits of junior volleyball players

in West Gojjam zone of Ethiopia (n=54)………………...………..….188

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ABBREVIATIONS

ACS - Anthropometric Characteristics,

APTA - America Physical Therapist Association

AR - Acromiale radial

BEFB - Biepicondylar femur breads

BMI - Body Mass Index

BRH - Block Reach Heights

CAVB - Confederation Africaine de Volleyball

CDCP - Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,

DJVT - Durbietie Junior Volleyball Team,

FAG - Forearm girth

FIVB - International Volley Ball Federations

HB - Hand breads.

ISAK -International Societies for Advancement Kin Anthropometrics,

MSD - Midstylion – dactyl ion length

PFV - Physical Fitness Variables

PFTS - Physical Fitness Testes

QJVT - Qunzla junior volleyball team,

SH - Sitting height

SRH - Spike Reach Heights

SWJVT - Shendie Wenbrma Junior Volleyball Team,

UNITSDP - United Nations Inter-agency Taskforce on Sport for Development and Peace

1

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background of the study

Sports are an organized competitive activities governed by a set of rule and through

which the participation improves fitness, mental well-being, social relationships and

refreshment (ASC, 2017; UNITSDP, 2017). Today, there are about 28 Olympic

sports and most of them are developed in the 19th

and 20th

century. Volleyball is the

second most popular sport in advanced nations, including China, Brazil and USA and

it‟s the fifth most popular sports in the world, next to soccer, crickets, hockey and

tennis (Redding, 2011; wood, 2017). It has been a part of the Olympic Games since

1964 Tokyo Olympiad (IOC, 2016; FIVB, 2016). Its well practiced sport in 220

associated countries worldwide and played by 500 million players‟ in addition to a

vast number of players playing it for enjoyment without being registered to any clubs.

The total number of people playing volleyball as a free time activity may approach to

one billion (Vuorinen & Mero, 2018 Yadav, 2015; Kinda, Lenberg & Laskey, 2011).

The volleyball game promotes peace and unity throughout the globe and played a

great role in the formation of socialization, shaping personality and providing friendly

relationship among the participants (Ahlm & Lindgren, 2013). It also contributes a lot

for development of a country (Singh & Behera, 2013). Moreover, Volleyball alone

added 202 million dollars for growth, create job opportunity for 6.8 million people

and provide 493 million dollars in the form of turnover tax in United Kingdome

within 2014 (UK sport, 2017).

Volleyball sport is short, intense, power and lovely ball game activities characterized

by two teams on a playing court divided by a net and each team play the ball over the

net to ground it on the opponent's court, and to prevent the ball from being grounded

on its own court (Yadav, 2015; Singh & Behera, 2013). To attack, the players try

their best to make the ball fall down onto the opposite side and to defend; they

prevent the ball from falling down onto their own court (Kinda Lenberg & Laskey,

2

2011). In volleyball games, a team is allowed to hit the ball three times, in addition to

the block contact, to return it to the opponent's court. In a game each team players

arrange in two rows with three players in each zone of the court. The players‟

standing position on the court will rotate clockwise except the libero, which means

every player should be able to serve, set, pass, spike and block (LA84, foundation,

2012; Kinda, Lenberg & Laskey, 2011). A player is not permitted to touch the ball

twice consecutively, except when trying a block. The rally continues until the ball

touches the floor (Vuorinen & Mero, 2018).

In performance wise, the superiority of nations have been changed from time to time.

The Japanese and the Soviet Union teams dominated from 1964-1984. Since then the

balance of power has shifted to Cuba, then to China and now to Brazil. The United

States men‟s teams were famous in the 1980s, Italy in the 1990s and Brazil in the

2000s (FIVB, 2016). Egypt, Tunisia, and Cameron are 1st, 2nd and 3rd

ranked nations

from all African countries (FIVB, 2017).

The performance of volleyball player depends on technical, tactical, physical fitness,

psychological and anthropometrical characteristics (Yadav, 2015; Fattahi, Ameli,

Sadeghi &, Mahmoodi, 2012; Pridal & Hancák, 2012; Gabbett, Georgieff, &

Domrow 2007). The success of a volleyball player greatly depends on anthropometric

characteristics and physical fitness traits of players (Milić, Grgantov, Chamari,

Ardigò, Bianco & Padulo, 2016; Catagay, Pinar & Sibel, 2008; Gualdi-Rosso &

Zaccogni, 2009). That means, anthropometric characteristics and physical fitness

traits of players have been recognized as critical factors for outstanding performance

in volleyball. That is why, they are considered as important prerequisites for

successful participation of players (Gualdi-Russo & Zaccagni, 2001). They are also

used as basic circumstance for selection of talented players (Gaurav, Singh & Singh,

2010; Malousaris, Bergeles, Barzouka, Bayios, nurses & Koskoloub, 2008; Bayios,

Bergeles, Apostolidis, Postolidis, Noutsos & Koskolou, 2006).

3

According to international societies for advancement kin anthropometrics, ISAK,

(2007) among 39 anthropometric variables, the stature, body weight, body mass

index, spike and block reach height are considered as the most basic variables that

determine talent as well as the success of volleyball players (Jin, Liu, Zhang & Ge

2007; Jose, Palau, Policarpo, Manzanares & David, 2014; Wood, 2015; Michael,

2016; Andrea, 2017). Therefore, it‟s important to use anthropometric characteristic to

recruit talented and gifted volleyball players.

Previous studies have determined the anthropometric characteristic of a junior

volleyball players (Petroski, Fraro, Fidelix, Silva, Pires-Neto, Dourado,Rocha,

Stanganelli, Oncken &Viera, 2013; Hadzic, raised, Bjelica, Dusko, Popovic & Stevo,

2012; Gaurav, Singh, & Singh, 2010; Bandyopadhya, 2007; Gabbett, Georgieff &

Domrow, 2007; Duncan, field & AL-Nakeeb,2006). The mean stature of Turkish

junior national team volleyball players was 198 cm (Aytek, 2007). It was almost

similar to the top junior national team in the world, including Brazilian, Italian and

Russian junior volleyball ball players. The stature of England junior volleyball

players was also similar to the best performed nations of the world, 193cm (Duncan,

field & al-Nakeeb, 2006). The stature of the United States of American junior

volleyball players (184 cm) was also almost similar to Indians junior volleyball

players (187cm) as reported by Gabbett, Georgieff and Domrow (2007) and Manna,

Khanna and Dhara (2012) respectively.

The tallest player in volleyball has an advantage in both defensive and offensive

actions over the top of the net (Stamm, Veldre, Stamm, Thomson, karma & Loko,

2003). Effective execution of overall volleyball performance greatly depend on the

height that players can reach (Silva, Mello, & Mota,2013). The heights of players

highly influence spiking and blocking actions. Thus, there has been a tendency to

recruit the tallest players in the volleyball sport (Zhang, 2010).

As the literature indicates, due to the density of bones and the higher proportion of

lean muscle mass rather than fat accumulation, top junior volleyball players were

4

heavier. Heavier volleyball players with normal adipose tissue (until 10%) were

becoming more preferable for volleyball sports (Stamm, Stamm & Jairus, 2017).

There are studies conducted to find out the body weight of junior volleyball players

(Audio, Mohammed & Alanazi, 2015; Manna, Khanna & Dhara, 2012; Aytek, 2007;

Gabbett, Georgieff & Domrow, 2007; Wood field and al-Nakeeb, 2006). The weight

of England junior nation team volleyball players was between 71.2kg and 77.9kg

(Wood field and al-Nakeeb, 2006). It was similar to Americans and most European

countries. The mean body weight of American junior volleyball players was 71.1 kg,

+9.6kg (Gabbett, Georgieff & Domrow, 2007). The weight of Australian junior

volleyball players participated in continental, world championships and World Cup

were 88.4 kg, + 7.7 kg (Jeremy, Sheppard, Nolan & Newton, 2012). The mean body

weight of Brazilian junior national team players was 84.3 kg, +5.1 kg in 1995 and

their weights increased to 90.3 kg, +13.0 kg in 2005 (Petroski, et al., 2013). It was

heavier than the previous years. This indicates, the requirement of heavier, muscular

players increased from time to time.

The skin folds thickness also the other anthropometric factor which determines the

talent of volleyball players. Both high and low fat tissues negatively affect the players

(Mooses & Hackney, 2017). The Normal percentage of fat for players is between 7%

and 13% (Cespedes, 2017).

Few studies have been conducted to evaluate the body composition or percentage of

body fat among junior volleyball players (Aouadi, et al., 2015; Manna, Khanna &

Dhara, 2012; Gabbett, et al., 2007; Duncan, Wood field & al- Nakeeb, 2006). The fat

percentage of England junior nation volleyball players were between 11.5-12.9 %

(Duncan, field & al- Nakeeb, 2006). The body fat percent of Indian junior volleyball

players were also normal and almost similar to the England junior volleyball players

(Manna, Khanna & Dhara, 2012). The body mass index (BMI) and the percentage

body fat in relation to Turkish junior volleyball players were 20.72, + 2.14 or 7.49%,

+ 2.69 (Aytek, 2007). This is the least and more advantages. The Sum of six skin

5

folds of American junior volleyball players was 83.1 mm, + 23.9 mm as reported by

Gabbett, Georgieff and Domrow, (2007).

In volleyball, 80% of the points obtained in international volleyball matches are due

to spiking and blocking actions (Marques, Van den Tyler, Vescovi, & Gonzalez-

Badillo, 2008; Lobietti, Michele & Merni, 2006; Voigt & Vetter, 2003). This

indicates, the significant importance of the spike and block reach heights of the

players. The highest spike reaches height scored by the Canadian junior volleyball

player. His spike reach height was 382 cm (Keith, 2017). In this particular study, the

stature, weight, skin folds, spike and block reach heights as well as other

anthropometric characteristics of junior volleyball players in the west Gojjam,

Ethiopia, were assessed and compared with international norms.

Physical fitness traits of a volleyball player can be described as the ability of the players

to perform a given task without being too tired (Tey, Kwong, Russia & Ooi1, 2010;

Kenneth & Wills, 2018). In a volleyball match, every player should change their

position to serve, set, pass, spike and block. So, it is essential for the players possess a

high traits of physical fitness that allows them to play their roles more effectively in

each position. Hence, volleyball sport considered as the game of flexibility, strength,

speed, agility and power ( Gaurav, Kumar, Singh, & Bhanot, 2015; Zhang, 2010).

In Volleyball game, players require performing vigorous activities including, starting,

stopping, changing direction and diving movements, Players also suddenly in the

forward direction, sideways or downward directions, all this requires an optimum

traits of flexibility (Fattahi, Shamsabadi, Kalani, Khalifeh & Ghofrani, 2014; Dale,

2017). So flexibility of the body, particularly, flexibility of lower back and hamstring

muscles is very important to increase the range of movement of the joints, to play the

game in a good manner, to reduce risk of injuries, to decrease recovery time (Fischer,

2004; Dale, 2017). Additionally, lower back and hamstring flexibility in very

essential for volleyball players to execute the required skills successfully (Hamilton,

6

2018; Kim & Jean, 2016; Erica, Johnson, James & Thomas, 2010; Buschbacher,

Prahlow & Dave, 2009; Arnheim, 2005).

The flexibility traits of junior volleyball players were studied by few researchers

(Sameer Kumar & Yadav, 2015; Silva, Petroski & Gaya, 2013; Duncan, Woodsfield

& al-Nakeeb, 2006). The sit and reach test score of Indian junior volleyball players

were 19.07 +3.77cm as reported by Sameer Kumar and Yadav (2015). Whereas the

sit and reach test score of Brazilian junior volleyball players were 25.5cm, + 01 cm

(Silva, Petroski & Gaya, 2013). Their mean sit and reach score of England junior

volleyball players were a little bit greater than Brazilians. It was about 29.23cm as

reported by Duncan, Woodsfield and al-Nakeeb, (2006).

Strength also studied by researchers in the field. Particularly strength of upper body is

important physical quality to perform jump serve, dig, spike and to demonstrate

aggressive blocking in volleyball and they are considered as the key predictor for

successful volleyball performance (Mermier, Janot, Parker & Swan, 2000, Singh,

Chengappa & Banerjee, 2011; Ben-Zaken, Meckel, Lidor, Nemet & Alon,

2013).Very few studies determine the strength of upper and abdominal muscles of

volleyball players (Rameshkannan & Chittibabu, 2014; Bag, Borman, Das &

Chawdhury, 2015). The one minute sit-ups performance traits of Indian junior

volleyball players were 39.86 as reported by, Bag, Borman, Das and Chawdhury (

2015).This is an average performance with reference to standard norms set by,

Australian College of Sport and Fitness (2013). Similarly, Rameshkannan and

Chittibabu (2014) measured the set up the performance traits of junior volleyball

players and reported that the mean sit-ups performance traits of junior volleyball

players as 39.10 repetitions. This is also considered as average performance.

Volleyball game is mostly characterized by jumping-serve, attack from the back row

and aggressive blocking and a probability of winning the game which largely depend

on predominance over the net (Tian, 2006, Deporte, 2016; Gaurav, Kumar, Singh, &

Bhanot, 2015; Women & Wic, 2010; Zhang, 2010). These activities require

7

Explosive power of lower extremities. In this regard, various researches were

conducted. For instance, the mean vertical jump height traits of junior male volleyball

players in Brisbane, USA were 46.0 cm, +11.2cm (Gabbett, Georgieff & Domrow,

2007). In the other study, relatively a little bit less performance traits were reported.

The vertical jump performance traits of junior volleyball players in England were

42.0cm, + 49.0 cm (Duncan, Wood field & al-Nakeeb, 2006).

Generally, the physical fitness traits of players, particularly upper body strength and

power of the lower extremities of the players determine the success of spiking and

blocking actions together with anthropometric characteristics and technical abilities

(Palao, 2007; Vint, 1994). Attacking and blocking performance represent 45% of the

total actions in a game and 80% of the scores obtained in international matches (Voigt

& Vetter, 2003; Zhang, 2010). Therefore, anthropometric characteristic and fitness

traits of Ethiopians junior volleyball players was studied and reported by the research.

1.2. Statement of the problem

Anthropometric characteristics of players are mainly determined by genetic makeup

of the players (Jafari, 2006; National Academies Press, 2006; National Academies

Press, 2004; Norton & olds, 2001). This means that the stature, weight, size, shape,

length and breadth of different body part cannot be changed significantly with

training and diets. That is why; volleyball coaches, physical educators and sport

science experts have used anthropometric characteristic and physical fitness traits to

select talented players (Eskandarnejad, 2000).

In Ethiopia, there are research works on anthropometry characteristics and physical

fitness traits of sportsmen and women. Particularly, on athletics (Abdu & Pallavi,

2018; Abebe & Kumar, 2017; Zerihun & Rediet, 2017; Wishnizer, Inbar, Klinman,

& Fink, 2013; Hailu, Yekoye, Egidio & Miserocchi, 2011), soccer (Wale, & Ibrahim,

2018; Reda, 2017; Bereded & Singh, 2016a; Bereded & Singh (2016b) and

basketball sports (Endris & Kumar, 2018). To the researchers‟ knowledge, there was

8

no study conducted on anthropometric characteristic and physical fitness traits of

volleyball players at any traits. Particularly, anthropometric characteristics and

physical fitness traits of junior volleyball players are clearly absent in the literatures.

- Amhara region volleyball federations together with other stakeholders have been

organized youth and junior volleyball championship every year. In the championship,

Most of the cup and medals has been taken by teams from west Gojjam zone. Due to

this reason, expert in the region believed that, this zone as a talented area in this

specific sport. But Scholars of the field associate talent of volleyball players with

anthropometric characteristics and fitness traits of players (Ahmed & AlMaghawry,

2012; Gaurav, Singh & Singh, 2010; Malousaris, Bergeles, Barzouka, Bayios, nurses

& Koskoloub, 2008; Bayios, Bergeles, Apostolidis, Postolidis, Noutsos & Koskolou,

2006; Tokuyama, Ohashi, Iwamoto, Takaoka & Okubo, 2004).

- Anthropometric characteristics and physical fitness traits of players are considered as

prerequisites for successful participation and talent identification in volleyball

(Ahmed & AlMaghawry, 2012; Gaurav, Singh & Singh, 2010; Malousaris, Bergeles,

Barzouka, Bayios, nurses & Koskoloub, 2008; Bayios, Bergeles, Apostolidis,

Postolidis, Noutsos & Koskolou, 2006; Tokuyama, Ohashi, Iwamoto, Takaoka &

Okubo, 2004; Gualdi-Russo & Zaccagni, 2001).

Experts, coaches, as well as junior volleyball Player in the given zone knows the

positive contribution of these two factors for talent identification and successful

participation. But they don‟t know how near or far their players from international

players interns of both anthropometric characteristic and fitness traits. Information, in

this regard, is very important to check the presence or absence of talented players in

their team as well as in their zone. It also helps the coaches to select talented players

who are parallel to international players in terms of both anthropometric characteristic

and fitness traits.

The relationships between anthropometric characteristic and physical fitness traits of

volleyball players are also important to develop effective training plan. However the

9

relationship between these two variables was not studied very well among the

scholars. Zhang (2010) studied the relationship between anthropometric

characteristic and physical performance of women volleyball players. The

relationship between anthropometric characteristic and specific physical fitness traits

of male volleyball players is not clearly known. Study in this regard is very important

to identify the specific Anthropometric variables which predict specific fitness traits

of players. Hence, this study examined the relationship between anthropometric

characteristics and physical fitness traits of the junior volleyball players.

1.3. Objectives of the study

1.3.1. The general objective of the study

The general objective of the study was to examine the relationship between

Anthropometrics characteristics and physical fitness traits of junior volleyball players.

1.3.2. The Specific objectives of the study

The Specific objectives of the study were to:

1. Compare whether there exists a significant mean difference between junior volleyball

players in the West Gojjam, Ethiopia and international players with respect to some

selected anthropometric characteristic.

2. Identify whether there exists statistically a significant mean score difference among

junior volleyball players, in the West Gojjam, Ethiopia in relation selected

anthropometric characteristics.

3. Compare whether there exists statistically significant mean difference between junior

volleyball players in the West Gojjam zone of Ethiopia and international players with

respect to selected physical fitness traits.

4. Identify whether there exists statistically significant mean difference among junior

volleyball players in the teams found in the west Gojjam, Ethiopia in relation to

physical fitness traits.

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5. Examine whether there exist statistically significant relationship between

anthropometric characteristics and physical fitness traits of junior volleyball players

in the West Gojjam zone of Ethiopia.

6. Determine the extent that anthropometric characteristic significantly predict physical

fitness performance traits of junior volleyball players in the West Gojjam zone of

Ethiopia

1.4. Research questions

The research questions of the study were as follows

1. Is there a significant mean difference of anthropometric characteristics between

junior volleyball players in West Gojjam zone of Ethiopia and international

players?

2. Is there a statistically significant mean difference of anthropometric

characteristics among junior volleyball players in west Gojjam, Ethiopia?

3. Is there a statistically significant mean difference between junior volleyball

players in west Gojjam, Ethiopia and international players in relation to some

selected physical fitness traits?

4. Is there a statistically significant mean difference of physical fitness traits

among junior volleyball players in the teams found in west Gojjam, Ethiopia?

5. Is there a statistically significant relationship between anthropometric

characteristics and physical fitness traits of junior volleyball players in West

Gojjam zone of Ethiopia?

6. Which of the anthropometric characteristic significantly predict the selected

physical fitness traits of junior volleyball players?

1.5. Significance of the research

The finding of the study will contribute greatly to the benefit of all those who

involved in volleyball sports. Firstly, players benefited a lot from this study. A player

may be nearer or far away from international players, in terms of both anthropometric

and fitness variables. The information may help each and every player to make early

11

decision on their carrier and personal plan. It helps to make a right decision with full

confidence so that they can save their time, energy and money.

Volleyball coaches also will benefit a lot from study. It may help them to recognize

the anthropometric and fitness gap between their players and international

counterparts. This information used as an input to select the right players in a

scientific way. Moreover, it helps the coaches to plan their selection mechanism and

training plans so that they can produce outstanding players relatively within a short

period of time for zones, for regional as well as for a country as a whole.

Additionally, the outcome of the study also provided for sport experts, physical

education specialist, sport academy, the media and volleyball teams. They may use it

for educational and related consumptions. The outcome of the study also given to

sport governing bodies of the country, higher educational institutes, as well as

regional and city administrative volleyball federations of the country. They may use it

as reference for further and broader study and can easily identify the talented areas in

this particular sport, as well as to design long term policy plans related to volleyball

sport (Duncan, Wood field & AL-Nakeeb, 2006; Warner, Fornetti, Jallo, & Pivarnik,

2004; Gualdi-Russo & Zaccagni, 2001).

The study report could be used as a reference material for other researchers in the

area. It may pave the way for other researchers to study the issues, at regional or

country traits.

1.6. Delimitation of the study

The study had the following delimitations:

1. The study was delimited to Durbietie, Shendie Wenbrema and Qunzla wereda in

West Gojjam zone of Amhara regional state of Ethiopia.

2. Only junior (U-19) male junior volleyball players were involved in the study.

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3. Despite the presence of 39 variables, 34 of them were measured. i.e., all basic

anthropometric variables, stature, weight, BMI (Body mass index), spike and

block reach heights plus sitting height, standing reach height , Six skin folds (

Namely triceps, sub-scapular, abdominal, iliac crest , Mid-thigh and calf skin

folds), eleven girth (namely neck, chest, relaxed arm , flexed tense arm, forearm,

wrist, waist, gluteus, tight, calf and ankle ) four length (namely, radiale-stylion,

acromiale-radiale, midstylion-dactylion and acromiale-dactylion length) and the

six breadth (Biacromial, transverse chest, biilocristal, Biepicondylar femur,

biepicondylar humerus and hand) of junior players were measured using

procedure set by International standard for advancement of Kin anthropometry

(ISAK) protocol to determine anthropometric characteristic of junior volleyball

players.

4. Physical fitness traits, i.e. flexibility of lower back and hamstring muscles,

strength of upper body muscles, strength of the abdominal and hip muscles,

moving speed, agility and explosive power of lower extremes were selected in the

study.

5. Test and measurement procedure were adapted from International standard for

advancement of Kin anthropometry (ISAK) protocol for anthropometric

measurement and cupper institute, 2007 standard procedures for fitness tests.

1.7 Limitations of the study

It was planned to involve junior volleyball players from most Woredas in the given

zone. Due to different reasons most of them could not organize players who

completed U-17 project in 2010 E.C. as a junior teams. Only three Woredas, such as

Shendie Wenbrema, Durbietie and Qunzla woredas organized junior volleyball teams.

Hence, anthropometric characteristics and fitness data were collected from the three

junior volleyball teams.

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1.8. Definition of Operational terms

The terms, which were often used in this study, are defined as follows:

Anthropometric characteristics: are the traits that describe body dimensions of

junior volleyball players, such as height, weight, body fat composition

circumference of the chest, etc. (American physical therapy association, 2017).

Physical fitness traits: is the ability of junior volleyball players to perform a certain

physical activity without being too tired. This includes, the ability of the

players to jump vertically high (explosive power) or the ability of the players to

cover a certain distance within a short period of time, moving speed (Health

reviser, 2010).

Junior volleyball players: under 19 years of age male volleyball players

International players: volleyball players who play volleyball at national team level.

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CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITRATURE

Overview

The review of literature that is given in this chapter provides a frame of reference for

understanding anthropometric characteristics, physical fitness traits and the

relationship between anthropometric characteristics and physical fitness traits of

junior volleyball players. The literature review composed of six sub topics. Firstly,

historical development of Volleyball sport is reviewed. Then, theoretical framework

of anthropometric characteristics is outlined. Thirdly, anthropometric characteristics

of a junior volleyball player are reviewed. Fourthly, the theoretical framework of

physical fitness is delineated. Then fifthly, physical fitness traits of junior volleyball

players are reviewed. Lastly, the link between anthropometric characteristics and

physical fitness traits of junior volleyball players are reviewed.

2.1. Historical development of Volleyball sport

Volleyball sport was made-up at Springfield faculty in Massachusetts at intervals of

years in 1895, by William G. Morgan, once observation basketball, develop; he

determined to create a less exhausting sport for older folks. He had known as this

game "Mignonette". However, a neighborhood businessperson and faculty member

named Dr. Hallstead contemplate the movement of the take a back cyber web, and

therefore the sport was nearly instantly renamed as volleyball. In 1900, a modification

of the foundations was advised. The peak of cyber web goes up to seven feet half

dozen inches and match length is about at twenty one points (LA84 foundation, 2012;

FIVB, 2016).

The rules of volleyball were conjointly modified once more in 1912. The court size

became thirty five feet by sixty feet and an identical size and weight of the ball was

established, occupation for a circumference of twenty six inches and a weight of

between seven and nine ounces. To boot, the amount of players on every team was set

at six and therefore the players should rotate before service (FIVB 2008). The gap of

15

war brought volleyball to worldwide, together with Africa; Egypt became the primary

country from Africa to find out the official rules in 1915.

In 1916, the score for a game was modified from twenty one to15, and it had been

determined that so as to win a match, a team had to win 2 out 3 games. net height was

raised yet again, now to eight feet, whereas the quality ball weight escalated from

eight to ten ounces. it had been conjointly determined that if a player holds onto the

ball or the contacts the ball doubly during a row, it'd be thought of a foul. The 1920's

marked several vital advances in volleyball's history. The foundations modified once

more. The court size went all the way down to thirty six feet, and therefore the ball

can be competing by the other a part of the body on top of the waist. Grading rules

were conjointly modified, providing that, with the score at 14-14, two consecutive

points were required to win (Volleyball worldwide, 2011).

After the Second war, international volleyball federation passed off in Paris, France in

1946 and assigned French person Paul Libaud because the 1st President. He

consonant the European rules of the sport and the court becomes nine x eighteen

meters and the net height was to be 2.43 meters for the males and 2.24 meter for the

ladies. Since its innovation, different nations have joined, and currently over one

hundred twenty national federations attached with the federation of international

American state volleyball (FIVB, 2016). In 1948, the primary European

Championship was control in Rome and won by geographical area. A year later, the

primary public World Championship was control in Prag and won by the USSR. In

1963, European Confederation was founded; volleyball created its 1st official look

within the Olympic Games in 1964 . Today, Volleyball becomes the fifth most well

liked sports within the world next to association football, crickets, hockey and court

game. It involves over 900 million folks at intervals two hundred national federations

throughout the planet (IOC, 2016; Wood, 2017).

Volleyball in Africa

Confederation Africaine de Volleyball or CAVB is the continental governing body

for the sport of volleyball in Africa. Its head office is situated in Cairo, Egypt. The

16

CAVB was the last governing body to be established in 1972. The CAVB is

responsible for organizes continental competitions such as the African Volleyball

Championship in 1967. It also takes part in the organization of qualification

tournaments for major events such as the Olympic Games, World Championships and

international competitions hosted by allied federations (Solomon Addis Getahun,

2019)

In Africa, no national team had been able to obtain impressive results in international

competitions neither in women‟s nor in men‟s events, until 2004. However, countries

like Egypt and Tunisia have maintained consistent Olympic participation in recent

years. From the African continent, Egypt and Tunisia in men‟s and women‟s

volleyball and Kenya, in women‟s volleyball, dominate (Abiy wendeferaw, 2018;

Tadele Yidnekachew Tessema, 1998)

Volleyball in Ethiopia

Ethiopia is located in the north-eastern part of Africa commonly known as the Horn

of Africa. Neighboring countries include Djibouti and Somalia in the east, Kenya in

the south, Sudan in the west, south Sudan in the south-west and Eritrea in the north.

Population of Ethiopia is expected to be 110,000,000 people. In terms of the age

structure of the population, 70 percent of Ethiopians are younger than 30 years of age.

Around 20 percent of the population lives in urban areas. The population of Ethiopia

is extremely heterogeneous (diverse). In total, there are more than 80 different ethnic

groups within Ethiopia. Numerous other local languages are also spoken. Many of the

languages are from the Semitic or Cushitic linguistic groups. Amharic is the countries

only working language, while English is the major foreign language taught to

Ethiopians in the educational system. Ethiopia is the second most populous country in

sub-Saharan Africa. The total area of Ethiopia covers approximately 472,000 square

miles is the ninth largest country in Africa. The country is divided into nine

ethnically-based administrative regions and two chartered cities (Henze, Paul B.,

2005; Yilmaz, Serdar; Venugopal, Varsha, 2008).

17

Volleyball introduced in our country Ethiopia in 1943 by foreign academics. Ethiopia

is one of the founding members of the African Volleyball Commission founded in

1967, and the African Volleyball Confederation established in 1972. Volleyball has

been one of the most popular sports in Ethiopia since the 1970s. It has the potential to

be the second most popular sport next to football in Ethiopia. The country

participated in continental competition both in the men and women‟s category until

the late 1990s. These days, volleyball no longer enjoys popularity among Ethiopian

sports fans. In the 1970s, volleyball was the most popular sport activity in the

country. The sport was first introduced and practiced in schools (Michael & Araya

2005). At that time, the best and most well known volleyball players and coaches

were recruited from such schools (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_in_Ethiopia).

Until the late 1990s, the country participated in continental competition in both the

men and women‟s category. Even during the political transitions in 1991 and 1993,

the Ethiopian women‟s national volleyball team qualified for the Women‟s African

Volleyball Championship. There were also, a few domestic championships between

schools, weredas, zones and regions from which some excellent players were

recruited for the national team (Abiy wendeferaw, 2018)

Volleyball is suffering now. It is very sad to see volleyball fading at the top traits. It

has been a few years since the Ethiopian National Volleyball Team regularly

participated in continental, zonal or East African and other tournaments. Currently,

Players do have a very small opportunity to play for the national team. This makes it

really difficult to motivate players to work hard and improve their skills. Budget

constraint is the biggest challenge like many sport federations, the annual subsidy of

ETB350, 000 endowed by the government, is insignificant. Along with the premier

league, the Ethiopian volleyball federation organizes training for referees, coaches

and others technical personnel (www.ethiosport.com.).

Currently, the federation seems busy with projects at the lower traits. It works with

many project sites, most of which have been formed all over the country. They have

the ability to recruit the best young talent seen in over a decade; however, the

outcomes of projects have not been good enough. Finding just two or three youths in

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_in_Ethiopia

http://www.ethiosport.com/

18

a year to join the sport academy isn‟t adequate. In some areas of the country,

volleyball has long been like a cultural sport. The s Southern Nations, Nationalities

and Peoples region is believed to be the most productive one for volleyball. The

men‟s volleyball premier league champions‟ team, Wolaita Dicha, is from there. In

the Southern region, volleyball is still a very popular sport. One can see volleyball

pitches in schools, residential areas and even market places (Solomon Addis Getahun,

2019)

Volleyball Game

Volleyball is a team sport in which two teams of six players are separated by a net of

2.43m height in the middle (Kinda, Lenberg and Laskey, 2011). Each team tries to

score points by grounding a ball on the other team's 9m x 9m court under organized

rules. Two teams in the match, as opponents, exercised various Techniques and

tactics to attack and to defend (Jackson, 2017a).

To attack in volleyball, the players try their best to make the ball fall down onto the

opposite side. To defend, they prevent the ball from falling down onto their own

court. In a game each team players arrange in two rows with three players in each

zone of the court. The players‟ standing position on the court will rotate clockwise

except the libero, which means every player should be able to serve, set, pass, spike

and block. So it is essential for the players possess high traits of fitness that allows

them to play their roles more effectively in each position. So, volleyball is the game

of power, agility as well as speed (Govind, Taware, Milind, Bhutkar, Anil & Surdi,

2013).

The advanced technique of volleyball, such as attack from the back row, aggressive

blocking and powerful Jump serve are very critical to winning the game and their

execution requires high physical performance (Hayrinen, Hayrinen, Lahtinen,

Mikkola & Blomqvist, 2017). Spike reach height and block reach height also

frequently used as an important index to estimate the performance of the volleyball

players (Zhang, 2010). Thakur and Sinha (2010) pointed out that; “world‟s top most

19

sporting nations are very much aware on physical performance factors which are

supposed to play a dominant role in its future performance in all sports and games”.

Scholars in the field demonstrated a significant correlation between physical

performance and overall performance of players in the game. The vertical jump

performance had a positive correlation with the number of spiking, blocking, serving

and overall success rate of the game (Tian, 2006, Jackson, 2017b &Wood, 2017).

Attacking and blocking represent 45% of the total actions of the players and

contribute 80% of the scores obtained in an international game (Zhang, 2010).

Therefore, the performance of the players depends on the height that the players can

reach (Stanganelli, Dourado, Oncken, Mançan & Costa, 2008)

2.2. Theoretical framework of anthropometric characteristics

According to, Stanley and Komlos (2010) The word “anthropometry” is derived from

the Greek word “entrap” meaning “human” and “metro” meaning “measure”.

Therefore; anthropometry is the study of systematic measurement of the human body,

size and shape. Particularly, dimensional measurement of stature, weight, and body

mass index, body composition, bone and muscle. It also includes various organs,

connective and nervous tissue of a human being.

Stewart (2010) defined anthropometric characteristic as “the quality that describe

body size in relation to human movement, physiology or applied health sciences.”

America physical therapist Association (APTA, 2018) defines anthropometric

characteristics as follows: “the traits that describe body dimensions, such as height,

weight, girth, and body fat composition”. Centers for Disease control and prevention,

CDCP (2007) build on this definition, stating that anthropometric characteristics

determined by the behavior of the human body measurements. Such as Weight,

stature (standing height), lengths, circumferences (head, waist, limb, etc.), skin fold

thicknesses, limb lengths, and breadths (shoulder, wrist, and so on).

20

The international societies for advancement kin anthropometrics, ISAK, (2007)

classified anthropometric characteristics of players into five categories. The first

category called Basic anthropometrics characteristics. It includes Stature, body

weight and sitting height. The second category, known as Skin folds and it consists of

triceps, Sub scapular, Biceps, Iliac Crest, Supra spinal, abdominal, front thigh and

Medial calf. The third category is known as girth. It is composed of thirteen

variables (namely of head, neck, arm (relaxed), arm (flexed & tensed), forearm

(maximum), wrist (distal steroids), chest (mesosternale), waist (minimum), flutes

(hips), mid-thigh , mid-calf (maximum), ankle (minimum). The fourth category is

called Lengths, which consists of acromiale radial, radial styling, midstylion - dactyl

ion, iliospinale height, trochanterion height and trochanterion-tibial and tibial lateral

height and tidal lateral-sphyrion. The fifth anthropometric category is collectively

known as Breadth. It is consists of Biacromial, Biilocristal, Foot length, Transverse

chest, A-P chest depth, Humerus and Femur.

The definition of Stewart (2010) is little bit general and it does not indicate the

detailed anthropometric characteristic of players. The definition given by the centers

for disease control and prevention, (CDCP, 2007) is a relatively specific and indicate

some variation of anthropometric characteristic. The description anthropometric

characteristics given by the international society for advancement for kin

anthropometrics, ISAK, (2007) were more specific and pointed out each and every

variable included under anthropometric characteristic. Therefore, it is more relevant

to the current study.

21

Figure 2.1: Conceptual framework of anthropometric characteristics

2.3. Anthropometric characteristics of junior volleyball players

Anthropometric characteristics of volleyball players have been an important concern

for sport experts and physical educators for years. It might be expected to display

structural and functional characteristics that are specifically favorable for the

particular sport activity and it used to predict a future success of players (Gaurav &

Singh, 2004; Bourgois, Claessens, Vrijens, Philippaerts, Renterghem, Thomis,

Janssens, Loos & Lefevre, 2000; Reilly, Bangsbo, & Franks, 2000; Ackland, Ong,

Kerr, & Ridge, 2003; Slater et al., 2005).

In sports related research, anthropometric characteristics are widely applied in the

recruitment of potential athletes (Zhang, 2010). Anthropometric characteristics of a

Anthropometric

characteristics Skin fold

Basic

Breadth

Length Girth

Tricep

s Sub scapular

Abdominal

Iliac crest

Thigh

Calf

Acromiale-dactylion

Midstylion-dactylion

Acromiale-radiale

Hand

Biepicondylar hummer

Biepicondylar femur

Biilocristal

Transevers chest

ce Biacromial

Sitting height

Body weight

Stature

Chest

Neck

Relaxed arm

Flexed and tense arm

Radiale-stylion

Thigh

Gluteus

Calf

Ankle

Wrist

Forearm

Waist

22

particular player also used to understand the growth of the body and muscles, to

predict his or her overall and physical performance (Zhang, 2010). Moreover, it is

also important to identify nutritional and supplementary requirement for a particular

athlete, to make the training more scientists and support talented athletes in various

sport discipline Chatterjee, Chatterjee, & Bandhyopadhyay, 2006). Anthropometric

characteristics also used for talent identification and success in different sports

discipline (Wilmore & Costill, 1999). Therefore, using anthropometric characteristics

of volleyball players during recruitment and training helped a lot to make the training

more scientific, effective and efficient (Barbieri, 2013).

In volleyball, Anthropometric characteristics of players are necessary to ensure

success (Viswanathan & Chandrasekaran, 2011). It influences the performance traits

of the players (Gaurav & Singh, 2004). Hence, it is understood that volleyball players

have distinctive anthropometric characteristics (Ugarkovic, 2004). Players have to

meet these unique anthropometric features to be successful in their carrier.

As indicated by researches in the area of volleyball, basic anthropometric variables

have a direct effect on the overall performance of players (Sameer Kumar & Yadav,

2015). Standing reach height, skin folds thickness, spike and block reach heights also

have their Owen contribution to determine the talent as well as the performance of

volleyball players (Jin, Liu, Zhang & Gai, 2007; Jose, Palau, Policarpo Manzanares &

Valades, 2014). All these characteristics determine the success or failure of

volleyball players and teams (Michael & Joyner, 2016; Cespedes, 2017).

Previous studies have reported anthropometric characteristics of junior volleyball

players. Particularly, the stature, body weight and body fat content of junior

volleyball player studied very well. Muniz, Cossio-Bolaños, Campos, Gonçalves,

Lázari, Urra-Albornoz, & de Arruda, 2017; Aouadi, Mohammed & Alanazi, 2015;

Petroski , Del Fraro , Fidelix ,Silva ,Pires-Neto , Dourado , Rocha , Stanganelli,

Oncken & Viera, 2013; Manna, khanna & Dhara , 2012; Jeremy, Sheppard Nolan &

Newton , 2012; Nejic & Markovic,2011; Duncan, Wood field & al-Nakeeb ,2006;

23

Aytek,2007; Gabbett, Georgieff & Domrow, 2007. Relevant findings are discussed

as follows.

2.3.1. Stature of junior volleyball players

Effective execution of volleyball skills as well as the serves depend on the height that

the players can reach (Stanganelli, Dour ado, Oncken, Mancan, & Costa, 2008). The

heights of volleyball players also influence their spiking and blocking heights (Wood,

2015). The height of the players over the net is the combination of the stature of the

players and his jumping performance. During competition, the height of the player

over the net always played a vital role to win the game. Attacking and blocking

represent 45% of the total actions in a game and 80% of the scores obtained in

international matches (Zhang, 2010). Therefore, a team will lose its capacity of

winning if there is a lack of predominance over the net (Tian, 2006).

In recent years anthropometric characteristics of junior (age less than 19 years)

volleyball players have been studied by various researchers. Muniz, Cossio-Bolaños,

Campos, Gonçalves, Lázari, Urra-Albornoz, and De Arruda (2017), Aouadi,

Mohammed and Alanazi (2015), Petroski , Del Fraro , Fidelix ,Silva ,Pires-Neto ,

Dourado , Rocha , Stanganelli, Oncken and Viera ( 2013), Manna, khanna and Dhara

( 2012), Jeremy, Sheppard Nolan and Newton (2012) , Nejic and Markovic (2011),

Aytek (2007) ,Gabbett, Georgieff and Domrow, (2007) and Duncan, Wood field and

al-Nakeeb (2006).

Muniz, Cossio-Bolaños, Campos, Gonçalves, Lázari, Urra-Albornoz and de Arruda,

(2017) examined the height of junior male volleyball players selected from a first

division professional team from the Brazilian volleyball league. The mean height of

29 junior male volleyball players (mean age= 18.1years) selected from a first division

professional team was 193.8cm, + 7.3cm. They further examined sitting height of the

players. They revealed that, the mean sitting height of junior Brazilian professional

volleyball players (mean age= 18.1years) was 150.1cm, + 3.8 cm. In the other study,

24

Gabbett, Georgieff and Domrow (2007) measured the Standing reach height of junior

(mean age, 15.5 years) American volleyball players. They examined that the men

standing reaches height of Twenty-eight junior volleyball players were 240.8cm,

+10.9cm. Which was 10 cm lesser than Brazilian. Greater sitting heights are

advantages for volleyball players and have got direct relationship with better

performance of a team (Zhang, 2010).

Audio, Mohammed and Alanazi (2015) investigated the mean height of Fifty two

Saudi Arabian young (mean age: 15.45 ± 0.51years) volleyball players and they

found that the mean height of Saudi Arabian young volleyball players was 181.75 cm,

± 6.36 cm. It was still a little bit less than Indians (Gabbett, Georgieff & Domrow,

2007) and United States of Americans and (Manna, Khanna & Dhara, 2012).

Petroski, Del Faro, Fidelix, Silva, Pires-Neto, Dourado, Rocha, Stanganelli, Oncken

and Viera (2013) studied the height of junior Brazilian nation team volleyball players

from 1995 to 2005. According to them, the mean height of Brazilian junior national

team (Age=17.0±0.3 years) in 1995 was 194.4 cm (+6. 2 cm). Whereas the mean

height of junior national team members found in 1999 and 2005 were 196.1 cm, + 6.7

cm) and 197.0 cm, +8.0 cm) respectively. This shows that the number of players

having greater height becomes increased in their national team from year to year. The

secret behind their outstanding performance in international tournament might be

related to it.

Jeremy, Sheppard, Nolan and Newton (2012) measured the height of junior

Australian volleyball players. They confirmed that the mean height of Sixteen (age:

18.5, +1.5years) junior volleyball players participated in continental championship,

the World Cup and World Championships were 2.00 m + 0.06m. It was similar to

Turkish, Brazilian, Italian and Russian junior volleyball players (Aytek, 2007).

Manna, Khanna and Dhara (2012) examined that the stature / height of 30 Indian

juniors (average age 17.7+ 0.5) volleyball players. They found out that the height of

25

junior Indians volleyball players was 187.1 cm. As a research, when it compared to

world average leave, it was less up to 13cm. The other study, Gabbett, Georgieff &

Domrow (2007) measured the height of Twenty-eight junior secondary school

volleyball players (mean age, 15.5 years) within Brisbane (USA). They found that the

height of junior American volleyball players were 184cm + 0.08cm. It was similar to

Indians junior volleyball players (Manna, Khanna & Dhara, 2012).

Magic and Markovic (2011) compared the height of Serbian junior club volleyball

players with that of the general population and the represented volleyball players. The

authors found that those players who represented in volleyball sport were tallest of

all. The mean height, junior volleyball players found in the club was 183.50 cm (±6.

14 cm), whereas the mean height general population and the representative players

were 177.04 cm (±7.57 cm) and 189, 40 cm (± 6.70cm) respectively. The height of

the youngsters who represent for volleyball sports were taller than the general

population and junior volleyball players played in different volleyball clubs. From

their finding, we can understand that, the minimum height recommended for

volleyball sport at junior traits was 189.40cm in Serbia.

In another study, Aytek, (2007) compared the height or stature of Turkish junior

volleyball national team players with Brazilian, Italian and Russian counterparts, the

result shows, the mean height of the Turkish junior national team (n= 18) volleyball

players was 198 cm. According to Aytek, (2007), the height or stature of Turkish

junior volleyball player‟s were similar Brazilian 194.41 cm (world ranking 1st Place),

Italy 195.81 cm (world ranking 2nd

Place) and Russia 201.81 cm (world ranking 3rd

Place) junior volleyball players. Three to five cm difference in stature seems similar

but it may bring a difference in performance.

Duncan, Wood field and al-Nakeeb (2006) have been measured stature of England

junior nation team volleyball players. They found that the stature of England junior

nation team volleyball players was between 192 cm - 193 cm. They conclude that the

stature of England junior volleyball players was similar to their counterpart

26

throughout the world. However, as a research, their mean stature was 8cm less from

Australian junior volleyball players (Jeremy, Sheppard Nolan & Newton (2012).

The above revised studies indicated that the mean height of Turkish junior national

team volleyball players was 198 cm. It was almost similar to junior volleyball ball

players of the Brazilian (194.41 cm), Italian (195.81 cm) and Russian (201.81 cm) as

stated by Aytek (2007). It was also similar to the England junior volleyball players

(193cm) as studied by, Duncan, Wood field and al-Nakeeb (2006). The stature of

Indians was 187cm as studied by Manna, Khanna and Dhara (2012) and the stature of

the United States of American junior volleyball players was 184 cm as reported by

Gabbett, Georgieff and Domrow (2007).

The described differences in stature among junior volleyball players were probably

due to genetics difference, environmental factors and selection of taller players. The

height of players largely (80%) determined by genetic makeup of players and the rest

20% related to environmental factors, including, physical activity climates, dietary

habits, health states and lifestyle (Jafari, 2006). The tallest player in volleyball has an

advantage in both defensive and offensive actions over the top of the net (Gaurav,

Singh & Singh, 2010; Stamm, Veldre, Stamm, Thomson, karma & Loko, 2003).

Thus, there has been a tendency to recruit the tallest players in the volleyball sport

(Jankovic & Marelic, 1995; Reilly, Secher, Snell & Williams, 1990). Viviani (2004)

said “Volleyball players were taller than non athletes” more studies on the heights,

sitting height and Standing reach height of junior volleyball players in each and every

country needed and research in this area will continue.

2.3.2. Body weight of junior volleyball players

Due to the density of their bones and the higher proportion of lean muscle mass,

most of international junior volleyball players were heavier and having a greater body

weight (Stamm, Stamm & Jairus, 2017). Heavier volleyball players with normal

adipose tissue (until 10%) are more efficient at attacking than light players (Raini et

27

al., 2017). Researchers were conducted studies and showed the weight of junior

volleyball players. Muniz, Cossio-Bolaños, Campos, Gonçalves, Lázari, Urra-

Albornoz and de Arruda (2017), Petroski, Fraro, Fidelix, Silva, PiresNeto, Dourado,

Rocha, Stanganelli, Oncken and Viera (2013), Manna, Khanna and Dhara (2012),

Aytek (2007), Gabbett, Georgieff and Domrow (2007), Wood field and al-Nakeeb

(2006) measured and reported the weight of junior volleyball players.

Muniz, Cossio-Bolaños, Campos, Gonçalves, Lázari, Urra-Albornoz and de Arruda

(2017) found that the mean weight of 29 Brazilian junior professional volleyball

players (mean age= 18.1years) were 84.9 kg, +10 .7kg). Similarly, Petroski, Fraro,

Fidelix, Silva, Pires, Neto, Dourado, Rocha, Stanganelli, Oncken and Viera (2013)

have been measured the weight of Brazilian junior national team volleyball players

since 1995. They reported that the mean body weight of Brazilian junior

(Age=17.0±0.3 years) national team volleyball players was 84.3 kg, +5.1 kg in 1995.

Whereas the weights of junior (age=17.7±0.7 years).national team volleyball players

in 2005 were raised to 90.3 kg, +13. 0 kg. It was increased by 5kg within ten years.

This indicates that the requirement of heavier, muscular players increased from time

to time. Jeremy, Sheppard, Emily Nolan and Robert U Newton (2012), in their part,

reported the weight of Australian junior volleyball players participated in continental

and world championships, as well as world Cup. The weight of Sixteen junior (age:

18.5, +1.5 years) volleyball players participated in continental and world

championships as well as the world Cup were 88.4 kg, + 7.7 kg.

Manna, Khanna and Dhara (2012) measured the weight of Indian junior volleyball

players. The result shows than the mean weights of 30 Indian junior (average age

17.7+ 0.5) volleyball players were 67.2 kg. It was much more less than world class

junior volleyball players. The other study conducted by Gabbett, Georgieff &

Domrow (2007) found that the weight of Twenty-eight American junior volleyball

players was 71.1 kg, +9.6kg.

28

Wood field and al-Nakeeb (2006) measured the weight of England junior nation team

volleyball players. They found that the mean body weight of volleyball players was

between 71.2kg and 77.9kg. In the other study, Aytek (2007) compared the weight of

Turkish junior (16-19-year-old) volleyball players with the international counterpart

and he found that their body weight of Turkish players was 74.8 kg. It was similar to

most European countries.

From what has been reviewed above, we can see that the mean weight of junior male

volleyball players was greater. It was between 67.2 kg and 90kg. The mean weight of

Brazilian was between 84kg and 90 kg, as studied by Petroski, et al (2013) and

Muniz, et al (2017). The mean weight of Australian junior volleyball players was 88.4

kg, as studied by Jeremy, et al (2012), it was almost the same as Brazilian and world

class junior players. The mean weight of Turkish and England junior volleyball

players was about 74.8 kg, as studied by Aytek (2007) and Wood field and al-Nakeeb

(2006). The mean weight of Indians was much more less than Brazilian, Australian,

Turkish and England junior volleyball players. It was about 67.2 kg. Indians junior

volleyball players were relatively lighter than most European countries, But they

qualified and participated in world championship and world cups in frequent years.

So, research should continue.

2.3.3. Body mass index (BMI) of junior volleyball players

The most well-known indicator of body fatness is the body mass index or “BMI.” It

has been one of the most commonly utilized indices in the assessment of body mass

to height ratio. Its values are calculated by body mass in kilogram divided by height

in meter square (ventures, 2017)

BMI = Body mass (kg) / height (m x m)

According to, Ventures (2017) and Cespedes (2017) the body mass to height ratio can

be categorized as follows.

Underweight = <18.5

Normal weight = 18.5–24.9

29

Overweight = 25–29.9

Obesity = BMI of 30 or greater

Body mass index (BMI) often describes muscular athletes as overweight or obese

because of the density of muscle tissue, because it doesn‟t distinguish between lean

tissue and fatty tissue. Therefore, BMI is not always a reliable indicator of body

fatness, Nonetheless, it is still commonly used as a guide of the nutritional status and

body condition of the players (Barbieri, Zaccagni, Cogo, & Gualdi-Russo, 2013;

Romero-Corral, Somers, Sierra-Johnson, Thomas, Collazo - Clavell, & Korinek,

2008).

As indicated by Wood (2008) the most appropriate equation used to calculate

percentage body fat from various skins fold measurement site was founded by

Yuhasz, His formula is:

Percentage Body Fat for men = (0.1051 x sum of triceps, sub scapular, supra spinal,

abdominal, thigh, calf) + 2.585

According to, Body ventures (2017) Athletes have a body fat percentage that's lower

than that of the general population. A normal body fat percentage of men's volleyball

players are from 6 % to 13 % percent (Cespedes, 2017). Having lean muscles has got

a number of advantages for players. It‟s important to maintain a higher metabolism,

to control weight easily, to increase mobility and strength, to reduce injuries and

strengthens joints. It‟s also helpful to have more energy and greater self-esteem, as

well as less stress and depression (Mayo Clinic, 2019).

Few studies have been conducted to show the body composition of junior volleyball

players by using simple, low costs and easy mechanizes. Like skin folds thickness

and or body mass index (Moon, Tobkin, Smith, Lockwood, Walter, Cramer, Beck &

Stout, 2009; Bentzur, Kravitz & Lockner, 2008; Heyward & Wagner, 2004).

30

Muniz, Cossio-Bolaños, Campos, Gonçalves, Lázari, Urra-Albornoz and de Arruda,

(2017) assessed the percentage of body fat among junior volleyball players in Brazil.

The result indicated that the mean fat percentage of Brazilian junior (mean age=

18.1years) volleyball players were 16.4 %, + 3.7%. It was almost the same as the

Saudi Arabian volleyball players (Aouadi, Mohammed & Alanazi, 2015). A similar

study conducted by Muniz, et al. (2017). They pointed out that the mean skin folds

thickness of junior (mean age= 18.1years) male volleyball players for Biceps,

Triceps, sub scapular, Iliac crest, abdomen, Front thigh and calf were 5.2 mm,

+2.3mm, 10.9 mm, +3.3mm , 11.8 mm, +2.4mm, 13.4 mm, +4.8mm, 15.3mm,

+6.0mm, 12.9mm, +4.5mm and 9.4 mm, +3.3mm respectively. Their average is

around 12 mm. It's normal.

In the other study, Petroski, Fraro, Fidelix, Silva, Pires-Neto, Dourado, Rocha,

Stanganelli, Oncken and Viera (2013) calculated the body mass index of Brazilian

junior volleyball players. The mean body mass index of Brazilian junior national

volleyball players in 2002, 2003 and 2004 were 22.0, + 2.2, 22.1, +1.6 and 22.8 +1.8

respectively, they found out normal and almost constant body mass index through

consecutive the study years.

In Saudi Arabia, Aouadi, Mohammed and Alanazi, (2015) measured the fat traits of

junior volleyball players. According to them, the mean percentage of body fat among

Fifty two young (mean age: 15.45 ± 0.51years) volleyball players were 16.3 % ±

7.3%. It was a little bit above the normal body fat traits. The normal body fat

boundary was between 7 -13% (Kattouf, 2013). In India, Manna, Khanna and Dhara

(2012) reported the body fat percentage of 30 Indian (age 17.7+ 0.5) junior volleyball

players. They found that the average fat percentage of players were 13.8%. That was

exactly on the edges of the normal fat boundary.

In the other study, Petroski, Fraro, Fidelix, Silva, Pires-Neto, Dourado, Rocha,

Stanganelli, Oncken and Viera (2013) Analyzed the skin folds of Brazilian junior

national team volleyball players. The result showed that the mean skin folds, score of

31

Triceps, sub scapular, supra Iliad, abdomen and calves was 7.9mm, +1.3mm, 9.0 mm,

+1.4mm, 11.4mm,+3.5mm,10.7mm, +2.9mm and 7.3mm, +1.7mm respectively. The

sum of this five skin folds were 46.2 mm, +8.5 mm. The data shows, there is uneven

distribution of fat in our body.

The other study, made by Aytek (2007) examined the body mass index (BMI) of

junior volleyball players in Turkish. The outcome of the study indicated that the mean

body mass index (BMI) of junior volleyball players in Turkish (n=20) were 20.72, +

2.14 or 7.49%, + 2.69. It is the least of all in fat percentage. The normal body mass

index a player is between 18.5 and 24.9 (Ventures, 2017; Cespedes, 2017). The

author concludes that the percentage of body fat of Turkish Volleyball players was

similar to world class junior volleyball players all over the world.

In England also , Duncan, Wood field and al- Nakeeb (2006) study the fat percentage

of junior volleyball nation team players, the result indicated that the mean percentage

of body fat of junior volleyball players were between 11.5-12.9 %. It was more

normal and acceptable. The normal percentage of junior volleyball players were

between 6 % and 13 % (Cespedes, 2017).

Generally, in relation to junior men's volleyball players, researchers have emphasized

for stature / height, weight and percentage of body fat. The numbers of body

dimensions examined have been very limited, being restricted in height, weight and

body fat content. Lengths of extremities, girth and breadth of hands, legs and trunk

have been ignored. . There is no definite answer to the question what the girth, length

and breadth of junior volleyball players should be like? , These questions were not

studied yet. Besides, there were no study has compared the anthropometric

characteristics of Ethiopian junior volleyball players with international counterparts.

Hence, one of the objectives of this study was to compare the anthropometric

characteristics of junior volleyball players in West Gojjam, Ethiopia with

international counterparts.

32

2.4. Theoretical framework of Physical fitness traits

According to, Merriam-Webster dictionary (2018) physical fitness is defined as the

functions and activities of living matter (such as organs, tissues, or cells) and the

chemical phenomena involved with in living matter. Kenneth and Wills (2018) define

Physical fitness as the body capacity to perform certain functions, For example, the

efficiency of the blood circulation system of our body to transfer oxygen at a faster

rate throughout the body. They, Kwong, Russia and oi1, (2010) define physical

fitness as the ability of players in relation to games, such as vertical jumps traits,

maximal running speed, shuttle run performance etc.

The definition of Merriam-Webster dictionary (2018) is a detail and more specific.

Physical fitness described as the function of different body parts as the result of

chemical reactions taking place within it. The definition given by Tey, Kwong,

Russia and Ooi1 (2010) and Kenneth and Wills (2018) is directly related to this study.

According to them, Physical fitness refers to the ability of the players to jump

vertically high (explosive power) or the ability of the players to cover a certain

distance within a short period of time (moving speed). The capacity of the players to

change in direction with maximum speed is also referred as agility. Therefore, it is

more relevant to the current study.

Figure 2.2: Conceptual framework of physical fitness

Physical fitness Agility Flexibility

Abdominal & hip muscles Strength

Explosive Power Speed

Upper body Strength

33

2.5. Physical fitness traits of junior volleyball players

Physical capacity is an important element of success in many sports such as

volleyball and other sports (Elahe, Narges, Somayeh and Mahdieh, 2013). Volleyball

involves both aerobic and anaerobic energy systems and a special physical ability is

needed to perform it very well (Kalinski, Norkowski, Kerner & Tkaczuk, 2002).

Volleyball, like several other ball games, requires not only technical and tactical

skills, but also required better performance traits of fitness (Fattahi, Shamsabadi,

Kalani, Khalifeh & Ghofrani, 2014). Volleyball involves frequent, intense activities

such as jumping, diving, side movement and these activities are joined by short rest

periods throughout 60-120 minute games (Fattahi, Shamsabadi, Kalani, Khalifeh &

Ghofrani, 2014). It‟s the game illustrated by fast movement that needs relatively

maximum physical exertion (Stamm, 2007). Players „skill also influenced by their

physical fitness traits (Trajkovic, Milanovic, spores, Milic & Stankovic, 2012; Gale,

2007). That is why; it‟s the game of aerobic and anaerobic performance (Elahe,

Narges, Somayeh, & Mahdieh, 2013; Fitness health 101, 2018).

Dale (2017) reported that to be effective in volleyball, a player needs to demonstrate

a better Physical fitness traits. Particularly, Speed, agility, power, flexibility and

muscular strength is very critical. Successful volleyball player possesses greater

speed, upper and abdominal strength and flexibility of lower back and hamstring

muscles (Stamm, Veldre & Stamm, 2003). Jumping skills, speed and upper and

middle body muscle strength are necessary for successful blocking and spikeing

(Ana, Costa, Santosd, Figueiredo, & Joaobd, 2015; Dale, 2017; Gantois,

de Castro, Dantas, Cabral, Pinto & Joao, 2017; Pristine, 2014).

Volleyball serves and smashes result in very fast ball speed, so players also need to be

speedy to get to the right position and pass the ball (Dale, 2017). Without a better

agility the player cannot be the right place at the right time and cannot make dodge,

duck and dive movement to make successful plays. The volleyball net is 10 feet high,

34

so players also need leg power to be able to jump high enough to block and smash the

ball. Hitting the ball with plenty of heat requires upper body power. Squatting or

lunging down low to return volleyball requires limbs flexibility (Wood, 2010).

Volleyball matches are usually played to the best of 21 points and takes some time.

To play continuously with full energy, muscle strength is very useful. The strength of

the arms is favorable for spiking and serving. The power of the lower extremities is

also critical to jumping in volleyball (LA84, foundation, 2012; Wood.2010; Gabbett

& Georgieff, 2007; Zhang, 2006; Scates &Linn, 2003).

From the reviewed literature, it‟s simple to understand the effect of better fitness traits

on volleyball performance. Particularly, the influence of the flexibility of lower back

and hamstring muscles, strength of upper, abdominal and hip muscles, speed, agility

and power of lower extremes. Few studies have been undertaken to determine

physical fitness traits of junior volleyball players. In this particular study, flexibility,

muscular strength, speed, agility and explosive power of junior volleyball players has

been reviewed.

2.5.1. Flexibility of junior volleyball players

Flexibility is the capacity of players to move the body and its parts from side to side

and in a wide range of motion without neuromuscular tension (Shuchi, Drogemuller,

Kleinschmidt, 2012). Flexibility of certain joints does not essentially point to

flexibility in other joints and there is no universal flexibility test for total body. That

means, flexibility is specific for a given joint and to a particular sport.

In volleyball, lower back and hamstring muscles flexibility is essential to execute the

required skills successfully (Erica, Johnson, James & Thomas, 2010; Kim & Jung,

2016). It can easily accessed by direct the use of sit-and-reach test (López-Miñarro ,

Andújar, García & Toro, 2007; Mermier et al., 2000; Grant et al., 2001; Nelson &

Bandy, 2004; Bradley & Portas, 2007). Better performance traits of sit and reach test

increased physical efficiency, overall performance, blood supply and nutrients to the

35

joints and neuromuscular structures. Particularly, Static flexibility is important to

decrease risk of injury during the game and decrease risk of low-back pain. Dynamic

flexibility in its part has a great role in the efficient exchange of nutrient, to keep

muscular balance and posture (Dominique & Gummelt, 2015; Knudson, Magnusson

& McHugh2000). That is why, it‟s become the key physical fitness component and

the part of all conditioning programs in many sports including volleyball (Bradley &

Portas, 2007; Nelson & Bandy, 2004; Chandler, 2000; Kirkendall, 2000).

Volleyball players require to perform vigorous activities including, starting, stopping,

changing direction and diving movements, all this requires high to an optimum traits

of flexibility (Fattahi, Shamsabadi, Kalani, Khalifeh & Ghofrani, 2014; Dale, 2017;

Fitness health 101, 2018). Players have to move suddenly in forward direction,

sideways or downward directions, so flexibility of the body, particularly, flexibility of

lower back and hamstring muscles is very importance to increase the range of

movement from the joints, to play the game in a good manner, to reduce risk of

injuries and to decrease recovery time (Fischer, 2004; Dale, 2017). Additionally,

lower back and hamstring flexibility in very essential for volleyball players to execute

the required skills successfully (Hamilton, 2018; Kim & Jean, 2016; Erica, Johnson,

James & Thomas, 2010; Buschbacher, Prahlow & Dave, 2009; Arnheim, 2005).

There are limited studies have been undertaken to compare the flexibility traits of

junior volleyball players According to, Duncan, Woodsfield and al-Nakeeb, (2006)

The sit and reach test score of England setter, hitters, central and opposites were

26.1cm, + 6.9cm, 37cm, +10.7cm, 34.5cm,+ 9.4cm and 19.3cm,+8.3cm respectively

The figure indicates that their mean sit and reach score of players were about

29.23cm. This is a good traits of performance (Canadian society for exercise

physiology, 1998). Similarly, the other standard set by Elizabeth Quinn (2018) also

confirmed this sit and reach score was taken as good or above average performance.

In the other study, Silva, Petroski and Gaya (2013) reported the flexibility of lower

back and hamstring muscles of junior volleyball players. The result indicates that the

36

average sit and reach test score of players was 25.5cm, + 01 cm. That is at a medium

traits of performance in normative standards. In contrast, the sit and reach test score

of junior volleyball players reported by Sameer Kumar Yadav (2015) was 19.07

3.77cm. This is below average or poor performance traits when compared with the

age matched standards (Elizabeth Quinn, 2018; Canadian society for exercise

physiology, 1998).

The traits difference of performance in sits and reach test score depends on various

factors. The nature of the joints, the types of muscle fiber possessed by the players

and the characteristic of their tendons and ligaments determines the flexibility traits of

lower back and hamstring muscles. Additionally, the intensity and the nature of

training given to the players determine the sit and reach the performance traits of the

players at great extent (Horst, 2017).

2.5.2. Upper body, abdominal and hip muscle strength of junior volleyball

players

Muscular strength refers to the ability to perform a specific muscular action against

resistance and it‟s directly related to the cross-sectional area (girth) of the skeletal

muscle of the players (Suchomel, Memphis & Stone, 2016; Jones, Bishop, Woods, &

Green, 2008; Siff, 2001). Skeletal muscle is an organ that produces movement of an

organism by contractions and relaxation (WAN, 2008).

The volleyball sport demands repetitive movement of the upper and middle muscle

groups. Upper and middle body muscle strength is required to perform jump serve,

dig and spike and to demonstrate aggressive blocking in volleyball (LA84 foundation,

2012) .Arm and shoulder girdle strength is important in offensive, defensive and in

minimizing mistakes in basic skills of volleyball (Zhang, Y 2010).

Abdominal and hip muscle strength also played an important role for explosive

jumping and powerful hitting in volleyball. It provides the muscular link between the

upper and lower body and by this means assists force Summation (Hughes, 2014) Its

37

assessment has been considered in volleyball due to the movements of explosive

characteristics (Hespanhol, Neto, de Arruda & Dini, 2007). Overall Muscular

strength is a key predictor for successful volleyball performance (Mermier, Janot,

Parker & Swan, 2000, Singh, Chengappa & Banerjee, 2011; Ben-Zaken, Meckel,

Lidor, Nemet & Alon, 2013).

The strength of the upper and middle body of junior volleyball players as not been

studied very well. Very few studies were undertaken to determine the strength traits

of junior volleyball players. In relation to this, Govind, Taware, Milind, and Bhutkar

(2013) measured the push up and sit up the performance traits of volleyball players

and compared the finding with the international norms. The mean push-up and sit up

performance scores of players was 28.9 and 38.8 repetitions respectively. The

researchers conclude that the push up performance exhibited by their players were

poor when compared with international norms. While, the set up the performance

traits of the players were average or fair to their age groups (Australian College of

Sport & Fitness 2013; Wood, 2017).

The upper body strength difference between players may happen because of the

strength of the shoulder muscles (anterior and medial deltoids), the Chest muscles

(pectorals) and back of the upper arm (triceps) of the players (Sifferman, 2017).

Research also indicates that the strength of the upper body is directly related to the

girth of the chest and shoulder muscle groups (Jones, Bishop, Woods, & Green,

2008).

In the other study, then sit up mean performance traits of the players were 39.86

repetitions as reported by, Ajoy Bag et al, (2015), which is also averagely performed

with reference to standard norms set by, Australian College of Sport & Fitness

(2013). Similarly, Rameshkannan and Chittibabu (2014) measured the set up the

performance of volleyball players and reported that the average set up performance of

the players were 39.10 repetitions. This is also average performance.

38

According to the normative standard set by the copper institute (2002) for male age

players age between 18-29 years, the push up score above 61 = super, 47-61=

Excellent, 37 to 46 = good, 29-36 = fair/average, 22-28 = Poor 4 -10.

The set up performance normative standards also set by, Wood,(2017) he adapted the

normative reference produced by Golding, et al. (1986).in this regard, Above 49 =

Excellent, 44 to 49 = good, 39 to 43= above average, 35 to 38= average, 31-34 =

below average, 25-30= poor and <25 = very Poor. The set up performance standards

set by Australian College of Sport & Fitness 2013, also the same as the above

standards. The strength endurance of middle body muscle groups can easily measure

by using sit up tests (Noguchi, Demura & Takahashi, 2013; Childs, et al., 2009).

There are a number of muscle groups around the hip and abdomen. These are rectus

abdominals, external Oblique‟s, internal Oblique‟s, transverse abdominals and hip

flexor muscles, including psoas major, illiacus, rectus femoris, pectins and Sartorius

(Elizabeth Quinn, 2018; Sifferman, 2017).

There are seven factors that determine the strength of the players, this includes, the

number of motor units involved the motor unit firing frequency, the amount of motor

unit synchronization, the use of the stretch shortening cycle, the degree of

neuromuscular reserve, the muscle fiber type, and the degree of muscle hypertrophy

(Bumper & Huff, 2009; Bourne, 2008).

According to Bumper and Huff (2009) the methods used to develop strength of player

can be categorized into seven. The first is Body Weight. Body weight resistance can

be used to increase strength because of the actions of gravity on the body. Some

examples are pushups, pull-ups, chin-ups, dips, and stair climbing. The second

method is Elastic Bands: When stretched, elastic bands create resistive forces. The

third is Weighted Objects. It involves medicine balls, kettle balls, and bags of sand.

Weight Stack Machines Is the fourth one and resistance is provided by the action of

gravity on the resistance. The fifth is a fluid resistance machine, where fluid

39

resistance machines create resistive forces by moving the body or apparatus through a

fluid. Free Weights are the six methods and it includes, free weights, such as

dumbbells and barbells, are considered the gold standard of resistance training. The;

last but not the least is Isometric method which: apply resistive forces in which the

contractile forces equal the resistive forces (Sarah Klein, 2017; Nicholas David

Bourne, 2008).

The volume of a training session is calculated by multiplying the weight lifted by the

number of sets and the number of repetitions, which yields a volume load value. The

micro cycle volume can vary drastically depending on the sport and the phase of

training. The Suggested Volume in Metric Tons of Strength Training for junior

volleyball players Per session and year is shown in the table below (Bumper and Huff

,2009; Bourne, 2008).

Table 2.1: Suggested Volume in Metric Tons (1,000 kg) of Strength Training for

junior volleyball players per session and year.

Volume per micro cycle Minimum Maximum

Preparatory

Competition

Transition

12-20 4 2 450 600

Adapted from: Bompa and Carrera,(2005), Periodization training for sports:

Science-based strength and conditioning plans for 20 sports, 2nd

Ed. (Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics), 258.

The training intensity relates to the sum of weight or resistance being used in the

training and its best determined as a percentage of 1RM. The intensity of a training

session can be calculated by dividing the volume load by the total number of

repetitions completed. The higher the load, the lower number of repetitions will be

performed. Usually a set consists of a sequence of repetitions performed constantly

followed by a rest interval.

40

Table 2.2: Intensity zones, Intensity, repetitions and sets of strength training

Intensity

zone

Loading Intensity Repetition Sets

1 Super >100 1 1-4

2 Maximum 90-100 1-4 1-6

3 Heavy 80-90 4-8 10-17

4 Medium 70-80 8-15 21- 25

5 Low 50-70 15-40 >25

6 Very low 30-50 40-100 >60

Adapted from: Bompa and Carrera (2005), Periodization training for sports:

Science-based strength and conditioning plans for 20 sports, 2nd

Ed. (Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics), 258.

2.5.3. Speed and agility of junior volleyball players

Speed and agility are the basic components of volleyball performance. Speed for

volleyball players is the capacity to move quickly across the ground to dig or spike

the ball (Plisk, 2008; Harman & Garhammer, 2008). It is a complex mixture of

psychophysical components volleyball players. These include perception,

expectation, decision making, reactions, moving at maximum speed without a ball,

actions with a ball and reading the game. All of these components are interrelated and

have a significant influence on the speed of volleyball players (Kessel, 2019). It‟s one

of the main fitness components and has a critical role for success in many sports,

including volleyball (Kessel, 2019). During a volleyball match, every player expected

to perform various short sprints and high-intensity court movement (Yadav, 2015;

Singh & Behera, 2013). Therefore, players have to be moved rapidly to execute the

required activities effectively and efficiently (Terrell, 2017Miller, 2005).

Very Few studies have been undertaken to examine the speed of junior volleyball

players. Gabbett, Georgieff and Domrow (2007) reported the 10m sprint run

performance traits of Australian junior volleyball players. The 10 m sprint run test

score of players was 1.88 Sec +0.13sec.In the other study, Jaromir Simonek, Pavol

Horička and Ján Hianik (2017) determined the mean score of Slovakian junior

volleyball team players in the 10 m sprint run. The mean sprint runs scored by players

of being 1.85 Sec. That is a little bit faster than Australian (1.88 Sec +0.13sec) and

41

Serbian (1.92 + 0.02Sec.) counterparts, as reported by Gabbett, Georgieff and

Domrow (2007) and Nebojs, Trajkovic, Milanovic, Sporis, Milic and Stankovic

(2012) respectively. Based on the above findings, the average normative score of

junior volleyball players in the 10m sprint run is about for 1.88 Sec.

On the other hand, Volleyball games demand that the player has the capability to

accelerate quickly in every direction, this is what we call it agility (Miller, 2005;

Terrell, 2017). Agility is the ability to move your body quickly and efficiently into a

position of our choice (Dale, 2017). Volleyball games is characterized by high speed

actions and players should take fast decisions and perform sport-specific tasks

occurred during the game. Moreover, without better traits of speed and agility, it‟s not

possible to be getting into the right place at the right time and perform the required

skill properly in volleyball. , Players often have to move, bend and dive to make

successful plays and the better their agility, the better they will be able to do this.

In relation to agility test scores of the junior volleyball player, Very Few studies have

been undertaken to determine the agility performance of junior volleyball players.

The shuttle runs agility test score of Australian junior volleyball players was 10.49

Sec +0.96sec, as reported by Gabbett, Georgieff and Domrow (2007). This is better

performance with reference to normative standard set by Wood (2008). The agility T-

shuttle run sprint test score of junior volleyball players was 11.55 and 11.35 seconds,

as reported by Jatinder et al., (2017) and Akilana et al., (2014) respectively.

Sprinting ability of a player is affected by several physiological and performance

factors. These are the energy system, neuromuscular system, technical system and

fatigue. The body meets the energy demands of muscle under sprinting conditions by

(a) altering the enzymatic activity of specific energy-producing pathways, (b)

increasing the amount of energy stored within the muscle, and (c) Increasing the

muscles‟ ability to overcome the accumulation of fatigue-inducing metabolites.

Neuromuscular system involves, muscular composition, nerves and muscles Stretch

activities. The technical abilities like starts, acceleration and maximum velocity affect

42

the speed of the players (Locatelli, 2017; Aditi, Majumdar, Robert & Robergs, 2011;

Bumper & Huff, 2009).

Factors that affect the ability of players includes, cognitive or decision making ability

of the players. Besides, change of direction, speed, sprinting speed, muscle

characteristics, maximal strength, rate of force development, power, reactive strength

and technical abilities differ among the players (Young, Dawson & Henry, 2015;

Scanlon, Humphries, Tucker & Dalbo, 2013; Veale, Pearce & Carlson, 2010;

Gabbett, Kelly & Sheppard, 2008; Sheppard, Young, Doyle, Sheppard & Newton,

2006; Sheppard & Young, 2005).

Speed can be developed by influencing a multitude of training factors. For example,

the acceleration phase can be developed by targeting the ATP-PC system and

performing short sprints (20-80 m) at 90% to 95% of maximum with longer recovery

periods between repetitions and sets. The literature indicates that agility must

consider not only speed, but also the ability to decelerate, change direction, and

accelerate in response to stimuli (Bumper and Huff, 2009; Bourne, 2008).

Table 2.3 Training Zone Intensities for Sprint Training

Zone Percentage Velocity(m/s) Times (s) Intensity

6 >100 >4.5 >22.0 Super maximal

5 90-100 4.1-4.5 24.4-22 Maximum

4 80-90 3.6-4.1 0 27.5-24.5 Heavy

3 70-80 3.2-3.6 31.4-27.5 Minimum

2 50-70 2.3-3.3 44.0-31.4 Low

1 < 50 < 2.3 <44.0 Very low

Note: Concept based on the methods presented by Plisk (2008).

2.5.4. Explosive power of junior volleyball players

Explosive power of lower extremes is an important part of the physical fitness profile

of the junior volleyball player (Gantois, de Castro, Paulo, Dantas, Breno, Cabral,

Pinto and Joao (2017). Stanganelli, Dourado, Oncken, Mançan, and DA Costa (2008)

suggested that the vertical jump capacity was critical for success in volleyball. The

43

vertical jump is a basic ability required in many sports including volleyball (Scott,

Briscoe, Craig, Murkowski, Samuel, & Saville, 2003). Vertical jump is common, very

vital and essential fitness quality for volleyball players and it‟s the key capabilities for

both attacking and blocking actions, (Singh & Behera, 2013; Sheppard et al., 2009)

Lower limb muscle power, expressed by the numerous jumps performed during

volleyball games, which are important for both attacking and blocking actions and

complicated part of this game (Singh & Behera, 2013; Sheppard et al., 2009, 2008,

2007).

Vertical jump is an essential part in performing spike and block as well as jumping

service skills in volleyball game (Gaurav, Singh & Sandeep, 2015). Players‟ excellent

performances are widely associated with efficiency of jumping or lower extremity

explosive power which lastly introduces a vertical jump as one of the most important

characteristics of physical performance in volleyball players (Zhang, 2010). Vertical

jump performance tests are one of the major criteria for volley ball players‟ power

capability (Engel, Zenhäusern, Colombani, Frey and Schack, 2001).

A few studies have been undertaken to determine the explosive power of junior

volleyball players. Duncan, Woodsfield and al-Nakeeb (2006) measured the vertical

jump performance of junior (Age = 16–19 years) volleyball players. Their finding

demonstrated that the vertical height of the central players (blockers) was higher than

the others. The vertical jump height of setters‟ hitters centers and opposites were:

(42.8 ± 8.1 cm), (49.0 ±5.7 cm), (47.2 ± 5.1 cm) and (42.0 ± 5.1 cm) respectively.

In the other study, Gabbett, Georgieff and Domrow (2007) used the vertical jump in

measuring power of lower extremities among junior male volleyball players in

Brisbane USA. The mean vertical jump value was 46.0 cm, +11.2cm. In the other

study, Duncan, Wood field and al-Nakeeb (2006) measured power of the lower

extremities of junior volleyball players in England. They point out that the mean

vertical jump performance of junior volleyball players was 42.0cm, + 49.0 cm. It is

44

almost the same as in the previous study conducted by Gabbett, Georgieff and

Domrow (2007).

Gabbett and Georgieff (2007) also measured Vertical jump performance of junior

(age 16 –19 years) novice, state and national team volleyball players. In their study,

they demonstrated that the mean vertical jump performance of novice, state and

national team volleyball players were 53.6 ± 1.1 cm, 65.8 ± 3.7 cm and 71.9 ± 2.9 cm

respectively. They concluded that junior national team players have got a better

explosive power than the state and novice junior volleyball players. This indicated

that the overall volleyball performance of volleyball players largely depended on

explosive power performance.

In the other study, Gaurav, Singh and Sandeep (2015) measured the vertical jump

performance of junior (age 18.35 ± 0.56) year volleyball players playing at different

position of play. The result shows that the vertical jump performance of blocker and

libros were 58.58cm, + 9.77cm and 50.83cm, + 4.06cm respectively. The researchers

conclude that blockers had better explosive leg power than their counterparts; it is

clear that higher jumping performance is more advantageous for blockers, spikes and

setters (Vuleta, Jerak & Sporis, 2016). From the literature and findings, the mean

normative score of junior volleyball players in relation to vertical jump was about

47.7 cm. There are factors which affect the vertical jump performance of players.

These include technical ability of players, their muscular strength and power

difference and their anthropometric characteristics (Al-Fadhli, Makki Ali, Fuad &

Saleeh, 2015; Aouadi, glide, Khalifa, Hermassi, Chelly, van den Tillaar, & Gabbet,

2012).

2.6. Theoretical frame for the relationship between anthropometric

characteristics and physical fitness traits of volleyball players

The international societies for advancement kin anthropometrics, ISAK, (2007)

classified anthropometric characteristics of players into five categories. The first

45

category called Basic anthropometrics characteristics. It followed by Skin folds. The

third and the fourth category are known as girth and Lengths. The fifth category is

collectively known as Breadth. On the other hand, physical fitness traits of players is

the ability of the players to play various sport activities without being too tired and its

consists of various components, like flexibility, strength, speed, agility, explosive

power, etc (Russia and Ooi1 (2010) and Kenneth and Wills (2018).

Players anthropometric characteristics have been used to predict the physical fitness

traits of volleyball players (Raini Stamm, 2007; Shan 2010).

Figure 2.3: Conceptual framework of the relationship between anthropometric

characteristic and physical fitness traits of players

2.7. The relationship between anthropometric characteristics and physical

fitness traits of junior volleyball players

Few studies have examined the relationships between anthropometric and physical

fitness traits of junior volleyball players (Aytek, 2007; Sheppard, Cronin, Gabbett,

McGeehan, Etxebarria & Newton, 2008; Koley, Singh, & Sandhu, 2010; Nikbakht,

2011; Arabmomeni1 & Alaei, 2013). Thus, correlations have been found between

anthropometric characteristics and flexibility, strength, agility and power of players.

Arabmomeni1 and Alaei (2013) studied the relationships between anthropometric

characteristics and physical fitness traits of players. They examined the relationships

between four anthropometric characteristics (height, weight, length of hands and legs)

with five physical performances (strength of the upper body and abdomen, the power

of the legs, agility and flexibility) of players.

Anthropometric

characteristics Physical fitness

Flexibility Power

Abdominal strength

Upper body strength

Power Speed

Skin folds

Girth

Breadth

Basic

Length

46

They report that there is a positive relationship between stature and upper, abdominal

and hip muscle strength, agility and lower body power of players (p<0.01).

Furthermore, there was a significant positive correlation between length of hands and

the strength of the upper body and power of lower extremities (p<0.05). Besides,

there was a highly positive relationship between length of legs and power of lower

extremities (p<0.01). Moreover, there was a significant correlation between stature

and upper body strength, agility and power of lower extremities There was a

negative correlation between weight and flexibility of lower back and hamstring

muscles (p<0.05).

Nikbakht (2011) studied the relationship between some anthropometric variables and

physical fitness performance traits of players. The research, focus up only few

anthropometric characteristics (body mass, percentage of fat) and physical

performance (power of legs and hand and speed). The result indicated that the

relationship between body weight and power of lower extremes was negative.

Similarly, the relationships between percentage of body fat, foot power and speed

were negative.

Kali, Singh and Sandhu (2010) studied the relationship between anthropometric

characteristics and physical fitness of volleyball players. The results indicated that

significant positive correlations were found with BMI (body mass index) and Weight,

Chest circumference, Hip girth., femur breadth, hummer breadth, Biceps skin folds,

Triceps skin fold, Sub scapular skin folds, Right hand grip strength, Left hand grip

strength, Basal metabolic rate, Water, Lower arm length, Arm circumference, Arm

muscle area, Upper arm area, Upper arm bone free muscle area and Upper arm Fat

area (p<. 001). Additionally, the result also shown that there was significant

negative correlations were found with percent body fat and stature, weight, femur

breadth, Hummer breadth, upper arm length, lower arm length, Total arm length, arm

circumference (p<. 05).

47

The other study, Białoskórska, Tomczyk, Tomczyk and Szafraniec (2016) also found

out similar finding the researches, tried their best to examine only the relationship

between percent body fat and BMI (body mass index) with the detail anthropometric

characteristic of players. They Indicated that there were significant negative

correlations between body fat and explosive power (p <. 001) and BMI (p < 05).

However, Sheppard, Cronin, Gabbett, McGeehan, Etxebarria and Newton (2008)

studied the relationship of volleyball performance, strength, power and

anthropometric variables with counter-movement vertical jump and spike jump.

Their finding revealed that there are Very strong correlations between spike reach

heights and bock reach heights. There was also moderate correlations (0.53–0.65; p >

0.01) were reported between the strength, vertical jump and relative spike jump.

Additionally Very strong correlations were observed between standing reach height

and spiking reach heights (0.85; p > 0.01) and blocking reach heights (0.93; p > 0.01).

Zhang (2010) investigated the relationship between anthropometry characteristic and

physical fitness performance of elite Chinese women volleyball players'. The

anthropometry variables that correlated with sit up the performance traits of players

were gluteus girth (r = - 0.240, p < 0.05), forearm girth (r = 0.160, p < 0.05), forearm

length (r = 0.230, p < 0.05) and ankle girth (r = 0.080, p < 0.05). These variables

determine the strength of the abdomen and hip muscles at about 19.8% and the

regression equation was 14.671-0.159 X1 + 0.251 X2 + 0.366 X3 + 0.042X4: where

x1: Gluteus Girth, x2: forearm girth, x3: forearm length and x4: ankle girth. The only

anthropometric variables which were significantly correlated with the agility of

female volleyball players was sub scapular skin fold (r = 0.288, p < 0.008). These

variables determine the strength of the abdomen and hip muscles only by 7.2 % and

the regression equation was 9.550-0.035Subscapular skin folds. There were three

variables which were significantly correlated with the explosive power of players.

These were standing reach height (r = - 0.17, p < 0.05), femur breadth (r = - 0.16, p <

0.05), and calf girth (r = - 0.12, p < 0.05), These variables determine the strength of

the abdomen and hip muscles at about 33.6% and the regression equation which

48

determine vertical jump performance traits of players was 253.63-1.547 X1 +5.538

X2-1.023 X where X1: standing reach height, x2: femur breadth and x3: calf girth.

Summery

Still, very few studies have been carried out on physical fitness traits of junior

volleyball players. This shows that researchers have not been given that much

emphasis for physical fitness traits of junior volleyball players. Moreover, it is clear

that no study conducted on the relationship between the anthropometric

characteristics and the physical fitness traits of junior volleyball players. Whether

some specific anthropometry characteristics would give to the increase of physical

fitness traits still needs to be revealed. Recently, scholars have shown more interests

in studying the relationship between anthropometric characteristics and physical

fitness traits so as to influence fitness traits of players.

49

CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODS

3.1. Research Design

This study used cross-sectional research design and its correlation as well as

descriptive in nature. According to Gratton and Jones (2004) cross sectional research

design is used to compare many different variables at the same time with little or no

additional cost. In this study, the researcher compared anthropometric characteristics

and physical fitness traits of junior volleyball players in West Gojjam zone of

Ethiopia in relation to the international norm. Additionally, the relationship between


were examined and the most relevant anthropometric variables that used to predict

specific physical fitness traits of players were identified and establish standards that

used to identify talented players. .

3.2. Population and sampling techniques of the study

The target populations of the study were junior volleyball players found in the West

Gojjam zone of Ethiopia. There are three junior volleyball teams in the three Wereda

of the given zone. The Players, who completed under 17 youth volleyball projects in

2018 , organize themselves as a junior team and continued their training. Available

sampling or all the players who are regularly trained and free from injuries were

involved in the study. Totally, 54 junior male players involved in the study. 60

international players who participated in the world championships 2017 also part of

this study as a secondary data. .

3.3. Sources of data

Anthropometric and physical fitness primary data were directly collected from the

three junior volleyball team players in the West Gojjam zone of Ethiopia. Secondary

data also assessed from official websites, journals and books of international society.

50

3.4. Ethical Considerations

Before the test and measurement the researcher informed the purpose of the research

for experts in regional volleyball federation experts. Then the researcher, in

collaboration with experts of the federation had given awareness to the coaches and

volleyball players. Eventually, the players voluntarily were involved in the study and

informed written consent was taken from the players and coaches. .

3.5. Data gathering instrumentation

The anthropometric characteristics and physical fitness test of each volleyball player

are measured and tested by using International standard instruments and procedures.

Namely, International Standard for Advancement of Kin anthropometry (ISAK,

2009) procedure for anthropometric characteristics and standards and procedure set

by the Cooper Institute (2007) for physical fitness tests.

3.5.1. Data gathering instrument for anthropometric characteristics.

The international standard for advancement of the Kin anthropometry protocol

(ISAK) was taken to determine anthropometric characteristics. Around thirty four

(34) anthropometric measurements were taken from volleyball players by using the

procedure set by International standard for advancement of the Kin anthropometry

protocol (Marfell-Jones , Olds , Stewart , Cater (2006) shown in the table 3.2 below.

51

Table 3.1: Anthropometric category and variables

S

o

S

o

S

o

u

r

c

Source: Adapted from ISAK, manual 2003.

3.5.2. Data gathering procedure for anthropometric characteristics

On the day of measurement, the researchers, assistants and coaches met the players in

the morning. Before the measurements, they explained the procedure to the

participants and encouraged them to collaborate with the researchers. No warm-up

was required. The anthropometry measurement was carried out according to the

procedures set by the International Standard for Anthropometrics Assessment (2009).

Each item was measured twice. If the variation between the two measurements was

out of the limit set by ISAK (i.e.>1% in measurements), a third measure was taken

and the average of the three scores has recorded.

3.5.2.3. Basic anthropometric variable measurement procedure

3.5.2.3.1. Standing Height (Stature)

Equipment required: tape measure placed against a wall

Anthropometric

category(unit)

Number

of variable

Anthropometric variables

Basic (cm) 7 Stature, body weight, Body mass index,

(derived) spike reach height, block reach

heights , sitting height and standing reach

heights

Skin folds (mm) 6 Triceps, sub scapular, abdominal, iliac

crest, Mid-thigh and calf skin folds

Girth (cm) 11 Neck, chest, relaxed arm, flexed and tense

arm, forearm, wrist, waist, gluteus, tight,

calf and ankle

Length (cm) 4 Radial-stylion, Acromiale-radial,

midstylion-dactylion and Acromiale-

dactyl ion length (derived)

Breadth (cm) 6 Biacromial, transverse chest, Biilocristal,

Biepicondylar femur, Biepicondylar

Hummers and hand.

52

Procedure: standing height is the dimension from the floor to the highest point of the

head, when the players are facing directly ahead. Shoes should be off, feet together,

and arms by the sides. Heels, buttocks and upper back should also be in contact with

the wall when the measurement is made. Height measurement can vary throughout

the day, usually being higher in the morning, so to ensure maximum height;

measurement should be taken in the morning.

3.5.2.3.2. Body weight

Equipment: calibrated weight scale

Procedure: The player should be weighed in underpants and without shoes, preferably

before a large meal. Body mass should be recorded to the nearest 100g.

3.5.2.3.3. Sitting heights

Sitting height gives a measure of the length of the trunk. It is a measurement of the.

Equipment required: tape measure placed against a wall

Procedure: The subject sits with both feet on the floor, the lower back and shoulders

against the wall, looking straight ahead. Distance from the highest point of the head to

the base sitting surface.

.

3.5.2.3.4. Standing reach heights

Equipment required: tape measure and wall

Procedure: If measuring against a wall, the

player‟s stands side on and reaches up with the

hand closest to the wall. Keeping the feet flat on

the ground, the point of the fingertips is marked

then the distance measured from the ground.

Figure 3.1, standing reach heights

If using the vertex vertical jump equipment, the person stands below the apparatus,

again with feet flat on the floor and reaches up as high as they can

53

3.5.2.4. Skin folds measurement Procedure

Equipment: - skin fold, caliper, tape measurement, marker pen, recording sheet

Procedure: All measurements were taken from the right side only. The tester pinched

the skin at the appropriate site to raise a double layer of skin and underlying adipose

tissue, but not the muscle. The calipers are then applied 1cm below and at the right

angle to the pinch, and reading millimeter should be taken. If the two measurements

differ greatly, the 3rd

test had been done, then the media value taken. Each reading

should be recorded to the nearest .5 millimeters.

3.5.2.2.1. Triceps skin folds

Player position: The subject assumes relaxed

standing position. The right arm should be relaxed

and elbow extended to the side of the body.

Method: The fold is parallel to the long axis of the

arm. Measurement should be taken at the

midway between the top of the shoulder and

the elbow Figure 3.2, triceps skin folds

.

3.5.2.2.2. Sub scapular skin folds

Player position: The player assumes a relaxed

standing position with the arms hanging by the

sides.

Method: The line of the skin fold is determined by

the natural fold lines of the skin. Measured just

below the inferior angle of the scapula, with the

fold in an oblique plane Figure 3.3, Sub scapular skin folds

descending laterally (outwards) and

downwards at an angle of approximately 45° to the horizontal

.

54

3.5.2.2.3. Iliac crest skin folds

Subject position: The player assumes a relaxed

standing position with the left arm hanging by the

side. The right arm should be placed across the

trunk and the abdominal muscles relaxed. Figure 3.4, iliac crest skin folds

Method: Measured 5 cm above the iliac crest with the fold at an angle of45° to the

horizontal (see figure 3.3, Appendix F).

,

3.5.2.2.4. Abdominal skin folds

Subject position: The player assumes a relaxed

standing position with the arms hanging by the

sides.

Method: Measured in a vertical plane 5 cm to the

left of the subject‟s umbilicus Figure 3.5, abdominal skin folds

3.5.2.2.5. Mid-thigh skin folds

Player position: The subject seated at the front edge

of the box with the upper body erect and the arms

hanging by the sides. The knee of the right leg is

usually bent at a right angle. In some subjects, this

skin fold may be easier to take with the knee

extended.

Method: The measurer stands facing the right side of

the subject on the lateral side of the thigh. Figure 3.6, Mid-thigh skin folds

The skin fold is raised in the mid of the thigh. Then measurement is taken while the

knee is bent.

55

3.5.2.2.6. Mid- Calfskin folds

Player position: The player assumes a relaxed standing

position with the arms hanging by the sides and the

right foot placed on the box. The right knee is bent at

about 90°.

Figure 3.7 Mid- Calfskin folds

Method: The fold is parallel to the long axis of the leg. Measured on the medial

surface of the calf at the traits of the greatest calf circumference, the player‟s weight

must be placed on the opposite leg.

.

3.6.2.1. Girth measurement procedure

3.6.2.1.1. Neck girth measurement

Equipment required: flexible tape measure and pen

suitable for marking the skin.

Procedure: The neck measurement is taken

immediately above the thyroid cartilage (the Adam's

apple). The subject should keep their head up and

looking straight ahead. When recording, you need to

make sure the tape is not too tight or too loose, is lying

flat on the skin. Figure 3.8 Neck girth.

.

3.6.2.1.2. Arm relaxed girth measurement



Procedure: First mark the site to be measured.

Figure 3.9 Arm relaxed girth

56

This girth measurement is usually taken on the right side of the body. The arm is

relaxed and hanging by the side, and the circumference is taken at the traits of the

mid-point between the acromion (boney point of shoulder) and the olecranon (boney

point of elbow) processes. When recording, you need to make sure the tape is not too

tight or too loose, is lying flat on the skin, and is horizontal.

3.6.2.1.3. Arm flexed and tensed girth measurement



Procedure: This girth measurement is usually taken

on the right side of the body. The arm is raised to a

horizontal position in the sagittal (forward) plane,

with the elbow at about 45 degrees. The subject

maximally contracts the biceps muscle, and the

largest circumference is measured.

Figure 3.10 Arm flexed and tensed girth

When recording, you need to make sure the tape is not too tight or too loose, is lying

flat on the skin, and is kept vertical. The maximal girth is not always obvious, and the

tape may need to be moved along to find the point of maximum circumference.

3.6.2.1.4. Forearm girth measurement



Procedure: This girth measurement is usually taken on

the right side of the body. The subject holds the arm

out with the palm facing upwards. The measurement is

taken along the forearm at the point of the largest

circumference.

Figure 3.11 Forearm girth.

57

The maximal girth is not always obvious, and the tape may need to be moved up and

down along the forearm to find the point of maximum circumference, which will

usually be found closer to the elbow. When recording, you need to make sure the tape

is not too tight or too loose and is lying flat on the skin

3.6.2.1.5. Wrist girth measurement



Procedure: This girth measurement is usually taken on

the right arm, at a point just distal (away from the

body) to the styloid processes.

Figure 3.12 Wrist girth

This is usually the minimum circumference in this region, though the tape

should be moved around to make sure you have recorded the minimum girth

measurement. When recording, you need to make sure the tape is not too tight or too

loose, and is lying flat on the skin

3.6.2.1.6. Chest girth measurement



Procedure: This measure is taken at the traits of the

middle of the sternum (breast-bone), with the tape

passing under the arms. After the tape is in position,

the arms should be relaxed by the side, and the

measurement taken at the end of a normal expiration Figure 3.13 Chest girth

.


flat on the skin, and is horizontal, particularly around the back

58

3.6.2.1.7. Waist or abdominal girth measurement

Equipment required: flexible tape measure and pen for marking the skin.

Procedure: The waist measurement is taken at the

narrowest waist traits, or if this is not apparent, at the

midpoint between the lowest rib and the top of the hip

bone (iliac crest). The waist circumference should be

measured at the end of a normal expiration, as

movement of the diaphragm may change the

abdominal volume. Figure 3.14 Waist girth

The players should also be encouraged to have a relaxed posture, and changes in the

tension of the abdominal muscles can also affect the measurement. When recording,

you need to make sure the tape is not too tight or too loose, is lying flat on the skin,

and is horizontal

3.6.2.1.8. Hip / gluteus girth measurement



Procedure: The hip girth measurement is taken over

minimal clothing, at the traits of the greatest

protrusion of the gluteus (buttock) muscles. The

subject stands erect with their weight evenly

distributed on both feet and legs slightly parted,

making sure not tense the gluteus muscles. Figure 3.15 Gluteus girth


flat and is horizontal. It may help to have the subject stand on a box to make the

measurement easier

.

59

3.6.2.1.9. Mid thigh girth measurement



Procedure: First mark the site to be measured. This

girth measurement is usually taken on the right

side of the body. The subject stands erect with

their weight evenly distributed on both feet and

legs slightly parted. Figure 3.16 mid thigh girth

The circumference measure is taken at the traits of the mid-point on the lateral (outer

side) surface of the thigh, midway between the trochanterion (top of the thigh bone,

femur) and tibiae lateral (top of the tibia bone) When recording, you need to make

sure the tape is not too tight or too loose, is lying flat on the skin, and the tape held

horizontal.

.

3.6.2.1.10. Calf girth measurement



Procedure: This girth measurement is usually

taken on the right side of the body. The subject

stands erect with their weight evenly distributed on

both feet and legs slightly apart. The measurement

is taken at the traits of the largest circumference of

the calf. The maximal girth is not always obvious,

and the tape may need to be moved up and down

to find the point of maximum circumference. Figure 3.17 Calf girth


flat on the skin, and is horizontal. It may help to have the subject stand on a box to

make the measurement easier.

60

3.6.2.1.11. Ankle girth measurement

Equipment required: flexible tape measure and

pen suitable for marking the skin.

Procedure: This girth measurement is usually

taken on the right side of the body, at the traits of

the narrowest point of the ankle. The minimal

girth point is not always obvious, and the tape

may need to be moved up and down to find the

point of least circumference. Figure 3.18 Ankle girth


flat on the skin, and is horizontal. It may help to have the subject stand on a box to

make the measurement easier.

2.5.2.4. Length measurement procedure

2.5.2.4.1. Radial-stylion length

Equipment required: flexible tape measure and pen suitable for marking the skin.

Procedure: This measurement represented the length of the forearm. The participant

assumed a relaxed position with the arms hanging by the sides. The right forearm was

in the mid-pronated position. It was the distance between the marked radiale and

stylion landmarks. Figure 3.19 Radial-stylion lengths

2.5.2.4.2. Acromiale-radiale length



Procedure: The participant assumed a relaxed

standing position with the arms hung by the sides.

Figure 3.20 Acromiale-radiale lengths

61

The right forearm should be pronated. Then the distance from acromiale to radiale

length measured. The tape measurement scale was paralleled to the long axis of the

arm

2.5.2.4.3. Midstylion-dactylion length



Procedure: This measurement represented the length

of the hand. The participant assumed a relaxed

standing position with the left arm hung by the side.

Figure 3.21 Midstylion-dactylion lengths

The right elbow was partially flexed, forearm supinated, and the fingers extended.

Then, the distance from mid-stylion to dactylion length taken

2.5.2.5. Breadth measurement procedure

2.5.2.5.1. Biacromial breadth

Equipment required: flexible tape measure

Procedure: the participant stood with the arms

hanging at the sides, and the measurer

Stood behind the participant and measured the

distance from shoulder to shoulder Figure 3.22 Biacromial

2.5.2.5.2. Transverse chest breadth


Procedure: The participant assumed a relaxed seated

position with the arms abducted

to allow the tape measurement to be positioned at the

lateral borders of the ribs. Figure 3.23 Transverse chest

62

The measurer stood in front of the participant. The breadth of the thorax was

measured when the scale of the tape measurement was at the traits of the

mesosternale

2.5.2.5.3. Biiliocristal breadth


Procedure: the measurer stood in front of the

participant and measured the breadth of

the hip on the appropriate mark Figure 3.24 Biiliocristal breadth

2.5.2.5.4. Biepicondylar humorous breadth


Procedure: The participant assumed a relaxed standing position. The right arm was

raised to the horizontal and the forearm was flexed at right angles to the arm. The

bony point first felt was the epicondyles. The measurer placed the tape faced on the

epicondyles and read the measurement.

2.5.2.5.5. Biepicondylar femur breadth


Procedure: The participant assumed a relaxed and seated position with the hand clear of

the knee region. The bony point first felt was the epicondyles. The measurer placed the

tape faced on the epicondyles and read the measurement.

2.5.2.5.6. Hand breadth


Procedure: The participant assumed a relaxed standing position; the right elbow was

partially flexed and made a fist. The distance between the metacarpale laterale and

metacarpale mediale was measured.

63

3.6. Data gathering instrument and procedure for physical fitness test

3.6.1. Data gathering instrument for physical fitness

Six Physical fitness traits plus spike and block reach height of junior volleyball

players were tested by using the standard procedure set by the Cooper Institute

(2007). The detail is shown in table below 3.2.

Table 3.2 selected physical fitness components, testing methods and purpose

2

.

5

2

3.6.2 Data gathering procedure for physical fitness tests

According to the procedure set by Cooper Institute, 2007, each and every physical

fitness test has got different procedure.

3.6.2.1. Flexibility testing procedure

In volleyball, the players have to move suddenly in the forward direction, sideways or

downward directions, so the flexibility of hip and back is important. So, the

researchers decided to go to sit and reach test.

Equipment: A mat and a ruler

Fitness

component

Name of tests Purpose of the test

1.Flexibility

(cm)

Sit and reach test To test the flexibility of hip and back

flexion & extension of the hamstring

muscles

2.Upper body

Strength

(rep.)

Push-up test To test the strength of the upper body

muscle group

3.Abdominal

Strength

(rep.)

Sit-up test To test the strength of the abdominal

and hip muscle groups.

4.Explosive

Power

(cm)

Vertical jump

test

To test the explosive power of lower

extremities, plus spiking and blocking

height of volleyball ball players.

5.Agility(sec.) T-shuttle run To test the agility of the body

6. Speed(sec.) 10 m sprint run To test the speed of volleyball players

64

Procedure: For this test, the player sits on the

floor with knees extended (straight), ankles

flexed and bare feet against the vertical edge of

the sit and reach box. The player then flexes

(bends) at the hip and reaches forward, with both

hands together, towards his toes. The player is

encouraged to flex maximally at the hip joint

without flexing the extended knees.

Figure 3.25 sit and reach test

The furthermost point reached by both index fingers along a ruler fixed along the top

of a box, is taken as the score. The best of three attempts is recorded as the score in

centimeter.

Scoring: the point that the foot is resting on the floor is recorded as zero cm. The foot

must have the zero point on the ruler. The point that both index fingers reached

beyond the foot line is considered as the value of flexibility

3.6.2.2. Upper body Strength testing procedure

Volleyball is the game largely performed by the

hands. So, to be successful the strength of upper

body muscles is very critical.

Equipment: The only equipment required is

gymnastic mat

Figure 3.26 push-up test

Procedure: From a straight arm front leaning rest position, the performer was

encouraged to lower the body until the chest touches the mat and then to push

upwards to the straight arm support.

65

The exercise was continued for as many repetitions as possible without rest (see

Score: The score is the number of correct pushups executed

Precautions had taken:

- The performer was not dropping his body, but maintains a straight line

throughout the exercise.

- The score has ended, when the performer stopped to take a rest. If the chest did

not touch or if the arms were not completely extended while execution, the trial

was not counted.

3.6.2.3. Abdominal and hip muscles Strength testing procedure

In volleyball, the lower and upper extremes muscles connected and supported by the

abdominal muscles. If it is weak, our movement will be affected negatively.

Therefore, the strength of abdominal muscles is very important.

Equipment: Stopwatch and mat

Procedure: Lie on your back with your knees bent and your feet flat on the floor.

Place your finger tips behind your ears. Pull your shoulder blades back so your

elbows are out to the side. Then raise your body

up towards your knees, shoulders should be

lifted off the floor touch the knees at the end of

the curl up. The player should then descend in a

controlled manner.

The tester‟s hand is placed palm on the floor,

such that the wrist makes contact with the

player‟s spine in line with the inferior border

(bottom) of the scapulae (shoulder blade).

Figure 3.27 sit-up test

66

If the hands are taken off the ears, the elbows do not touch the knees, or the back does

not touch the tester‟s hand, the sit-up is not counted.

Scoring: Players complete setups for 1 minute. The player may rest within the 1

minute period as desired. The time is not paused during a rest. The subject was

motivated to repeat the exercise as many times as possible.

3.6.2.4. Speed testing procedure

Equipment required: measuring tape, stopwatch, cone markers, flat and clear surface

of 20 meters.

Procedure: The test involves running a single maximum sprint over 10 meters, with

the time recorded. A thorough warm up should be given, including some practice

starts and accelerations. Start from a stationary position, with one foot in front of the

other. The front foot must be on or behind the starting line. This starting position

should be held for 1 second prior to starting, and no rocking movements are allowed.

The tester should provide hints for maximizing speed (such as keeping low, driving

hard with the arms and legs) and encourage them to continue running hard through

the finish line.

Score: Two trials are allowed, and the best time is recorded to the nearest 2 decimal

places. The timing starts from the first movement (if using a stopwatch) or when the

timing system is triggered, and finishes when the chest, crosses the finish line and/or

the finishing timing gate is triggered.

3.6.2.5. Agility testing procedure

Volleyball is the game of getting into the right place at the right time. So being better

agile players is critically important.

Equipment: Cones, whistle, tape-measure, stop watch

Procedure: Three lines will be marked on the floor with distance of five meters

between them, and labeled as “A”, “B”, “C” and “D” respectively. The participant

67

will start from point “A” (a timer will start), then moved fast to point “B”, after

touching the ball at “B” with a single hand he will return to point “A”. Then, the

participant runs from point “A” to point “C”, after touching the ball at “C” with a

single hand then run back to point “A”. Finally, the participant will move from point

“A” to point “D”.

Scoring: when all movements completed the timer was stopped, and total time spent

was recorded. Each participant attempts the test twice with an interval of 2-3 minutes

and the better time of the two trials is used in statistics.

3.6.2.6. Explosive power testing procedure

In volleyball, standing reach height, vertical jump, spike and block reach height needs

the power of lower extremes.

Equipment: - board, tape measure and chalk

Procedure: the players stand side on to a wall and reaches up with the hand closest to

the wall. Keeping the feet flat on the ground, the point of the fingertips is marked or

recorded. The player is allowed to jump high with approach run, for measuring spike

and block reach heights. This process also used to measure standing reach height as

well as vertical jump heights. At the highest point of the jump the player reaches up

and touches the wall, making a chalk mark on the wall by dominant arm ( figure

3.28).and both arms independently ( figure 3.29).

Figure 3.29 Block reach height Figure 3.28, Spike reach height

68

Score: The player‟s vertical jump score is measured as the distance between the

standing height and the jump height. The player spike reach height is the distance

from the jump chalk mark made by the dominant arm up on the floor. The block

reaches height is the distance from the jump chalk mark made by both arms up on the

floor.

3.7. Tester’s Competency

All the measurements were taken by the researchers with the assistances. Before the

actual test and measurement, the researcher practiced pilot study and applied test-

retest method to prove his ability. The average results demonstrated a high traits of

reliability coefficient for both anthropometric (r = 0.941, P< 0.05) and physical

fitness test (r = 0.954, P< 0.05).

3.8. Methods of data analysis

SPSS statistical software package (SPSS Inc., Chicago, and HIM (IT) 23.0) was used

in statistical analysis for the anthropometry characteristic and physical fitness traits of

players. Descriptive and inferential statistics were given to both anthropometric

characteristics and physical fitness traits of junior volleyball players.

Some anthropometric characteristics and fitness traits of junior volleyball players in

the West Gojjam zone of Ethiopian were compared with international players by

using independent sample t – test and one sample t- test respectively. Then, one way

ANOVA test was performed to compare anthropometric characteristics of players

among the teams and it was followed by post hoc multiple comparison analysis to

identify mean difference among the junior volleyball player in the teams. Alpha

Value of 0.05 was set for statistical significance.

69

Pearson Product Moment correlation test was also used to analyze the relationship

between anthropometry measurement and physical fitness traits of players. Lastly, the

multiple linear regression analysis method was used, to identify the most relevant

anthropometry variables that would be most important to predict the fitness traits of

junior volleyball players.

70

CHAPTER 4

ANALYSIS OF THE RESULTS AND DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS

4.1. Results

Introduction

This study has provided descriptive and inferential statistics for anthropometric

characteristic, physical fitness traits and the relationship between anthropometric

characteristics and physical fitness traits of junior volleyball players. Hence, the

analysis of the results related to anthropometric characteristics, physical fitness traits

of players followed by the results of correlation between anthropometric

characteristic and physical fitness traits and regression analysis to predict physical

fitness of junior volleyball players in the West Gojjam zone of Ethiopia.

4.1.1. Results of anthropometric characteristic of junior volleyball players in

West Gojjam, Ethiopia and the international norms.

In volleyball, the success of players has been largely determined by his or her

anthropometric characteristics. Particularly, the influence their stature, weight, body

mass index, spikes and block reach height are very great (Andrea, 2017; Michael,

2016; Wood, 2015; Jose, Palau, Policarpo, Manzanares & David, 2014; Jin Liu,

Zhang & Gai 2007). Hence, firstly, we presented the stature, body weight; body

mass index, spikes and block reach height of junior volleyball players in the West

Gojjam zone of Ethiopia and overseas.

4.1.1.1. Comparative result on selected anthropometric characteristics of junior

volleyball players in West Gojjam zone, Ethiopia, and the international

norm.

One of the objectives of the study was to compare whether there exists a significant

mean score difference between junior volleyball players in the West Gojjam zone of

71

Ethiopia and international norms with respect to some selected anthropometric

characteristic. The results of independent sample t-test presented in table 4.1 below.

Table 4.1: Independent sample t- test between junior volleyball players in West Gojjam

zone of Ethiopia and junior national team players of 2017 world

championships (Egyptian, Iranian, Japanese, Italian and Brazilian).

ACS Ethiopians

Mean (n= 54)

International

mean (n=60)

M.D

P

ES

Cohen’s

Stature(cm) 176.25 + 7.18 193.94+8.24 -17.68 0.001 2.29

Weight(kg) 60.12 + 7.64 82.21+9.70 -22.08 0.001 2.54

BMI(kg/m) 19.42 +1.82 21.80+1.84 -2.37 0.001 1.82

SRH (cm) 271.62 + 13.40 325.12+16.15 -53.49 0.001 3.62

BRH (cm) 258.05 + 11.39 307.88+13.00 - 49.82 0.001 4.08

Abbreviation: ACS – anthropometric characteristics, BMI - Body Mass Index,

SRH - Spike Reach Heights, BRH- Block Reach Heights, M.D-Mean

Difference , P <.05, ES- Effect Size

Source: Secondary raw data were obtained from the databases of the world

championships 2017 on the official FIVB website (www.fivb.org).

Table 4.1 presents the difference of some anthropometric variables between junior

volleyball players in the West Gojjam zone of Ethiopia and international norms. Stature

(p <. 01, d = 2.29), weight (p <.001, d = 2.54), body mass index (p <.01, d= 1.82), spike

(p<.01, d= 3.62) and block reach heights (p <.01, d= 4.08) differed between the groups.

In the entire five anthropometric characteristic, there was a significant difference

between the groups. The anthropometric characteristics of junior volleyball players in

the west Gojjam, Ethiopia was significantly lower than international norms

In order to determine the anthropometric difference among junior volleyball players in

West Gojjam, Ethiopians and junior volleyball players of five national teams, one way

ANOVA was employed. The results of one way ANOVA are presented in table 4.2

below.

http://www.fivb.org/

72

Table 4.2: One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) among junior volleyball players in

West Gojjam zone of Ethiopia and five national team players of the world

AVS Egyptian

(n=12)

Iranian

(n=12)

Japanese

(n=12)

Italian

(n=12)

Brazilian

(n=12)

Ethiopian

(n=54)

F P

Stature 192.91

(+8.5)

198.33

(+7.76)

189.91

(+8.59)

192.4

(+8.86)

196.16

(+7.51)

176.25

(+7.84)

24.521 .001

Weight 83.75

(+8.1)

83.50

(+9.83)

77.83

(+11.62)

77.41

(+7.3)

88.58

(+10.87)

60.12

(+7.18)

28.379 .001

BMI 22.51

(+1.8)

21.28

(+2.4)

21.36

(+1.64)

20.92

(+1.5)

22.97

(+1.83)

19.42

(+1.82)

9.437 .001

SH 309.9

(+12.3)

321.66

(+31.43)

329.1

(+10.19)

329.41

(+14.27)

334.83

(+12.53)

271.62

(+13.40)

54.498 .001

BH 292.08

(+10.8)

313.33

(+13.37)

312.5

(+11.19)

304.91

(+18.96)

316.33

(+11.01)

258.05

(+11.3)

83.525 .001

Abbreviation: AVS = anthropometric variables, BMX = body mass index,

SH=spike reach height, BH= block reach height, p value <0.05

Source: Secondary data were obtained from the databases of the world

championships 2017 on the official FIVB website (www.fivb.org).

In the above table, 4.2, since the obtained F-values were found significant in all

anthropometric variables, therefore, the Post-hoc test (LSD) was applied to see the

direction and significance of difference between the mean values of junior volleyball

players of each team. The results of the Post - hoc test (LSD) have been presented in

table 4.3 (see Appendix E).

As the table 4.2 showed, there was significant difference among junior volleyball

players found in the West Gojjam zone of Ethiopian and five national team players of

the world with respect to the given five anthropometric variables (p<.01). With

regard to stature, junior volleyball players found in west Gojjam was significantly

shorter than all five junior national team players of the world (p <.01) (see Table 4.3,

Appendix E). Our junior volleyball players were 22.08cm, 19.91cm, 16.66cm,

16.16cm and 13.66 cm shorter than Iranians, Brazilian, Egyptians, Italian and japans

junior national volleyball team players respectively.

In body weight also, junior volleyball players found in the West Gojjam zone of

Ethiopia were significantly lighter than the given five junior national team players of

the world (p<.01). As a Post - hoc test (LSD) indicates, our player was 28.45kg,

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73

23.63kg, 23.38kg, 17.71kg, and 17.29 kg lighter than Brazilian, Egyptian, Iranians,

japans and Italians junior national team players respectively (see table 4.3, Appendix

E).

The statistical analysis of body mass index indicated statistically significant

difference between junior volleyball players (p< 0.01). The body mass index of our

junior players found in the West Gojjam of Ethiopians was significantly lesser than

all the other five junior national team players of the world (p< 0.05). Our player was

3.09 (p<0.01) and 1.68 (p< 0.05) lesser than Brazilians and Egyptians volleyball

players. For detail (see table 3.4 Appendix E).

In relation to spike and block reach heights , Ethiopian junior volleyball players found

in the West Gojjam zone of Ethiopia were significantly shorter than the given five

national team players of the world (p<.01). The spike reach height of our players was

63.21 cm and 38.21cm shorter than Brazilian and Egyptians junior national team

players respectively. It was also observed that players that had the highest block race

were Brazilian (316.33cm +11.01cm) and Iranian (313.33cm +13.37cm) followed by

Japanese (312.75cm +11.19cm) junior volleyball national team players. As the Post-

hoc test indicates the Ethiopians were 34.03cm and 55.28cm shorter than Egyptian

and Iranians juniors in their block reach heights (see table 4.3, Appendix E).

4.1.1.2. Comparative result on selected anthropometric characteristics among

junior volleyball players in West Gojjam zone, Ethiopia.

The second objective of the study was to identify whether there exists statistically a

significant mean score difference among junior volleyball players in the teams found

in the West Gojjam zone of Ethiopia in relation to anthropometric characteristics.

One-way ANOVA was used for detecting the differences among junior volleyball

players in the given teams. The statistic results are listed in following tables and then

followed by multiple comparisons among the players on the teams.

74

Table 4.4 Analysis of variance (ANOVA) among junior volleyball players in the West

Gojjam zone, Ethiopia, with regards to some anthropometric characteristic

AVS DJVT

(n=18)

SWJVT

(n=18)

QJVT

(n=18)

F P

Stature 179.66 ( +5.08) 178.00 ( +8.96) 171.11 (+6.49) 7.483 .001

Weight 61.61 ( +6.52) 59.05( +8.44) 59.72 (+6.58) .603 .551

BMI 19.14( +1.74) 18.84( +1.93) 20.28 (+1.53) 3.397 .041

SRH 275.27( +11.29) 277.66( +15.99) 261.94 (+4.97) 9.499 .001

BRH 259.66 (+8.73) 265.66 (+12.40) 248.83(+4.52) 15.69 .001

Abbreviation: AVS = anthropometric variables, DJVT= Durbietie Junior Volleyball

Team, SWJVT= Shendie Wenbrma Junior Volleyball Team, QJVT= Qunzla

junior volleyball team, p<0.05, BMX= body mass index, SRH=Spike Reach

Height and BRH= Block Reach Height , p value< 0.05

As the above table 4.4 shown, the statistical analysis indicates that there was

significant differences observed on stature (p<.01), spike reach heights (p<.01) and

block reach heights (p<.01) of the players in the teams. There was no significant

difference among the players in the teams in relation to their body weight (p < .05).

In the above table, since the obtained p-values of most variables were established

significant difference among the players, therefore, the Post-hoc test (LSD) was

applied to see the direction and significance of difference between junior volleyball

players of the three teams. The results of the Post - hoc test (LSD) have been

presented in table 4.5 (see the appendix).

In table 4.5, the stature of junior volleyball players in the West Gojjam zone of

Ethiopia was significantly different (p<. 01), Qunzla team players were significantly

shortest of all teams (p<.01). Durbietie junior volleyball team players were the

tallest, 179.66cm +5.08cm, followed by Shendie Wenbrma, 178.00 cm +8.96cm and

Qunzla, 171.11cm +6.49cm, team players.

There were also significant differences between the player with regard to the spike

reach height (p<.01). Qunzla team players were significantly shorter than both

Durbietie (p<. 01) And Shendie Wenbrma (p<. 01) team players. The spike reaches

heights of Durbietie and Shendie Wenbrma team were 13.33 cm (p<.01) And 15.72

cm (p<.01) greater than Qunzla team players.

75

With regard to the block reach height; there were significant differences among the

players in the West Gojjam zone of Ethiopia (p<. 01). The block reaches heights of

Durbietie (p<.01) and Shendie Wenbrma (p<. 01) team were significantly greater than

Qunzla team players. The block reaches heights of Durbietie and Shendie Wenbrma

team players were 10.83 cm and 16.83cm greater than Qunzla team players.

Volleyball players that had the highest block reach height were belong to Shendie

Wenbrma players, 265.66 +12.40cm, followed by Durbietie, 259.66 +8.73 and

Qunzla, 248.83 +4.52cm team players.

4.1.1.3. Comparative results on most anthropometric characteristics among

junior volleyball players in the west Gojjam, Ethiopia.

One-way ANOVA was used for detecting the anthropometric differences among the

players in their teams. The statistic results of 29 anthropometric variables of junior

volleyball players in the West Gojjam zone of Ethiopia are presented in Table 4.6

(see Appendix E).

In this study, there were no significant differences among junior volleyball players in

18 anthropometric characteristics (see table 4.6, Appendix E), together with body

weight it becomes 19 (see table 4.3). Significant differences among the players were

observed on only 11 anthropometric characteristics (see table 4.7, Appendix E)

significant difference observed on sitting height (p< 0.01), standing reach height

(p<.05), mid calf skin fold (p =.005), sub scapula skin folds (p<.05), mid- thigh skin

fold (p =.004), iliac crest skin folds (p< .001),forearm girth (p< .01), acromiale radial

length (p<.05), midstylion-dactyl ion length (p<.05), biepicondylar femur breads

(p<.05) and hand breads, (p=. 001) of junior volleyball players in the West Gojjam

zone of Ethiopia (table 4.7, Appendix E). There was also a significant difference in

stature, body mass index, spike and block reach heights of junior players (see table

4.3). Totally, there were significant differences observed on 15 anthropometric

characteristics.

The rest 19 anthropometric variables were not significantly different among the

players in the teams (p< 0.05). Therefore, we can conclude that junior volleyball

76

players in the West Gojjam zone of Ethiopia were similar in most of their

anthropometric characteristics.

There was statistically significant difference in sitting heights (p<.001) and standing

reach height of the players in the three teams (p<.05). The magnitude of standard

deviations on sitting height (89.24+6.23cm) and standing reach height

(232.09+12.13cm) of junior players confirmed the presence of variability among the

players in relation to these variables (see table 4.6, Appendix E).

As the table 4.7(see Appendix E) with regard to skin folds, there was a significant

difference among players in the teams, in terms of calfskin fold (p =.005), sub scapula

skin folds (p<.05), mid thigh skin folds (p=.004), and iliac crest skin folds (p<.001).

There was no significant difference among players in terms of abdominal skin fold

(p<.05) and triceps skin fold (p<.05). The mean skin folds thickness on the six

selected sites of the players were 12.07+3.53mm. That is normal. Relatively, the

higher skin fold thickness observed on the abdomen, 13.22+4.41mm, and the minimal

skin folds found around their Mid-thigh, 11.75+3.81mm (see table 4.6, Appendix E).

This clearly reflected that the junior volleyball players‟ has lean muscle. This implies

that junior volleyball players found in the west Gojjam, Ethiopia experienced almost

the same training situation, lifestyle, diet and genetic make-ups.

The statistical analyses also disclosed the presence of greater homogeneity on the

girth of the players. The only significant difference among the players in the teams

observed on forearms girth (p<.05) (see table 4.7, Appendix E). There was no

significant difference among the players in the teams in relation to the other 10 girth

measurements. The neck girth, chest girth, relaxed arm girth, flexed and tense arm

girth, waist girth, wrist girth, gluteus girth, thigh girth, calf girth and ankle girth of the

players in the teams were not significantly different.

With regard to length measurements, significant difference observed on Acromiale-

radial (p< .05) and Midstylion – Dactylion length of players in the teams (p< .05).

77

The statistical result of acromiale-dactylion lengths (86.66+4.85cm) also indicates the

presence of variability among the players. Its range was from 82.68cm to 89.76cm

(for detail, see table 4.6, Appendix E). Moreover, the deviation of Radiale-styling

(forearm length), acromiale-radial (upper arm length) and midstylion-dactylion (hand

length) from the mean were +1.91cm, +2.24cm and 0.95cm respectively. This

confirmed the presence of variability on upper limbs of junior players in the teams

and it was also parallel to significant difference on standing reach heights of the

players (for detail, see table 4.7, Appendix E).

The statistical analysis of the breadth of players showed significant differences

among the players observed on Biepicondylar femur breads (p<. 0.05) and hand

breads (p<. 0.001). The rest (66.7%) of breadth variables were not significantly

different among the players in the teams (p<. 0.05) (See table 4.7, Appendix E).

4.1.1.4. Multiple Comparison of anthropometric characteristics among junior

volleyball players in the west Gojjam, Ethiopia.

Since the obtained F-values were found significant, therefore, the Post-Hoc test

(LSD) was applied to see the direction and significance of difference between the

mean values of junior volleyball players in each team. The results of the Post - Hoc

test (LSD) have been presented in table 4.8 (see the appendix).

As the table 4.8 indicates, the sitting heights of Shendie Wenbrma team players were

significantly higher than Durbietie team players (p˂ .01) and insignificantly different

from Qunzla team players (p = .373). There was also a significant difference in sitting

height between Qunzla and Durbietie team players (p˂ .01). The sitting heights of

Durbietie junior volleyball team players were 8.22cm and 6.66 cm lesser than

Shendie Wenbrma and Qunzla volleyball team players respectively.

With regard to standing reach heights of players in the west Gojjam, Ethiopia,

Durbietie team players were significantly higher than Qunzla team players (p = .007).

78

There were about 10.83 cm differences in standing reach heights between them.

There was no significant difference between Durbietie and Shendie Wenbrma team

players in their standing reach heights (p = .223).

In relation to forearm girth, Durbietie team players had a significantly bigger forearm

girth than both Shendie Wenbrma (p = .007) and Qunzla (p˂=.01) junior volleyball

team players. The forearm girth of Durbietie team players was 1.11cm and 1.38 cm

bigger than Shendie Wenbrma and Qunzla team players respectively. There was no

significant difference between the players in their team in the other ten girth variables

(p˂ 0.05).

The length Acromiale-radial bone of Durbietie team players was significantly longer

than both Shendie Wenbrma (p˂.05) and Qunzla (p˂ .05) team players. There is about

1.61cm difference in Acromiale-radial length between them (see the table 4.8 in the

appendix). Additionally, The length of Midstylion – Dactylion of Shendie Wenbrma

team players were also significantly longer (p = .008) than Durbietie team players.

There was no significant difference between the players in their team in the other two

length variables (p˂ .05).

In breads, Biepicondylar femurs of Qunzla team players were significantly wider than

both Durbietie (p =. 004) and Shendie Wenbrma (p = .033) team players. There was

about 1cm and 0.72 cm difference respectively. With regard to hand breads, Shendie

Wenbrma team players had significantly wider hand breads than both Durbietie (p ˂

.05) and Qunzla (p˂.001) team players .The hand breadth of Shendie Wenbrma team

players were 0.44cm and 0.77 cm greater than Durbietie and Qunzla team players

respectively There was no significant difference among the players in their team in

the other four breadth variables (p˂ .05) (see table 4.8 in the appendix).

With respect to skin folds, the statistical results indicate that the Skin fold of

Durbietie team players was significantly thicker than Qunzla team players.

Particularly, on mid calf skin folds (p = .003), sub scapula skin folds (p˂ .05), mid

79

thigh skin folds (p = .001) and iliac crest skin folds (p˂.01) of the players. Shendie

Wenbrma team players also had significantly thicker skin folds than Qunzla team

players on the mid calf (p˂ .05). It is concluded that Qunzla team players had the least

skin fold thickness than both Durbietie and Shendie Wenbrma junior volleyball team

players (see the table 4.9 below).

Table 4.9: Multiple comparison of skin folds characteristic difference among three junior

volleyball team players in west Gojjam zone of Ethiopia (n-54)

Teams Abdomen Triceps Mid Calf Sub

scapula

Mid Thigh Iliac crest

DJVT 14.27 13.38 13.88 13.22 13.55 13.05

SWJVT 13.27 11.94 13.50 11.55 12.16 10.33

Mean

difference

1.00 1.44 .38 1.66 1.38 2.72*

P .499 .160 .727 .074 .239 .001

DJVT 14.27 13.38 13.88 13.22 13.55 13.05

QJVT 12.11 11.11 10.38 10.94 9.55 9.22

Mean

difference

2.16 2.27 3.50* 2.27* 4.00* 3.83*

P .146 .029 .003 .016 .001 .000

SWJVT 13.27 11.94 13.50 11.55 12.16 10.33

QJVT 12.11 11.11 10.38 10.94 9.55 9.22

Mean

difference

1.16 .83 3.11* .61 2.61* 1.11

P .431 .41 .003 .506 .029 .162

DJVT= Durbietie junior volleyball team, SWJVT= Shendie Wenbrma junior volleyball

team, QJVT= Qunzla junior volleyball team

It is concluded that the Sitting heights, Midstylion-Dactylion length and hands breads

of Shendie Wenbrma junior volleyball team players were higher, longer and wider

than Durbietie and Qunzla junior teams‟ players. Junior volleyball Players with the

80

biggest forearm girth, longest Acromiale-radial bone and highest standing reach

heights belonged to Durbietie junior volleyball team players. The Biepicondylar

femur breads of Qunzla junior teams‟ players were the widest of all teams. Their skin

folds thickness also the list of all junior volleyball players in the three teams.

4.1.2. Results on physical fitness traits of junior volleyball players in the west

Gojjam, Ethiopia

One of the objectives of the study was to Compare whether there exists statistically

significant mean score difference between junior volleyball players in the West

Gojjam zone of Ethiopia and international norms with respect to selected physical

fitness traits. From the vast category of fitness, the most important fitness component

for volleyball players are a flexibility of lower back and hamstring muscles, strength

of upper body parts , abdominal and hip muscles, agility of the body and explosive

power of lower extremities (wood, 2010) . Therefore, the researchers selected sit and

reach, pushups, sit ups, 10m sprint run, T- shuttle run agility and vertical jump tests

were used to compare physical fitness traits of junior volleyball players in the West

Gojjam zone of Ethiopia and international norms.

The descriptive statistics of these physical fitness traits of junior volleyball players in

the west Gojjam zone of Ethiopian are presented first in the table 4.10 below. Then it

was followed by one sample T- test to compare it with international norms and one-

way ANOVA for detecting the differences on physical fitness traits of players found

in the West Gojjam zone of Ethiopia.

4.1.2.1. Descriptive statistics result on the physical fitness traits of junior


Descriptive Physical fitness traits of junior volleyball players in the west Gojjam zone

of Ethiopia are shown in the table 4.10 below.

81

Table 4.10: Descriptive statistics on physical fitness traits of junior volleyball players

in West Gojjam zone of Ethiopian (n-54)

PFV Mean Std. Error Std. Deviation

Flexibility (cm) 20.8704 .99124 7.28412

Upper body strength

(rep.) 30.0556 1.53469 11.27766

Abdominal strength

(rep.) 22.9630 1.50493 11.05896

Speed (Sec.) 2.1787 .04041 .29692

Agility (Sec.) 10.8469 .08484 .62347

Explosive Power

(cm) 38.9074 1.36525 10.03253

Abbreviation: PFV = Physical Fitness Variables.

It is clear from the above table that the mean Physical fitness traits of junior

volleyball players in the West Gojjam zone of Ethiopia. i.e., Sit and reach, Push up,

Sit up, 10m sprint run, T-shuttle run and Vertical jump performance were

20.87+7.28 cm. 30.05 + 11.27 reps., 22.96 +11.05 rep., 2.17+0.29 Sec., 10.84+0.62

Sec and 38.90 +10.03 cm respectively. Push up, sit up and vertical jump

performance traits was relatively with larger variability. These reflect the presence

of big differences among the players in strength of the upper and middle part of the

body as well as power of lower extremities.

4.1.2.2. Comparative results on physical fitness traits of junior volleyball

players in West Gojjam zone of Ethiopia and international norms.

One sample T test was used for detecting the differences on physical fitness traits

between a junior volleyball player in the west Gojjam of Ethiopia and international

counterparts.

As the table 4.11 below shows, the mean flexibility of lower back and hamstring

muscles of junior volleyball players in the west Gojjam zone of Ethiopia and the

international normative mean score. In this study, the mean flexibility of lower back

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and hamstring muscles of junior volleyball players in the west Gojjam zone of

Ethiopia was 20.87cm and that of the international normative mean score was

25.00cm. The difference between these was found to be statistically significant

(p<0.01).

The mean strength test score of junior volleyball players in the west Gojjam zone of

Ethiopia and international normative mean score was 30.05 and 32.5 repetitions

respectively. The difference between these was found to be statistically non

significant (p<0.05). On the other hand, the mean score for strength of abdominal

and hip muscle of junior volleyball players in the west Gojjam, Ethiopia and

international norms was 22.92 and 36.5 repetitions respectively. The difference

between these was found to be statistically highly significant (p<.01).

In the above table shows, the mean 10m sprint run test mean score of junior

volleyball players in the west Gojjam of Ethiopians and the international normative

mean score were 2.17 seconds and 1.86 seconds respectively. The difference

between these was found to be statistically highly significant (p<0.01). Similarly,

the mean T-shuttle agility run test score of junior volleyball players in the west

Gojjam zone of Ethiopia and the international normative mean score was 10.84 and

10.49 seconds respectively. The difference between these was found to be

statistically highly significant (p<0.01). The mean vertical jump test score of junior

volleyball in the west Gojjam, Ethiopians and the international normative mean

score was 38.90cm and 48.74cm respectively. The difference between these was

found to be statistically highly significant (p<0.01).

83

Table 4.11: Comparison of fitness traits of junior volleyball players in west

Gojjam with international mean value of their counterpart

Fitness test N Df Mean

(s.d)

Tested

value

Mean

difference

t P

Flexibility (cm) 54 53 20.87+7.28 25 - 4.12 - 4.166 .001

Upper body

strength (rep.)

54 30.05+11.27 32.5 -2.44 -1.593 .117

Abdominal

strength (rep.)

54 53 22.96+ 11.05 36.5 -13.53 - 8.99

.001

Speed (Sec.) 54 53 2.18 + 0.29 1.86 .318 7.888 .001

Agility (Sec.) 54 53 10.84+0.62 10.49 0.35 4.206 .001

Power (cm) 54 53 38.90 + 10.03 48.74 -9.83 -7.202 .001

Source: Elizabeth Quinn,2018; international normative mean was calculated from the

findings of Simonek et al., 2017; international normative mean was calculated from

the findings of Aouadi, Nawi and Alanazi,2015;Sameer Kumar and Yadav,2015;

international normative mean adapted from Australian College of Sport & Fitness

2013;, Nebojs et al., 2012; Nikbakht ,2011; Gabbett, et al.,2007; Duncan, et al.,2006;

international normative mean score was adapted from copper institute, 2006;

International normative mean score was adapted from Canadian society for exercise

physiology,1998)

4.1.2.3. Comparison statistics result on physical fitness traits of junior

volleyball players in the West Gojjam zone of Ethiopia.

One-way ANOVA was used for detecting the differences on physical fitness traits

among junior volleyball players in the west Gojjam, Ethiopia. The statistic results

are listed in Table 4.12 below.

Table 4.12: A comparison of physical fitness traits among junior volleyball players

in west Gojjam zone of Ethiopia (n-54)

PFTS DJVT SWJVT QJVT F P

Push up 29.66+10.71 24.44+10.64 36.05+9.84 5.621* .006

Sit and reach 19.66+6.92 24.44+7.26 18.50+6.60 3.710* .031

Sit up 29.16+13.11 20.16+8.83 19.55+8.36 4.887* .011

10m sprint 2.42+0.28 2.13+0.18 1.97+0.23 16.110* .000

T-shuttle run 10.75+0.74 11.10+.66 10.68+.33 2.402 .101

Vertical jump 38.11+8.44 43.55+6.67 35.05+12.59 3.646* .033

Abbreviations: PFTS: Physical Fitness Testes, DJVT: Durbietie Junior Volleyball

Team, SWJVT: Shendie Wenbrma Junior Volleyball Team, QJVT:

Qunzla Junior Volleyball Team, F= statistics, p<0.05, and * =

significance.

As the analysis of Variance (ANOVA) results in table 4.12 shown, there was a

significant difference between junior volleyball players in relation to Sit and reach,

84

Push up, Sit up, 10m sprint run and Vertical jump performance traits of players

(p<0.05). There were no significant difference in T- shuttle agility run performance

traits of players in the west Gojjam, Ethiopia (p<.05).

Since the obtained F-values were found significant, therefore, the Post-hoc test (LSD)

was applied to see the direction and significance of difference between the mean

values of junior volleyball players in each team. The results of the Post - hoc test

(LSD) are presented in table 4.12 in the appendix.

As table 4.12 indicates, the flexibility of lower back and hammering muscle

performance traits of Shendie Wenbrma team players were significantly better than

Durbietie and Qunzla team players (p<.05). The sit and reach the performance traits

of Shendie Wenbrma team players were 4.77cm and 5.94cm greater than Durbietie

and Qunzla team junior players respectively.

In push up performance traits also, there were significant differences between Qunzla

and Shendie Wenbrma junior volleyball team players (p<.01). The mean push up

performance of Shendie Wenbrma team players was 24 reps. that are 11 repetitions

lesser than Qunzla team players.

With regard to sit ups performance traits, There were also significant differences

among the players in the West Gojjam zone of Ethiopia (p<.05). The mean sits up

performance of Durbietie team players were 29.16 repetitions, that is exactly 9

repetitions greater than Shendie Wenbrma team players. Additionally, Durbietie team

players were also performed 6.61 more sit ups than Qunzla team players.

As table 4.12 indicates, there was also great significant differences among the junior

volleyball players in West Gojjam, Ethiopia, in relation to to10m sprint run

performance traits (p<.001). Shendie Wenbrma team players were 0.285 Sec faster

than Durbietie team players. Similarly, Qunzla junior team players were also 0.44 Sec

faster than Durbietie team players. The vertical jump test score of Shendie Wenbrma

junior volleyball team players was also significantly greater (8.50cm) than Qunzla

junior volleyball team players (p<.05).

85

It is concluded that Qunzla junior volleyball players had better strength on upper

body, moving speed and agility performance traits than the other two teams. Shendie

Wenbrma team players on their part also had better performance traits in relation to

flexibility and explosive power of lower extremities. The abdominal and hip muscle

strength of Durbietie junior volleyball team players were the best of all teams in the

zone.

4.1.3. Correlations between anthropometric characteristics and physical fitness

traits of junior volleyball players in the west Gojjam, Ethiopia.

One of the objectives of the present study was to examine the relationship between

anthropometric characteristics and physical fitness traits of junior volleyball players.

The relationship between anthropometric and physical fitness traits of junior

volleyball players in the west Gojjam zone of Ethiopia are shown in tables 4.13 to

4.18 (see Appendix E).

The statistical analyses indicated that most 21 (61.75%) of the anthropometric

characteristics of junior volleyball players in the west Gojjam zone of Ethiopia were

significantly correlated with the selected physical fitness performance traits of

players. These were stature, body weight, body mass index (derived), sitting height,

standing reach height, spiking height, blocking height, sub scapula skin folds, triceps

skin folds, abdomen skin folds, iliac crest skin folds, mid-thigh skin folds, mid calf

skin folds, flexed and tense arm girth, forearm girth, wrist girth, waist girth, gluteus

girth, biepicondylar hummers breadth and Hand breadth. The rest 13 (38.25%)

anthropometric variables were not significantly correlated with the selected physical

fitness components. These were the Neck girth, chest girth, relaxed arm girth mid-

tight girth, mid calf girth, ankle girth, radial- styling, acromiale - radial, acromiale -

dactylion length (derived), biacromial, transverse chest breadth, Biilocristal breadth,

and biepicondylar femur breadth of players. This indicates that there were many

other factors that might have contributed to the physical fitness performance traits of

players.

86

4.1.3.1. Correlations between anthropometric characteristics and flexibly of

lower back and hamstring muscles traits of junior volleyball players.

The statistical results revealed that, among the anthropometric variables, only four of

them were being significantly correlated with the flexibility, lower back and

hamstring muscles of junior volleyball players. More specifically, Blocking height (r

= .384, p < .01), abdominal skin folds (r =-. 305, p < .05), waist girth (r =.347, p <.

05) and gluteus girth (r = - 0.309, p < .05). These disclosed that volleyball players

with higher blocking reach height and larger waist girth are more likely to be elastic

in their lower back and hamstring muscles and scored better flexibility performance

traits than the other. These junior volleyball players with more subcutaneous adipose

tissue around the abdomen are less likely to be flexible in their lower back and

hamstring muscles. This means that, the abdominal skin folds has got negative

relationship with flexibility of lower back and hamstring muscles. The other skin

folds are with correlation coefficient less than 0.275 (See table 4.13, Appendix E).

Similarly, gluteus girth have negative relationship with flexibility of lower back and

hamstring muscles.

The waist girth has direct relation with the amount of fat accumulated around the

pelvis, which is what flexibility of lower back needs as well, and this is why waist

girth variables correlated with the flexibility of lower back and hamstring muscles.

The other anthropometric variables were not significantly correlated with sit and

reach test score of junior volleyball players (See table: 4.13, Appendix E).

4.1.3.2. Correlations between anthropometric characteristics and upper body

strength of junior volleyball players.

There are about six anthropometric variables, which were significant correlation with

push up performance traits of junior volleyball players. More specifically, Stature (r =

-.393, p<.01), Standing reach height (r = -.272, p<.05), Flexed and tense arm girth(r =

.312, p<.05), Wrist girth (r =- .270, p<.05), Waist girth (r = - .306, p<.05) and hand

breads (r =- .327, p<.05) correlated with the push up the performance traits of junior

volleyball players (see table 4.14, Appendix E). These disclose that the players with

87

bigger flexed and tense arm girth are usually prepared with stronger upper body and

better push up performance traits. As the players flexed and tense arm girth increases,

the force required to carry the whole body only by upper body will also increase. As

the correlation coefficient indicates, all the other five variables are inverse

relationship with push up the performance traits of players. The players with greater

stature, standing reach height, and wrist and waist girth will have strong upper body

parts. Any of skin folds didn‟t have significant correlation with push up test score of

junior volleyball players. All the other anthropometric variables were also

insignificantly correlated with push up the performance traits of players (See table:

4.14, Appendix E).

4.1.3.3. Correlations between anthropometric characteristics and strength of

abdominal and hip muscles of junior volleyball players

The statistical results also pointed out that, among the anthropometric variables, only

two of them being significantly correlated with the Sit up performance of junior

volleyball players. Specifically, sitting height (r =. - 0.271, p < .05) and flexed and

tense arm girth(r = 0.358, p < .01), with the Sit-up performance. These reflected that

volleyball players with higher flexed and tense arm girth is more likely to be strong in

abdominal and waist muscles and scored better performance in Sit up tests. In

contrast, an increment in sitting height will have a inverse relationship with sit up

performance. Any of skin folds didn‟t have significant correlation with Sit up test

score of junior volleyball players. All of the other anthropometric variables are also

with correlation coefficient less than 0.275 (See table: 4.15, Appendix E).

4.1.3.4. Correlations between anthropometric characteristics and speed of junior

volleyball players.

The statistical results also revealed that, among the anthropometric variables, nine of

them being significantly correlated with the testing result of 10m sprint run

performance traits of junior volleyball players. More specifically, Standing reach

height (r =. 289, p < .05), sitting height (r =.337, p < .05), waist girth (r =.355, p <

.01), forearm girth (r = .505, p < .01), triceps skin folds (r =.286, p <.05), sub scapular

88

skin folds (r = .285, p < .05), tight skin folds (r = .297, p <.05), lilac crest skin folds

(r = .479, p < .001), and biepicondylar hummers breadth (r=.352, p<.01), correlated

significantly with 10m sprint run performance traits of players. These revealed that

Biepicondylar hummers, waist girth, forearm girth and higher standing reach height

and sitting height have direct relationship with the speedy of the players. From the

perspective of sport physiology, the one with bigger biepicondylar hummers, forearm

girth and higher standing reach height and sitting height are more likely to have

bigger muscles; this is why these variables correlated with the 10m sprint run

performance.

The statistical result indicates, having thicker skin folds (until 10 %) on triceps, sub

scapular, mid- tight and lilac crest sites positive correlation with 10m sprint run.

This implies that, normal adipose tissue accumulation around iliac crest, mid-thigh

and sub scapula has direct relationship with physiology of the muscles fiber and

neuron muscular coordination‟s of the players. The other anthropometric variables are

with correlation coefficient less than 0.275 (See table: 4.16, Appendix E).

4.1.3.5. The correlations between anthropometric characteristic and agility of


The correlation analyses revealed that the T-shuttle run agility test had significant

correlation with abdominal skin fold (r =. 356, p < .01), mid calf skin folds (r =. 491,

p < .01), iliac crest skin folds (r =. 339, p < .05), and mid tight skin folds (r =. 408, p

< .03). The ability of the body only correlated with various skin fold thickness of

junior volleyball players. The rest anthropometric characteristics, including the

various girths, breadth and length variables were not significantly correlated with

agility traits of players (see table 4.17, Appendix E).

4.1.3.6. The Correlations between anthropometric characteristic and explosive

power of junior volleyball players.

Our analyses indicated that only spike (r =. 527, p < .001) and block reach heights (r

=. 535, p < .001), were highly correlated with vertical jump performance traits of

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players. The other all anthropometric variables, including all girth, skin folds, length

and breadth variables were insignificant correlation with vertical jump performance

traits of players (see table 4.18, Appendix E). The junior volleyball players with

higher vertical jump are more likely to have a better chance to have higher spike and

block reach height than those with minimal vertical jumping heights.

As a conclusion, anthropometric characteristic of junior volleyball players has got a

huge impact on physical fitness traits of players. The Co relational analyses also

confirmed that twenty one (61.75%) anthropometric variables were significantly

correlated with the selected fitness test results of the players. This also suggests that

physical fitness has not only relationship with anthropometric characteristics. There

are also other factors which have correlation with fitness traits of players.

4.1.4. Result of regression analysis and prediction of physical fitness traits of


One of the objectives of the study was to determine the extent that anthropometric

characteristic significantly predict the physical fitness traits of junior volleyball

players. A Stepwise regression analysis was executed to reduce the non-significant

anthropometric variables to build up a regression equation for prediction of physical

fitness traits of junior volleyball players.

4.1.4.1. Regression prediction of lower back and hamstring muscle flexibility

traits based on anthropometric variables.

In the study, regression prediction analysis between the results of sit and reach score

and anthropometric variables was performed for junior volleyball players found in the

West Gojjam zone of Ethiopia. The results are shown in Table 4.19 and Table 4.20

below.

90

Table 4.19: Summary of regression prediction of sits and reaches performance traits

with anthropometric variables

Model R R

Square

Adjusted R

Square

Std. Error of

the Estimate

1 .384a .148 .131 6.78969

2 .601b .361 .336 5.93586

3 .656c .430 .396 5.66309

a. Predictors: (Constant), block reach height

b. Predictors: (Constant), block reach height, waist girth

c. Predictors: (Constant), block reach height, waist girth, abdominal skin folds

Table 4.20: Coefficients of regression prediction of sit and reaches performance


Model Un standardized

Coefficients

Standardized

Coefficients

t P

B Std. Error Beta

1 (Constant) -42.506 21.146 -2.010 .050

Block reaches

height

.246 .082 .384 3.000 .004

2 (Constant) -26.556 18.886 -1.406 .166

Block reaches

height

.325 .074 .508 4.384 .000

Waist girth -.459 .111 -.478 -4.127 .000

3 (Constant) -38.627 18.677 -2.068 .044

Block reaches

height

.359 .072 .562 4.986 .000

Waist girth -.336 .117 -.350 -2.863 .006

Abdominal

skin folds

-.500 .203 -.303 -2.456 .018

Dependent variable: sit and reach performance

A stepwise regression equation was found with an R² (Adj.) of .396

Players‟ predicted sit and reach performance equation is

= -38.627+ 0. 359 (block reaches height) - 0.336 (Waist girth) - 0 .500(Abdominal

skin folds) where: both blocking height and waist girth measured in centimeter

and abdominal skin fold in millimeter.

91

If blocking height and waist girth held constant, then the sit and reach traits decreased

by 0.500 cm for each millimeter increment in abdominal skin folds, Whereas, if the

waist girth and abdominal skin fold held constant, then sit and reach the performance

traits of players increased by 0.357 cm for each centimeter increment in blocking

heights.

A multiple linear regression was calculated to predict sit and reach or flexibility of

lower back and hamstrings muscle performance for junior volleyball players based on

the selected anthropometric variables. As a result blocking reach height, Waist girth

and abdominal skin fold were found to predict of sit and reach (flexibility)

performance traits of junior volleyball players. These factors explain about 39.6 % of

the variation of flexibility of lower back and hamstring muscles of for junior

volleyball players. 0.396 were the composite score of the three anthropometric

variables (Block reach height, Waist girth and abdominal skin folds)

The independent contribution of Block reach height was scored 0 .138 of the total 0

.396 predicted the flexibility of lowers back and hamstring muscles of for junior

volleyball players. The independent contribution of Waist girth was scored - .116 of

the total .396 predicted the flexibility of lower back and hamstring muscles of for

junior volleyball players. The independent contribution of abdominal skin folds was

scored -.152 of the total .396 predicted the flexibility of lower back and hamstring

muscles of for junior volleyball players. From the three independent variables

(anthropometric variables) the most predictable variable was abdominal skin folds.

4.1.4.2. Regression prediction of the upper body strength traits based on

anthropometric variables.

In this study regression prediction analysis between the results of the push up test and

anthropometric variables was performed for junior volleyball player. The result is

shown in Table 4.21 and Table 4.22 below.

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Table 4.21: Summary of regression prediction upper body strength, performance

traits with anthropometric variables

Model R R

Square

Adjusted

R Square

Std. Error of

the Estimate

F P

1 .393a .155 .138 10.46818 9.514 .003

2 .534b .286 .258 9.71742 10.193 .000

a. Predictors: (Constant), stature of volleyball players

b. Predictors: (Constant), the stature of volleyball players, flexed and tensed arm girth

Table 4.22: Coefficients of regression prediction of upper body strength,

performance traits with anthropometric variables


Coefficients

Standardized

Coefficients

t P

B Std. Error Beta

1 (Constant) 129.664 32.326 4.011 .000

Stature -.565 .183 -.393 -3.084 .003

2 (Constant) 86.688 33.137 2.616 .012

Stature -.628 .171 -.437 -3.667 .001

Flexed and

tensed arm girth

1.890 .618 .364 3.057 .004

Dependent Variable: push up performance traits

A significant stepwise regression equation was found with an R² (Adj.) of .258

pushes up performance traits = 86.688 - 0.628 (stature) + 1.890 (flexed and tensed

arm girth) where: both height and flexed & tensed arm girth measured in centimeter.

If stature held constant, then push up the performance traits of the players increased

by 1.890 repetitions for each centimeter increment in flexed &tensed arm girth.

Whereas, if the flexed &tensed arm girth held constant, then push up performance,

decreased by 0.628 repetitions for each centimeter in height (stature).

A multiple linear regression was calculated to predict push up the performance of

junior volleyball players based on the selected anthropometric variables. As a result

stature of volleyball players and Flexed & tensed arm girth were found to predict

push up the performance of junior volleyball players. These parameters explain about

25.8% of the variation of push up performance of junior volleyball players. 0.258 was

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the composite score of the two independent variables. Due to the strong relationship

between the two variables, or due to covariance, the independent contribution of

stature and flexed and tensed arm girth was .246 for and.589 respectively. Therefore,

the most predictable variable for upper body strength of junior volleyball players was

flexed and tensed arm girth.

4.1.4.3. Regression prediction of the abdominal and hip muscle strength traits

based on anthropometric variables.

In this study regression prediction analysis between the results of sitting up tests and

anthropometric variables was performed for junior volleyball player. The results are

shown in Table 4.23 and Table 4.24.

Table 4.23: Summary of regression prediction of abdominal and hip muscle strength

traits with anthropometric variables

Model R R

Square

Adjusted

R Square

Std. Error of the

Estimate

F p

1 .358a .128 .111 10.42483 7.644 .008

2 .491b .241 .211 9.82197 8.095 .001

a. Predictors: (Constant), flexed and tensed arm girth

b. Predictors: (Constant), flexed and tensed arm girth, sitting height

Table 4.24: Coefficients of regression prediction of abdominal and hip muscle

strength traits with anthropometric variables

Model UN standardized

Coefficients

Standardized

Coefficients

t P

B Std. Error Beta

1 (Constant) 29.164 18.907 -1.542 .129

Flexed and tensed

arm girth

1.821 .659 .358 2.765 .008

2 (Constant) 16.466 24.332 .677 .502

Flexed and tensed

arm girth

2.109 .629 .415 3.352 .002

Sitting height .604 .219 -.341 -2.753 .008

Dependent Variable: sit up performance

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Players‟ predicted sit-ups performance equation is equal to = 16.466 + 2.109 (flexed

& tensed arm girth) - 0.604(sitting height) where both variables measured in

centimeter.

If sitting height held constant, one centimeter increments in flexed & tensed arm girth

will increase the set-up performance traits of the players by 2.109 repetitions.

Whereas, if the flexed &tensed arm girth held constant, then sit up performance score

of the players decreased by 0.604 repetitions for each increment in sitting height.

A multiple linear regression was calculated to predict sit-ups performance traits of the

players based on the selected anthropometric variables. As a result Flexed & tensed

arm girth and sitting height of players were found to predict sit up performance traits

of junior volleyball players. These anthropometric variables predicted 21.1 % of the

variation on the sit-ups performance traits of players. 0.211 was the composite score

of the two independent variables (Flexed and tensed arm girth and sitting height). Due

to the strong relationship between the two variables, the independent contribution of

flex & tensed arm girth and sitting height was.755 and.163 respectively. Therefore,

the most predictable variable for the strength of abdominal and hip muscles of junior

volleyball players was flexed and tensed arm girth.

4.1.4.4. Regression production of 10m sprint runs performance traits based on

anthropometric variables

In this study regression prediction analysis between the results of 10m sprint run

performance tests and anthropometric variables was performed for junior volleyball

player. The results are shown in Table 4.25 and Table 4.26 below.

Table 4.25: Summary of regression prediction of 10m sprint run traits with


Model R R

Square

Adjusted

R Square

Std.

Error of

Estimate

F

P

6 .671

.450 .417 .22677 13.620 .001

95

Predictors: (Constant), forearm girth, iliac crest skin folds, body mass index

.

Table 4.26: Coefficients of regression prediction of speed traits with anthropometric

variables


Coefficients

Standardized

Coefficients

t P

B Std. Error Beta

5 (Constant) .069 .615 .113 .911

Forearm girth .111 .027 .490 4.132 .000

Iliac crest skin

folds

.036 .012 .340 3.022 .004

Body mass index -.053 .018 -.324 -2.916 .005

a. Dependent Variable: 10 m speed score

A significant stepwise regression equation was found with an R² (Adj.) of 0.417

10m sprint run performance = .069 + 0.111 (Forearm girth) + 0.036 (Iliac crest skin

fold) - 0.053 (body mass index) where: forearm girth measured in cm and iliac crest

skin fold measured in millimeter.

If forearm girth, and body mass index held constant, then the time to complete 10 m

sprint run was increased by 0.036 second for each millimeter increment in iliac crest

skin folds. This implies that as the iliac crest skin folds increases, the speed

performance traits of the players will decrease. Whereas, if iliac crest and body mass

index held constant, then the time taken to complete 10 m sprint run increased by

0.011 seconds for each centimeter increment in forearm girth. This implies that as the

forearm girth of the players increases, the speed of the players will decrease.

A multiple linear regression was calculated to predict 10 m sprint run performance for


forearm girth, iliac crest skin folds, body mass index were found to predict their 10 m

sprint performance of junior volleyball players. These parameters explain

approximately 41.7% of the variation of sprint run performance for the junior

volleyball players .417 was the composite score of the three anthropometric variables.

The independent contribution of forearm girth was scored .247 of the total .417

96

predicted the 10m sprint run performance traits of the junior volleyball players. The

independent contribution of iliac crest skin folds was scored .162 of the total .417

predicted the 10m sprint run performance traits of the junior volleyball players. The

independent contribution of body mass index was scored .008 of the total .417

predicted the 10m sprint run performance traits of the junior volleyball players. From

the three independent variables (anthropometric variables) the most predictable

variable was forearm girth.

4.1.4.5. Regression prediction of agility traits based on anthropometric variables

In this study regression prediction analysis between the results of the T - shuttle run

agility, performance tests and anthropometric variables were performed for junior

volleyball player. The results are shown in Table 4.27 and Table 4.28.

Table 4.27: Summary of regression prediction of agility traits with anthropometric

variables

Model R R

Square

Adjusted R

Square

Std. Error of

the Estimate

F P

1 .638 .407 .372 .49421 11.450 .001

Predictors: (Constant), calf skin folds , thigh girth and sitting

height

Table 4.28: Coefficients of regression prediction of agility traits with anthropometric

variables


Coefficients

Standardized

Coefficients

t p

B Std. Error Beta

1 (Constant) 9.666 1.074 9.280 .001

Calfskin folds .116 .021 .672 5.622 .000

Mid-thigh girth -.061 .017 .498 -3.577 .001

sitting height .027 .021 .265 2.282 .027


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Players‟ predicted T- shuttle run agility performance equation is = 9.666 +.116 (calf

skin folds) - .061 (Mid-thigh girth) + .027 (sitting height) where: calf skin folds

measured in millimeter. Mid-thigh girth and sitting height measured in centimeter.

The time taken to complete T- shuttle agility run was increased by .116 seconds for

each millimeter increment in calf skin folds. This implies that greater skin fold

thickness on the mid calf has a negative effect on agility performance traits of the

players. Whereas, if calf skin folds and sitting height held constant, then the time

taken to complete T- shuttle agility run decreased by 0.061 seconds for each

centimeter increment in mid-thigh girth. This implies that as the mid-thigh girth of the

players increases, the speed of the players will also increase.

A multiple linear regression was calculated to predict T- shuttle agility run

performance for junior volleyball players based on the selected anthropometric

variables. As a result calf skin folds, Mid-thigh girth and sitting height were found to

predict the T shuttle agility run of junior volleyball players. These variables explain

37.2 % of the variation on agility performance traits of players.

The independent contribution of calf skin folds was scored .055 to predict the T

shuttle agility run of junior volleyball players. The independent contribution of Mid-

thigh girth and sitting height was scored .006 and .002 respectively. From the three

independent variables (anthropometric variables) the most predictable variable was

calf skin folds.

4.1.4.6. Regression prediction of explosive power of lower extremities based on


In this study regression prediction analysis between the results vertical jump

performance tests and anthropometric variables was performed for junior volleyball

player. The results are shown in Table 4.29 and Table 4.30 below.

98

Table 4.29: Summary of regression prediction of vertical jump performance traits


Model R R

Square

Adjusted

R Square

Std. Error of

the Estimate

F P

1 .527a .278 .264 8.60485 20.046 . 000

b

2 .968b .938 .935 2.55133 384.262 . 000

c

3 .973c .946 .943 2.39378 293.651 .000

d

¤

Dependent Variable: vertical jump height

a. Predictors: (Constant), spiking height

b. Predictors: (Constant), spiking height, standing reach height

c. Predictors: (Constant), spiking height, standing reach height,

midstylion dactylone length

Table 4 .30: Coefficients of regression prediction of vertical jump performance traits



Coefficients

Standardized

Coefficients

t P

B Std. Error Beta

1 (Constant) -68.344 23.983 -2.850 .006

Spiking height .395 .088 .527 4.477 .000

2 (Constant) -5.596 7.606 -.736 .465

SRH .926 .035 1.237 26.667 .000

STRH -.892 .038 -1.078 -23.24 .000

3 (Constant) 4.394 7.969 .551 .584

Spiking height .962 .035 1.285 27.504 .000

STRH -.883 .036 -1.067 -24.41 .000

MSD -1.128 .400 -.108 -2.817 .007

Abbreviations: SRH- spike reach heights, STRH- standing reaches heights,

MSD- Midstylion-dactylion


Players‟ predicted vertical jump performance equation is equal to = 4.394

+.962(spiking height) - 0.883 (standing reaches height) - 1.128 (Midstylion dactylone

length) where: all predictors were measured in centimeter.

If Spiking height and Standing reaches height held constant, one centimeter

increments in Midstylion dactylione length decrease the vertical jump performance

99

traits of players by 1.128 centimeters. Whereas Standing reaches a height and a

Midstylion- dactylone length held constant, then vertical jump performance improved

by 0.962 centimeters for each centimeter increment in spiking height of the players.

A multiple linear regression was calculated to predict vertical jump performance of


spiking height, standing reaches a height and a Midstylion-dactylone length of

volleyball players were found to predict vertical jump performance traits of players.

These parameters explain 94.3 % of the variation of vertical jump performance of

players. 0.943 was the composite score of the three anthropometric variables (spiking

height, standing reaches height and Midstylion-dactylione length).

The independent contribution of spike reach height was scored .506 of the total .943

predicted the explosive power of lower extremities of junior volleyball players. The

independent contribution of standing reach heights and Midstylion- dactylione length

was.233 and.142 predicted, respectively. From the three independent variables

(anthropometric variables) the most predictable variable was the spike reach height.

4.2. Discussion of findings

Introduction

This is the first study required to determine a specific anthropometric variable that

used to predict a physical fitness traits of junior volleyball players in West Gojjam,

Ethiopia. In this study, the research compared the anthropometric characteristics and

physical fitness traits of junior volleyball players with international norms. The

relationship between anthropometric characteristics and physical fitness traits of

players were also analyzed by regression analyses to establish a reference that can be

used for selection of talented players.

100

4.2.1. Comparative analysis of selected anthropometric characteristics of

junior volleyball players in West Gojjam, Ethiopia and international

norms.

Among the various anthropometric variables of volleyball players, the stature or body

height, body weight, body mass index, spike and block reach height are the most

important anthropometric characteristics and used to determine talent and success of

players (Jin, Liu, Zhang & Ge 2007; Jose, Palau, Policarpo, Manzanares & David,

2014; Wood, 2015; Michael, 2016; Andrea, 2017). Hence, firstly discussed on these

anthropometric variables of junior volleyball players found in the west Gojjam,

Ethiopia, and junior national team of the world championships.

4.2.1.1. The Stature of junior volleyball players

In the present study, the mean body heights (stature) of junior volleyball players in

the West Gojjam zone of Ethiopia were significantly shorter than international norms

(p˂ 0.001). The stature of junior volleyball players in the West Gojjam zone of

Ethiopia and the international norms was 176.25+7.18cm and 193.94 + 8.24cm

respectively. There was about 17.69cm gap between them. The mean stature of our

players was almost similar to the finding of the study reported by Bandyopadhyay

(2007), 173.10 ± 4.19 cm, and Mandal, Maity and Sahu (2015), 176.34 ± 3.54cm. In

contrast, the finding of this study was not alien with the findings reported by Duncan

et al., (2006) and Petro ski et al., (2013). The stature of England and Brazilian junior

national team players were 191.00 ±5.0 cm, Duncan et al., (2006) and 197.0 ± 8.0 cm,

Petro ski et al (2013). The height of players largely (80%) determined by genetic

makeup of players and the rest 20% related to environmental factors, including,

physical activity climates, dietary habits, health states, traits of players and lifestyle

(Jafari,2006).

In volleyball, unique anthropometric characteristics are required for the highest traits

of performance (Bourgeois et al., 2000; Reilly, Bangsbo, & Franks, 2000; Ackland,

Ong, Kerr, & Ridge, 2003; Slater et al., 2005; Gaurav, Singh & Singh, 2010; Singh,

& Behera, 2013). Stature is the most vital anthropometric characteristic. The tallest

101

player in volleyball has an advantage in both defensive and offensive actions and to

dominate over the net (Gaurav, Singh, Singh, 2010; Stamm, et al 2003). Effective

execution of volleyball skills as well as the service depends on the stature of the

players (Stanganelli, Dour ado, Oncken, Mancan, & DA Costa, 2008).

During competition, the height of the player over the net always played a vital role to

win the game. Attacking and blocking represent 45% of the total actions in a game

and 80% of the scores obtained in international matches (Zhang, 2010). Therefore, a

team will lose its capacity of winning if there is a lack of predominance over the net

(Tian, 2006), and hence, it has been used as the base for selection of players

(Tokuyama, Ohashi, Iwamoto, Takaoka & Okubo, 2004; Ahmed & AlMaghawry,

2012).

4.2.1.2. Body weight of junior volleyball players

In our study, the mean body weight of junior volleyball players in the West Gojjam

zone of Ethiopia was significantly lower than international norms (p˂ .001). The

mean body weight of junior volleyball players in the West Gojjam zone of Ethiopia

and the international norms was 60.12+7.64 kg and 82.21 + 9.70 kg respectively.

There was about 22.09 kg difference between them. Our player was 28.45kg,

23.63kg, 23.38kg, 17.71kg, and 17.29 kg lighter than Brazilian, Egyptian, Iranians,

japans and Italians junior national team players respectively (see table 4-3,

appendix). the body weight of our players was not parallel to the finding reported by

Mandal, Maity and Sahu, (2015), 65.07 ± 9.82kg, and Koley, Singh and Sandhu,

(2010), 69.09+ 69.09kg. Additionally, the mean body weight of our junior volleyball

players was inconsistent with other findings. The mean body weight of England

junior volleyball players was between 71.2kg and 77.9kg, as reported by Wood field

and al-Nakeeb (2006). The average body weight of Turkish junior volleyball players

was also similar to the England junior volleyball players, (74.8kg) as reported by

Aytek (2007). The mean body weight of American junior volleyball players was also

similar to the mean weight of Europeans junior players, which was 71.1kg +9.6kg as

102

reported by Gabbett, Georgieff & Domrow (2007). The mean body weight of

Australian junior national team volleyball players was greater than world average

norms. That is 88.4 + 7.7 kg (Newton, 2012).

The body weight of players is affected by genetic makeup, traits of players, physical

activity, availability of a balanced diet, environmental condition and social factors

(National Academies Press, 2006; National Academies Press, 2004). The quantity and

quality of foods eaten and meal patterns affect the weight of the players at a great

extent. Therefore, the minimal weight of our players might be related to traits of

players, eating habits of their parents and the society. Besides, the minimal weight of

our players might be also associated with genetic make and socioeconomic status of

players.

As research indicates, international junior volleyball players were heavier because of

the density of their bones and higher proportion of lean muscle mass rather than fat

accumulation (Stamm, Stamm, & Jairus, 2017).There for, heavier volleyball players

with normal adipose tissue (until 10%) are more preferable than lighter players and

they are more efficient at attack than light players (Stamm et al., 2017). The heavier

player in volleyball has an advantage in offensive actions and significantly heavier

body weight among volleyball players might be disadvantageous to them in attaining

a good jumping height as they have to lift a great weigh. Therefore, coaches and

related bodies should carefully consider the weight of players while selecting players.

4.2.1.3. Body mass index of junior volleyball players

In this study, the mean body mass index of junior volleyball players, West Gojjam,

Ethiopia, was 19.42+1.82. It was significantly (p˂ 0.001) lower than world average

traits 21.80+1.84. The mean body mass index of Ethiopia junior volleyball players

was almost similar to junior volleyball players reported by Kali, Singh and Sandhu,

(2010), 20.66 +2.46 and Aytek (2007), 20.72, + 2.14. The body mass index of

Turkish junior Volleyball players was similar to world class junior volleyball players

103

(Aytek, 2007). The mean body mass index of Brazilian junior national volleyball

players was not aligned with our findings. The mean body mass index of Brazilian

junior national volleyball players in 2002, 2003 and 2004 were 22.0 + 2.2, 22.1 +1.6

and 22.8+1.8 respectively (Petroski, et al.,2013). It was normal but relatively greater

than the body mass index of Ethiopians. Our players mean body mass index were

3.09 (p<0.001) and 1.68 (p< 0.05) lesser than Brazilians and Egyptians junior

national team players respectively.

The normal body mass index of players is between 18.5and 24.9 (Ventures,

2017).Since Body mass index (BMI), does not distinguish lean tissue from fatty tissue

and often describes muscular players as overweight. Therefore, body mass index is

not always a reliable indicator of body fatness (Romero-Corral et al. 2008). However,

volleyball players with normal body mass index are more successful in serving

(Maghsoud, Rezvan and Hassan (2013). Players with lean muscles have got a number

of advantages. In terms of metabolic rate, weight control, mobility, strength, self-

esteem and injury reductions (Clinic, 2019).

4.2.1.4. Spike and block reach heights of junior volleyball players

The statistical analysis of this study confirmed that the mean spike and block reach

heights of junior volleyball players in the West Gojjam zone of Ethiopia were

significantly lower than world average traits (p˂ 0.001). The result confirmed that the

spike and block reach a height of junior volleyball players in the West Gojjam zone

of Ethiopians were 271.62+13.40cm and 258.05+11.39cm respectively. The world

average spike and block reach height was 325.12+16.15cm and 307.88+13.00cm

respectively. There was about 43.5 cm and 49.83 cm gaps in both spike and block

reach heights of players respectively. To be more specific, the spike reach height of

our players was 63.21 cm and 38.21cm shorter than Brazilian and Egyptians junior

national team players respectively. The highest spike reaches height scored by the

Canadian junior volleyball player. His spike reach height was 382 cm (Keith, 2017).

This is 111cm greater than our junior volleyball players.

104

It was also observed that players that the highest block reach heights were belong to

Brazilian (316.33cm +11.01cm) and Iranian (313.33cm +13.37cm) players, followed

by Japanese (312.75cm +11.19cm) national team players. The block reaches heights

of our players were 34.03cm and 55.28cm shorter than Egyptian and Iranians junior

volleyball players.

The spike and block reach heights of players is determined by the stature of the

players, their technical ability of jumping , including the joint angle, the take off

phase and the resistance of air or gravitational force (Rupesh, 2010). Therefore, the

minimal spike and block reach heights of our players might be associated with their

minimal height and their technical limitations while jumping to spike and block the

ball.

In volleyball, the spike and block reach heights represent 45% of total actions and

80% of the points obtained within international matches (Marques, Van den Tyler,

Vescovi, & Gonzalez- Badillo, 2008; Lobietti, Michele & Merni ,2006; Voigt &

Vetter, 2003).There for, it‟s very vital to consider spike and block reach height of

players while searching talented players. Volleyball Coaches, physical educators and

sport directors should focus on these activities during the selection of players.

In summary, junior volleyball players found in the West Gojjam zone of Ethiopians

are demonstrated minimum heights, weights, spike and block reach heights when

compared to a top national team of the world. These indicate that junior volleyball

players found in west Gojjam Ethiopians are disadvantaged for volleyball sport.

4.2.2. Comparative analysis of selected basic anthropometric characteristics

among junior volleyball players in the west Gojjam, Ethiopia.

In our study, there was a significant difference in stature (p˂ .01), in spike (p˂ .01)

and block reaches heights (p˂.01), among junior volleyball player in the West Gojjam

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zone of Ethiopia. There wasn‟t any significant difference in body weight among

junior players in the West Gojjam zone of Ethiopia (p˂ .05).

In stature, there was a significant difference between the player in the West Gojjam

zone of Ethiopia (p˂0.01).Durbietie junior volleyball team players were the tallest,

179.66+5.08cm, followed by Shendie Wenbrma players, 178.00 +8.96cm and

Qunzla, 171.11cm+6.49cm, team players. This means, the height of Qunzla team

players was 8.55cm and 6.89cm lesser than Durbietie and Qunzla team players

respectively.

In weight, there was no significant difference in body weight among junior players in

the West Gojjam zone of Ethiopia (p˂.05). This implies that the weight of junior

volleyball players in the West Gojjam zone, Ethiopia was almost similar. The

statistical analysis also revealed the presence of significant differences in both spike

and block reach heights among the players in the three teams found in the West

Gojjam zone of Ethiopia (p˂.001). The significant differences in spike (p˂.001) and

block (p˂ .001) reach heights found only between Durbietie and Qunzla team players.

The spike and block reach heights of Durbietie team players were 275.27+11.29 cm

and 259.66 +8.73 cm respectively, which was 13.33 cm and 10.83cm greater than that

of Qunzla team players. There was also a significant difference in both spike and

block reach heights between Shendie Wenbrma and Qunzla team players (p˂.001).

The spike and block reach heights of Shendie Wenbrma team players were 15.72 cm

and 16.83cm greater than that of Qunzla players.

4.2.3. Comparative analysis of selected anthropometric characteristics of junior


The present study verified that the mean sitting height and standing reach height of

junior players in the west Gojjam of Ethiopia, was 89.24+6.23cm and

232.09+12.13cm respectively. The mean skin folds thickness on the six selected sites

of the junior volleyball players in the west Gojjam was 12.07+3.53mm. The girth, the

length and the breadth mean values of junior volleyball players also discussed below.

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4.2.3.1. Sitting and standing reaches height of junior volleyball players.

This study confirmed that the sitting height of junior players in the west Gojjam of

Ethiopia was 89.24+6.23cm. It was lesser than the findings of previous researches.

The mean sitting height of Indian junior volleyball players was 91.84 ± 4.36cm and

95.61 + 2.87cm, as reported by Aouadi, Nawi and Alanazi (2015) and Sameer Kumar

and Yadav (2015) respectively. It was also significantly less than the Sitting height of

Brazilian junior volleyball players 150.1+3.8 cm (Muniz, Cossio-Bolaños, Gomez

Campos, Gonçalves, Lázari, Urra-Albornoz, & De Arruda, 2017).

The Standing reaches height of junior players in the West Gojjam zone of Ethiopia

was 232.09+12.13cm. This was lesser than Australian junior volleyball players, 240.8

+10.9cm, as reported by Tim Gabbett, Boris Georgie and Domrow (2007). There was

very strong correlations (r = 0.85; p <.01) Observed between standing reach height

and jump performance traits of volleyball players (Sheppard et al., 2008) That means,

as the standing height increases, the vertical jumping height of the players will also

increase. By implication, players with greater standing reach heights are better for

spiking and blocking actions in volleyball.

4.2.3.2. The skin folds thickness of junior volleyball players.

The mean skin folds thickness on the six selected sites of the junior volleyball players

in the west Gojjam was 12.07+3.53mm. Our results were inconsistent with the

findings reported by Petroski, et al., (2013), and consistent with the report made by

Muniz et al., (2017). The mean skin folds thickness of Brazilian junior volleyball

players was 9.24+ 2.16 mm (Petroski, et al., 2013). Whereas, the mean skin folds

thickness of Brazilian junior volleyball players reported by Muniz et al., (2017) was

12.28mm. That was similar to our players.But lesser than those reported by Koley,

Singh and Sandhu (2010) and Bandyopadhyay (2007).

The maximum and minimal skin folds thickness observed in the abdomen and mid-

thigh of junior volleyball players. That was 13.22+4.41mm, and 11.75+3.81mm

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respectively. In contrast, the maximum and minimal skin fold thickness reported by

Petroski, et al., (2013), was observed on super iliac, 11. 4 + 3.5 mm and calf 7.3+1.7

mm skin folds sites, respectively.

Our result was similar to those reported by Muniz et al., (2017) and in junior

Brazilian volleyball players, 12.28mm, Having lean muscles is important to maintain

a higher metabolism rate so that it‟s easier to control weight, to have more energy and

increase mobility of players, it also used to have strong bodies and reduce injuries of

the joints (Clinic, 2019).

4.2.3.3. The girth of junior volleyball players

In our study, the mean girth measurements, particularly, the chest, forearm, waist,

gluteus and thigh girth of junior volleyball players in the west Gojjam, Ethiopia was

88.46+7.22cm, 24.72+1.30cm, 77.46+6.19cm, 89.74+6.91cm and 48.07+4.57cm

respectively. It was almost similar to Indian counterparts; their Chest, forearm and

thigh girth was 89.87 +11.91cm, 24.16 +1.65 cm and 51.73 + 4.36cm respectively as

reported by Gaurav and Singh (2014).

4.2.3.4. The lengths of junior volleyball players

The statistical analyses indicated that the mean lengths of the acromiale-dactylion

(derived) of our junior players were 86.66+4.85cm. It was a little bit greater than a

junior volleyball player in India. Their acromiale-dactylion (arm's length) was 82.85

2.73cm and, 81.40 + 4.04 cm as report by, Sameer, Kumar and Yadav (2015) and

Gaurav and Singh (2014) respectively. The mean length of acromiale-radial (upper

arm) of our players were 39.53+2.24cm, whereas acromiale-radial of Indian

counterparts were 33.69 +2.25cm (Gaurav & Singh, 2014), which was 5.85 + 0.01cm

lesser than our players.

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4.2.3.5. The breadth of junior volleyball players

With regard to breadth, the mean breadth of the players at the shoulder to shoulder

(Biacromia), the chest (transverse chest) the hip width (Biilocristal), Knee, elbow and

hand breads were 48.42 + 3.99 cm, 34.61+4.44cm ,32.53+4.04cm , 11.92+1.06cm,

9.53+0.71cm and 10.81+0.64cm, respectively. This was inconsistent with the findings

reported by Gaurav and Singh, (2014). The mean elbow, shoulder, hip and knee

breadth of junior Indians volleyball players were 8.09 +0.59cm, 43.51 + 2.22cm,

29.05+ 4.57 and 9.96 + 0.59cm respectively. This is lesser than our junior players.

4.2.4. Multiple comparative analyses of selected anthropometric characteristics

among junior volleyball players in the west Gojjam, Ethiopia.

There was a significant difference among the players in terms of setting height (p<

.01), standing reach a height (p<. 0.05), skin folds, particularly, iliac crest skin folds

(p<. 01), calf skin folds (p<. 01), thigh skin folds (p<. 01), and sub scapular skin folds

(p<. 05). The only significant difference among the players observed on forearm girth

(p<. 05). In length measurement, significant difference reflected in upper arm length

(p <. 05), acromiale-radial bone (p˃ 0.05), the midst lion – dactyl ion and hand

length, (p ˂. 01). There was also a significant difference between junior volleyball

players in the West Gojjam zone in relation to the Biepicondylar femur (knee) breads,

(p <.05) and hand breads (p<.01).

In setting height, there was a significant difference among the players in West

Gojjam, Ethiopia (p<. 01). Shendie Wenbrma team players were significantly

different from Durbietie team players (p˂. 01) & insignificant differences from

Qunzla team players (p˃. 05). There were also significant differences (p˂ .01).

Among Qunzla and Durbetie team players in their sitting height. Durbietie junior

volleyball team players were 8.22cm and 6.66 cm lesser than Shendie Wenbrma and

Qunzla volleyball team players respectively.

In standing reach height also, there was a significant difference among the players in

the west Gojjam (p<.05). Durbietie team players were significantly higher than

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Qunzla team players (p <.01) and insignificantly greater than Shendie Wenbrma team

players (p <.05). That was about 10.83 cm gaps between Durbietie and Qunzla team

players in relation to standing reach heights. Moreover, the length of their Midstylion

– Dactylion, Shendie Wenbrma team players were significantly longer than Durbietie

team players (p< .01) but insignificantly longer than Qunzla team players (p<.05).

There were no significant differences among the players on abdominal and triceps

skin folds sites (p˂ .05). There was a significant difference among players on iliac

crest skin folds (p<.01), calf skin folds (p< .01), thigh skin folds (p< .01), and sub

scapular skin folds (p<.05). Skin folds of Durbietie team players were significantly

thicker than Qunzla team players, particularly on calf (p˂.01), sub scapula (p˂ .05),

thigh (p˂ .01) and the iliac crest (p˂.01) sites. Shendie Wenbrma team players also

had shown significantly thicker skin folds than Qunzla team players on the calf (p˂

.01) and thigh p˂ .05) skin fold sites. It is concluded that Qunzla team players had the

least skin fold thickness than Durbietie and Shendie Wenbrma junior volleyball team

players. This implies that junior volleyball players found in the west Gojjam

experienced a little bit different training load situation, lifestyle, diet and sleeping

habits (Quinn, 2018).

With regard to girth, there was a significant difference among the players only on

forearm girth measurements (p˃.05). The other ten girth variables were not

significantly different among the players in the teams. Durbietie team players had

significant longer forearm girth than both Shendie Wenbrma (p˂.01) and Qunzla

(p˂.01) team players. That was 1.11cm and 1.38 cm greater forearm girth than

Shendie Wenbrma and Qunzla team players respectively.

In length variables, there was a significant difference among the players in upper arm

length or acromiale-radial bone (p˃.05) the Midst lion – dactyl ion (p˃. 05) and hand

length, (p˂.01). The length acromiale-radial bone of Durbietie team players was

significantly longer than both Shendie Wenbrma (p˂. 05) and Qunzla (p˂.05) team

players (p˂. 05). That was 1.61cm longer than the Acromiale-radial length both

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Shendie Wenbrma and Qunzla team players. Additionally, the Midst lion – dactyl ion

length of Durbietie team players was also significantly longer than Shendie

Wenbrma team players (p˂. 01). There was about 0.83 cm difference.

There was a significant difference among the players in relation to the Biepicondylar

femur (knee) breads, (p˃. 05) and hand breads (p<.01) among junior volleyball

players in the West Gojjam zone. In relation to Biepicondylar femur breads, Qunzla

volleyball team players were significant wider than both Durbietie (p˂. 01) and

Shendie Wenbrma (p˂. 05) players. That was about 1cm and 0.72 cm greater than

Durbietie and Shendie Wenbrma junior volleyball team players respectively. Shendie

Wenbrma junior volleyball team players having significantly wider hand breads than

both Durbietie (p˂. 05) & Qunzla (p˂. 01) players. That was 0.44cm and 0.77 cm

greater than Durbietie and Qunzla team players.

It is concluded that the hands breads of Shendie Wenbrma junior volleyball players

were wider than that of Durbietie and Qunzla junior teams‟ players. Diabetes junior

volleyball team players on their part have got the largest forearm girth than the two

team players. Qunzla junior teams‟ players also had largest Biepicondylar femur

breads than Shendie Wenbrma and Durbietie team players.

4.2.5. Analysis of physical fitness traits of junior volleyball players

In recent times, volleyball game analysts, sport physiologists, sport psychologists and

sports medicine specialists have a focus on the fitness traits of players. Researchers

also underline the contribution of high traits fitness for the overall performance of the

players together with anthropometric characteristics, technical, tactical, psychological

and external factors, including equipment, ground, sportswear, climate and so on

(Waghmare, bonded, & Surdi, 2012).

Volleyball requires high physical challenges during the game and its achievement

also largely determined by the physical fitness traits of players (Peeri, Sharif &

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Matinhomaee, 2013; Faude & et al.2007; Manrique & et al.2003). The most

important physical fitness components for volleyball players are a flexibility of lower

back and hammering muscles, strength of upper & middle body parts, speed, agility

and power of lower extremities (Gabbett, Georgie & Domrow, 2007). The fitness

traits of junior volleyball players are discussed below.

4.2.5.1. Comparative analysis of physical fitness traits of junior volleyball

players

Comparative analysis on flexibility of lower back and hammering muscles, upper

body strength, abdominal and hip muscle strength, speed, agility and explosive power

traits of junior volleyball players discussed below.

4.2.5.1.1. Flexibility of lower back and hammering muscles of junior

volleyball players

In the present study, the mean lower back and hamstring flexibility of junior

volleyball players in the West Gojjam zone of Ethiopia was 20.87cm and 25.00cm for

an international standard. The difference between these was found to be statistically

significant (p<.01).

A similar finding was reported by Sameer, Kumar and Yadav (2015), 19.07 3.77cm,

and Govind, et al., (2013) 20.38+2.83cm. While, higher flexibility score of junior

volleyball players reported in England by Duncan, et al., (2006), which is

29.22+8.8cm. These values indicate that lower back and hamstring flexibility of our

players is still needed to be improved.

This difference in flexibility in the lower back and hamstring muscles related to the

nature of their joints, the types of muscle fiber, the characteristic of tendons and

ligaments of the players together with the nature of training given to the players

(Horst, 2017).

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In volleyball, the players have to move suddenly in the forward direction, sideways or

downward directions, so the flexibility of hip and back are very important. It is used

Increase the range of movement of the joints, to play in a good manner, to reduce

injuries, to decrease recovery time and to increase speed and agility of the players

(Fischer, 2004; Dale, 2017). On the other hand, Poor flexibility will boost the risk of

injury, decrease the range of movement, damage skilled movement, and extend

recovery time and decrease speed and agility of the players (Arnheim, 2005;

Buschbacher, Prahlow & Dave, 2009; Hamilton, 2018)

4.2.5.1.2. Upper body Strength of junior volleyball players

In our study, the mean pushups traits of junior volleyball players in the West Gojjam

zone of Ethiopia and international norm were 30.05 and 32.50 repetitions

respectively. The difference between these was found to be statistically insignificant

(p<.05). Our player‟s performance traits was a little bit better than the performance of

Indian junior volleyball players, 28.90 + 4.174, reported by Govind, et al., (2013).

The performance difference in push up is related to the difference in the strength of

the shoulder muscles (anterior and medial deltoids), the Chest muscles (pectorals) and

back of the upper arm (triceps) of the players (Sifferman, 2017). Research also

indicates that the strength of the upper body is directly related to the girth of the chest

and shoulder muscle groups (Jones, Bishop, Woods & Green, 2008).

In volleyball, there is aggressive blocking, spiking and repetitive jump serves. All

these actions needs optimum strength of muscle groups found in the shoulder and

around the chests (Ben-Zaken, & seal., 2013; LA84 foundation, 2012; Singh, et al.,

2011; Mermier, et al., 2000). Offensive and defensive actions also nothing without

having strong muscle groups on shoulders, around the chest and arms (Zhang, 2010).

All these indicate that the strength of the upper body is vital for successful volleyball

participation. It is one of the vital fitness components for volleyball players and it

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contribute a lot for better spike, block and dig action during the game (Athletic, 2017,

Keshav & Harmandee, 2014).

4.2.5.1.3. Abdominal and hip muscles Strength of junior volleyball players

In this study, the mean sit-ups traits of junior volleyball players in the West Gojjam

zone of Ethiopia was 22.92 and 36.5 repetitions for international players. The

difference between these was found to be statistically highly significant (p<.05). In

this study, the sit ups mean score of our junior volleyball players was 22.92

repetitions. It was inconsistent with the sit-up performance of junior volleyball

players in India, their sit-up test score was 41repititions as reported by Keshav and

Harmandee (2014). In the other study, Bag, et al., (2015) reported 38.73 repetitions

for the mean sit-up performance of junior volleyball players.

This difference in sit ups performance is related to the difference in the strength of

waist and abdominal muscles, including rectus abdominals, external Oblique‟s,

internal Oblique‟s, transverse abdominals and hip flexor muscles, including psoas

major, illiacus, rectus femoris, pectins and Sartorius ( Quinn, 2018; Sifferman, 2017).

The Strength of the abdominal and hip muscles provides the muscular link between

the upper and lower body and thereby assists force Summation (Hughes, 2014). It is

the key to successful volleyball performance (Singh, et al., 2011; Ben-Zaken, et. al.,

2013). It also contributes a lot for proper successful execution of dig actions,

explosive jumping and powerful spiking actions (LA84 foundation, 2012).

4.2.5.1.4. Speed of junior volleyball players

In our study, the mean score of our junior players to 10m sprint run test was 2.17

seconds and 1.86 seconds for international counterparts. The difference between these

was found to be statistically highly significant (p<.01). This means, our junior

volleyball players were not as fast as their international counterparts.

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In this study, the mean score of our junior players in the 10m sprint run test was 2.17

seconds. It was inconsistence with the findings reported by Tim et al, (2007), the

mean 10 m sprint test score of Australian junior volleyball players was 1.88 +0.13sec

(Tim et al, 2007). It was also not in agreement with, the finding, 1.85 seconds,

reported by simonek, et al., 2017).

This difference in movement speed of players might be related to the difference

performance on in reaction speed/ time, stride length, stride frequency, muscle

strength, power, sprint technique, neuromuscular coordination difference, muscle

composition, anthropometrics characteristics, other environmental conditions and

efficiency of the anaerobic energy system of the players (Locatelli, 2017; Aditi,

Majumdar, Robert, & Robergs, 2011).

Speed for volleyball players is the capacity to move quickly across the ground to dig

or spike the ball (Plisk, 2008; Harman & Garhammer, 2008). It is a complex mixture

of psychophysical components volleyball players. These include perception,

expectation, decision making, reactions, moving at maximum speed without a ball,

actions with a ball and reading the game. All of these components are interrelated and

have a significant influence on the speed of volleyball players (Kessel, 2019). It‟s one

of the main fitness components and has a critical role for success in many sports,

including volleyball (John Kessel, 2019). During a volleyball match, every player

expected to perform various short sprints and high-intensity court movement (Yadav,

2015; Singh & Behera, 2013). Therefore, players have to be moved rapidly to execute

the required activities effectively and efficiently (Miller, 2005; Terrell, 2017).

4.2.5.1.5. Agility of junior volleyball players

In our study, the mean score of our junior volleyball players in relation to shuttle run

agility test score was 10.84 seconds. While the normative mean of international

counterparts was 10.49 seconds. The difference between these was found to be

statistically highly significant (p<.05). This means that our players were less agile

than the international normative mean. The agility, performance traits of our junior

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volleyball was lesser than Australian junior volleyball players, 10.49 +0.96 Sec (Tim

et al., 2007) and better than Indian counterpart, 11.55 seconds, as reported by Jatinder

,Kumar, Basanti and Bamaniya (2017).

This difference in their agility test performance may be related to the difference in

cognitive or decision making ability (knowledge of the situation, pattern recognition,

anticipation and visual scanning) of the players. Physical capability, particularly,

strength, and power of the leg muscles and technical abilities difference, like foot

placement, adjustment of step to accelerate and body position also affect their

performance (Young , Dawson , Henry , 2015; Scanlon, Humphries, Tucker &

Dalbo, 2013; Veale, Pearce & Carlson,2010; Gabbett, Kelly & Sheppard, 2008;

Sheppard, Young, Doyle, Sheppard & Newton, 2006; Sheppard & Young, 2005). It‟s

much more complex, involving speed, balance, coordination, fluidity of movement

and the ability to react to a change of the environment (BBC sports, 2018; Plisk,

2008).

In volleyball, to get into the right place at the right time is very critical. To move in

every direction quickly, to bend and dive to make successful plays is common in

volleyball game. All these activities emphasize the needs of better agility,

performance traits (Dale, 2017). In volleyball, agility does not only include changing

in direction, but also involves the ability to predict the movement of the ball, players

and react to the game specific situations (Gamble, 2013). That means that, The ability

to start, stop and change directions rapidly and efficiently is essential for volleyball

players (Lloyd, et al, 2015; Scanlan, et al., 2014; Young, et al., 2011; Lockie, et al.,

2013; Kutlu, et al.,, 2012; Serpell, et al., 2011; Sporis, et al., 2010; Little and

Williams, 2005).

4.2.5.1.6. Explosive power of junior volleyball players

In our study, the mean vertical jump score of junior volleyball players in the West

Gojjam zone of Ethiopia was 38.90cm and that of the international normative mean

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was 48.74 cm. The difference between these was found to be statistically highly

significant (p<.001). This means that the explosive power of our junior volleyball

players was less than the international counterparts.

In this study, the mean vertical jump score of junior volleyball players in the West

Gojjam zone of Ethiopia was 38.90cm. It was not alien with the finding, 33.47 + 6.11

cm, reported by Aouadi, Nawi and Alanazi (2015). Greater explosive power was

reported by Indian and Iranian junior volleyball players. Their vertical jump test score

was 69cm +7.44cm and 50.0cm + 8.4 cm respectively as reported by Sameer , Kumar

and Yadav (2015) and Masoud and Nikbakht (2011). Additionally, the vertical jump

test score of England and Australia junior volleyball players was also much greater

than our players. It was 45.25+6.0cm and 46.0 +11.2cm, respectively as reported by,

Duncan, Wood field, and al-Nakeeb,(2006) and Gabbett, Georgie and Domrow,

(2007).

This much amount of difference in vertical jump is associated with different factors.

Such factors include the technical ability of players, their muscular strength and

power difference and their anthropometric characteristics (Al-Fadhli, Ali & Saleeh,

2015; Aouadi, glide, Khalifa, Hermassi, Chelly, Tillaar, and Gabbet, 2012).

The vertical jump is a basic ability required in many sports including volleyball

(Scott, Briscoe, Craig, Murkowski, Samue & Saville, 2003). Vertical jump is

common, very vital and essential fitness quality for volleyball players and it‟s the key

capabilities for both attacking and blocking actions, (Singh & Behera, 2013;

Sheppard et al., 2009).

4.2.5.2. Comparison analysis of physical fitness traits of junior volleyball

players in the west Gojjam of Ethiopia

In this study, a significant difference was observed on flexibility of lower back and

hamstring muscles (p<.05), upper body strength (p<.01), abdominal and hip muscle

strength (p<.05), speed (p<.01), agility (p<.05) and explosive power of lower

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extremities (p<.05) in relation to junior volleyball players in the West Gojjam zone of

Ethiopia. .

Inflexibility of lower back and hamstring muscles, there was significant differences

among the junior players in the West Gojjam zone of Ethiopia (p<. 05). Shendie

Wenbrma team players were greater than Durbietie and Qunzla team players. There

were also significant differences among the players in the West Gojjam zone of

Ethiopia in relation to upper body strength (p<. 01). The average push up test score

of the Qunzla junior volleyball team was better than the mean performance traits of

their counterpart at international traits. Statistically significant differences observed

only between Qunzla and Shendie Wenbrma junior volleyball team players (p<.01).

That is, the mean push up test score of Shendie Wenbrma team players was lesser

than Qunzla team players

With regard to abdominal strength traits, There were significant differences among

the players in the West Gojjam zone of Ethiopia (p<.05). The mean abdominal

strength traits of Shendie Wenbrma team players were less than Durbietie team

players. Additionally, Durbietie team players were also performed more sit ups than

Qunzla team players.

There were also significant differences among the players in the West Gojjam zone of

Ethiopia in relation to 10m sprint run performance (p<.01). Send Wenbrma team

players were faster than Durbietie team players. Qunzla junior team players were also

faster than Durbietie team players. Durbietie team players examined the least sprint

run performance than the others.

On the T – shuttle run agility, there were significant differences among players in the

three teams found in the West Gojjam zone of Ethiopia (p<. 05). The mean agility,

performance of Qunzla junior volleyball team players was more agile than shendie

wenbrma junior volleyball team players. In explosive power also, there was

significant differences between Qunzla and shendie wenbrma team players (p<.05).

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The vertical jump test score of Qunzla team players was lesser than shendie wenbrma

team players.

It is concluded that, in relation to upper body strength, moving speed and agility

traitss of the players Qunzla team players was better than both Durbietie and Shendie

Wenbrma junior team players. Shendie Wenbrma junior volleyball team players on

their part scored better performance in explosive power in their lower extremities and

flexibility of lower back and hamstring muscles. Durbietie junior teams‟ players also

had strongest abdominal and hip muscles than Shendie Wenbrma and Qunzla team

players.

4.2.6. Co-relational analysis of anthropometric characteristics and physical

fitness traits of junior volleyball players.

One of the focuses on coaches, trainers and sport scientists is finding a relationship

between anthropometric characteristics and physical fitness traits of players. This

study specified that most of the anthropometric characteristics of junior volleyball

players were significantly correlated with their physical fitness traits. The

relationship between anthropometric characteristics and six selected physical fitness

traits of junior volleyball players are discussed below.

4.2.6.1. Correlations between anthropometric characteristic and flexibility of

lower back and hamstring muscles of junior volleyball players.

The results of this study indicated that the sit and reach test score of junior volleyball

player‟s significantly correlated with blocking height (r = 0.384, p<.05), waist girth (r

= 0.347, p<.05), gluteus girth (r = - 0.309, p<.05), and abdominal skin folds of players

(r = - 0.305, p<.05). This means, as the blocking height and waist girth increase, the

sit and reach test score of players will increase. While, as the gluteus girth and

abdominal skin folds of junior volleyball players increase, the sit and reach test score

of players will decrease. These results were partly consistent with the research results

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reported by Fernandes, Christopher, Cucato and Junior (2007) maintained an inverse

relationship between being over fat at the waist and sits and reaches performance.

4.2.6.2. Correlations between anthropometric characteristic and strength of

upper body part of junior volleyball players.

The results of the present study also indicated the existence of a significant positive

relationship between push up test score and flexed and tense arm girth of players

(p<.05). Which means, whether a player is with large flexed and tense arm girth, he

would have a relatively better performance in pushups. Additionally, there was also a

significant negative relationship between pushups performance traits and five

anthropometric characteristics of junior volleyball players. These were stature

(p<.001), standing reach height (p<.05), wrist girth (p<.05), waist girth (p<. 05), hand

breads (p<. 05). This means, whether a player is with large height, standing reach

height, wrist girth, waist girth and hand breads, he would have a poor performance in

push up. This result is inconsistent with the findings of Binder, Singh and Soodan

(2016) and partly consistent with the result reported by Caroline, Allen, Katie, Dean,

Alan, Jung, John and Petrella (2013).

4.2.6.3. Correlations between anthropometric characteristic and strength of

abdominal and hip muscle of junior volleyball players.

Our study also showed the presence of negative significant correlation between sit-

ups test score and sitting height of junior volleyball players (r = - 0.271, p<. 05).

When a player is with large sitting height, he would have poor performance in sit-ups.

On the other hand, there‟ was also a positive relationship between sit up performance

traits and flexed & tense arm girth (r = 0.358, p<.001) of junior volleyball player,

which means, whether a player is with large flexed and tense arm girth, he would

have a better performance in sit-ups. There was not any significant connection,

among other anthropometric characteristics and sit-ups test score. This finding is

consistent with the finding reported by Binder, Singh and Soodan (2016).

120

4.2.6.4. Correlations between anthropometric characteristic and moving speed

of junior volleyball players.

The result of the present study indicated that 10m sprint run traits of junior volleyball

players significantly and positively correlated with sitting height (r = 0.337, p<.05),

standing reach a height (r = 0.289, p<.05), iliac crest skin folds (r = 0. 479, p<. 001),

Sub scapula skin folds (r = 0.285, p<. 05), triceps skin fold (r = 0 .286 , p<.05),

mid-thigh skin folds (r = 0. 297, p<. 05), for. Arm girth (r = 0. 505, p<. 001), waist

girth (r = 0. 355, p<.001), biepicondylar hummers (r = 0. 352, p<.01), That means,

10m sprint run performance of junior volleyball increases with increments of sitting

height, standing reach height, iliac crest skin folds , Sub scapula skin folds, triceps

skin fold, mid-tight skin folds, forearm, girth, waist girth and biepicondylar

hummers. Since previously done findings are not available in the literature, we could

not compare our results with the findings of others.

4.2.6.5. The correlations between anthropometric characteristic and moving

agility of junior volleyball players.

The present research showed that there was a significant relationship between agility

and four skin folds. Mid Calf skin folds (r = 0. 491, p<.001), Mid-thigh skin fold (r =

0. 408, p<.01), abdomen skin fold (r = 0. 356, p<.01) and Iliac crest skin fold (r = 0.

339, p<. 05). That means, the agility of junior volleyball increases with increments of

mid calf skin fold, Mid-thigh skin folds, abdomen folds fold and Iliac folds skin folds

until 13 % of the body. The other anthropometric characteristics of junior volleyball

players haven‟t any effect on movement agility. Since previously done findings are

not available in the literature, we could not compare our results with the findings of

others.

4.2.6.6. The Correlations between anthropometric characteristic and explosive

power of junior volleyball players.

The analysis of the results demonstrated the existence of a significant relationship

between vertical jump height and two anthropometric variables. The spike reach

height (r = 0. 527, p<.01) and block reach heights(r = 0. 535, p<.01) of junior

121

volleyball players were positive and significantly correlated with vertical jump

performance traits of players. This implies, as the spike reach height and block reach

heights of junior volleyball players increases, their vertical jump height also

increases. This finding was not alien with the findings reported by Maghsoud, Rezvan

and Hassan (2013) where Vertical jump increases by increments of height and weight

of players. The non-significant correlation between anthropometric characteristics

and vertical jump height indicates that they are not the major contributors to the

power of lower extremities.

4.2.7. Regression models for anthropometric characteristics and physical fitness

traits of junior volleyball players found in West Gojjam, Ethiopia.

To recognize the correlation between the anthropometric characteristics and physical

fitness traits of junior volleyball players, the researchers performed stepwise

regression analyses between the anthropometric variables and selected physical

fitness components to identify the most important anthropometric characteristics and

physical fitness component that can be used in the talent identification process.

The statistical results revealed that all selected physical fitness components were

closely associated with at least with two anthropometric characteristics, as indicated

by a moderate correlation coefficient (r > 0.275) with the anthropometric variables.

Since our investigation only analyzed the anthropometric factors among multiple

factors that might have influenced physical fitness traits of junior volleyball players,

therefore it is not unexpected to find low to moderate correlation coefficients.

The regression models for specific physical fitness performance traits of Ethiopian

junior volleyball players found in the west Gojjam are shown in Table 4.31 below.

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Table 4.31: Summaries of the regression models for physical fitness performance traits

to anthropometric characteristics of Ethiopian junior volleyball players

Dependent

variables

Regression equation and independent

variable

Physical fitness

components

flexibility 38.627+ 0. 359 (X1) - 0.336 (X2) - 0.500(X3)

X1: block reach height

X2: waist girth and

X3: abdominal skin folds

Flexibility of lower

back and hamstring

muscles

Upper body

strength

86.688- 0.628 (X1) + 1.890 (X2)

X1: stature

X2: Flexed and tensed arm girth

Upper body

Strength

Abdominal

strength

16.466 + 2.109 (X1) - 0.604 (X2)

X1: Flexed and tensed arm girth

X2: Sitting height

Abdominal and hip

muscles Strength.

Speed 0.069 +. 111 (X1) + 0.036 (X2) – 0.053 (X3)

X1: Forearm girth

X2: Iliac crest skin fold

X3: Body mass index

Moving speed

Agility 9.966 +. 116 (X1) - 0.061 (X2) + 0.027 (X3)

X1: Calfskin folds

X2: mid- thigh girth

X3: Sitting height

Agility of the body

Explosive

power

4.394 +.962(X1) - 0.883 (X2) - 1.128 (X3)

X1: Spike reach height

X2: Standing reaches height

X3: Midstylion dactylone length

Explosive power

The regressions for all selected physical fitness performance traits and related

anthropometric characteristics were discussed here one after the other.

4.2.7.1. Analysis of regression model of flexibility traits and anthropometric

characteristics of junior volleyball players.

The regression analyses confirmed the presence of statistically significant relationship

between flexibility traits of players and three anthropometric variables. These are

block reach heights, waist girth and abdominal skin folds. Therefore, the three major

anthropometric characteristics contributing in the determination of the recognized

model were block reach heights, waist girth and abdominal skin folds. These imply

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that as the players block reach height increases, the flexibility of lower back and

hamstring muscles of the players will also increase. Contrary, as the waist girth and

the abdominal skin fold increases, the flexibility of lower back and hamstring muscles

of the players will decrease. As the correlation coefficient indicates, players with

greater waist girth and abdominal skin folds correlates negatively with sit and reach

performance traits of players.

A multiple linear regression was calculated to predict sit and reach or flexibility of

lower back and hamstrings muscle performance for junior volleyball players based on

the selected anthropometric variables. As a result blocking reach height, Waist girth

and abdominal skin fold were found to predict of sit and reach (flexibility)

performance traits of junior volleyball players. These factors explain about 39.6 % of

the variation of flexibility of lower back and hamstring muscles of for junior

volleyball players.

The independent contribution of Block reach height, Waist girth and abdominal skin

folds was scored was 0 .138, -.116 and -.152 respectively. From the three independent

variables (anthropometric variables) the most predictable variable was abdominal

skin folds.

Players‟ predicted sit and reach performance equation is - 38.627+ 359 (blocking

height) - 0.336 (waist girth) - 0.500(abdominal skin fold) where: both blocking height

and waist girth measured in centimeter and abdominal skin fold in millimeter.

If blocking height and waist girth held constant, then sit and reach the performance

traits of the players decreased by 0.500 cm for each millimeter increment in

abdominal skin folds. Whereas, if the waist girth and abdominal skin fold held

constant, then sit and reach the performance traits of players increased by 0.357 cm

for each centimeter increment in blocking heights.

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4.2.7.2. Analysis of regression model of upper body strength traits and

anthropometric characteristics of junior volleyball players.

The regression analysis of the results demonstrated the existence of statistically

significant correlation between two anthropometric variables, namely, stature and

flexed and tense arm girth and push-up performance traits of players. Therefore, the

two main anthropometric characteristic contributing in the determination of the

established model was the stature of the players and flexed and tense arm girth of the

players. These imply that the players with bigger Flexed and tense arm girth are

usually prepared with stronger upper body and better push up performance traits. As

the players flexed and tense arm girth increases, the force required to carry the whole

body only by the upper body part will also increase. As the correlation coefficient

indicates players with greater stature correlates negatively with push up the

performance traits of players. This means that as the stature of the player‟s increases,

their upper body strength will decrease.

A multiple linear regression was calculated to predict push up the performance of


stature of volleyball players and Flexed & tensed arm girth were found to predict

push up the performance of junior volleyball players. These parameters explain about

25.8% of the variation of push up performance of junior volleyball players. 0.258 was

the composite score of the two independent variables. Due to the strong relationship

between the two variables, the independent contribution of stature and flexed and

tensed arm girth was .246 for and.589 respectively. Therefore, the most predictable

variable for upper body strength of junior volleyball players was flexed and tensed

arm girth

Players‟ predicted push up performance equation is equal to = 86.688- 0.628(height)

+ 1.890 (flexed & tensed arm girth) where: both height and flexed & tensed arm girth

measured in centimeter.

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If height held constant, then push up the performance traits increased by 1.890

repetitions for each centimeter increment in flexed &tensed arm girth. Whereas, if

the flexed &tensed arm girth held constant, then push up the performance traits

decreased by 0.628 repetitions for each centimeter increment in height (stature).

4.2.7.3. Analysis of regression model of abdominal and hip muscle strength

traits and anthropometric characteristics of junior volleyball players.

The regression analysis on the sit-ups performance traits verified that the sit-ups

performance traits was correlated with flexed and tensed arm girth and sitting height

of junior volleyball players. This implies that a player with bigger flexed and tensed

arm girth usually means stronger abdominal and hip muscles, which may directly

influence the sit-ups performance traits of players. Contrary, as the sitting height

increases, the strength of the abdominal and hip muscles will decrease.

A multiple linear regression was calculated to predict sit-ups performance traits of the

players based on the selected anthropometric variables. As a result Flexed & tensed

arm girth and sitting height of players were found to predict sit up performance traits

of junior volleyball players. These anthropometric variables predicted 21.1 % of the

variation on the sit-ups performance traits of players. The independent contribution of

the flexed & tensed arm girth and the sitting height was 0.755 and 0.163 respectively.

Therefore, the most predictable variable for the strength of abdominal and hip

muscles of junior volleyball players was flexed and tensed arm girth

Players‟ predicted sit and reach performance traits equation is equal = 16.466 +

2.109(flexed and tensed arm girth) - 0.604 (sitting height) where: both flexed and

tensed arm girth and sitting height measured in centimeter.

If sitting height held constant, one centimeter increments in flexed & tensed arm girth

will increase the set-up performance traits of the players by 2.109 repetitions.

Whereas, if the flexed &tensed arm girth held constant, then sit up performance score

of the players decreased by 0.604 repetitions for each increment in sitting height.

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The finding of our study was not alien the finding reported by Zhang, Y 2010.

Gluteus Girth, forearm girth, forearm length and ankle girth of female volleyball

players determine the strength of the abdomen and hip muscles around 19.8% and the

regression equation was 14.671-0.159 (Gluteus Girth) + 0.251 (forearm girth) + 0.366

(forearm length) + 0.042(ankle girth):

4.2.7.4. Analysis of regression model of speed performance traits and

anthropometric characteristics of junior volleyball players.

From the regression equation for the 10m sprint run traits of players, it can be seen

that the speed of players is determined by forearm girth, iliac crest skin folds and

body mass index of the players. Here, a multiple linear regression was calculated to

predict 10 m sprint run performance for junior volleyball players based on the

selected anthropometric variables. As a result forearm girth, iliac crest skin fold and

body mass index were found to predict their 10m sprint performance of players. As

the correlation coefficient indicates players with greater forearm girth, iliac crest skin

folds correlates negatively with 10m sprint run performance traits of players. This

means that as the forearm girth and iliac crest skin folds of the player‟s increases,

their 10m sprint run performance traits will decrease. Contrary, as the body mass

index increases, with in the normal boundary, the 10m sprint run performance traits

will also increase.

A multiple linear regression was calculated to predict 10 m sprint run performance for


forearm girth, iliac crest skin folds, body mass index were found to predict their 10 m

sprint performance of junior volleyball players. These parameters explain

approximately 41.7% of the variation of sprint run performance for the junior

volleyball players. Independent contribution of forearm girth iliac, crest skin folds

and body mass index was 0.247, 0.162 and 0.008 respectively. Therefore, from the

three independent variables (anthropometric variables) the most predictable variable

was forearm girth.

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The 10m sprint run performance = .069 + 0.111 (Forearm girth) + 0.036 (Iliac crest

skin fold) - 0.053 (body mass index) where: forearm girth measured in cm and iliac

crest skin fold measured in millimeter.

If forearm girth, and body mass index held constant, then the time to complete 10 m

sprint run was increased by 0.036 second for each millimeter increment in iliac crest

skin folds. This implies that as the iliac crest skin folds increases, the speed

performance traits of the players will decrease. Whereas, if iliac crest and body mass

index held constant, then the time taken to complete 10 m sprint run increased by

0.011 seconds for each centimeter increment in forearm girth. This implies that as the

forearm girth of the players increases, the speed of the players will decrease.

4.2.7.5. Analysis of regression model of agility traits and anthropometric

characteristics of junior volleyball players.

The regression analyses established statistically significant correlation between three

anthropometric variables and T-shuttle run agility performance traits of players.

These are calf skin fold, mid-thigh girth and sitting height. Hence, the main

anthropometric characteristic contributing in the determination of the standard model

was calf skin fold, mid-thigh girth and Sitting height of the players. These means that

as the players calf skin fold and sitting height increases, the time taken to complete

the T-shuttle agility run will also increase. This implies that greater skin fold

thickness on the mid calf has a negative effect on agility of the players. In contrast,

as the player‟s tight girth increases, the time taken to complete the T-shuttle agility

run will decrease. This implies that as the mid-thigh girth of the players increases, the

speed of the players will also increase.

A multiple linear regression was calculated to predict T- shuttle agility run

performance for junior volleyball players based on the selected anthropometric

variables. As a result calf skin folds, Mid-thigh girth and sitting height were found to

predict the T shuttle agility run of junior volleyball players. These variables explain

37.2 % of the variation on agility performance traits of players. The independent

contribution of calf skin folds was scored .055 to predict the T shuttle agility run of

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junior volleyball players. The independent contribution of Mid-thigh girth and sitting

height was scored .006 and .002 respectively. Therefore, the most predictable

variable was calf skin folds.

Players‟ predicted T- shuttle run agility performance equation is = 9.666 +.116 (calf

skin folds) - .061 (Mid-thigh girth) + .027 (sitting height) where: calf skin folds

measured in millimeter. Mid-thigh girth and sitting height measured in centimeter.

If calf skin folds and sitting height held constant, one centimeter increments in mid-

thigh girth decrease the time taken to complete the T- shuttle agility run performance

traits of players by 0.061 seconds. This implies that as the mid tight girth increases,

the agility performance traits of the players will also increase. Whereas, mid-thigh

girth and sitting height held constant, then the time used to complete the T- shuttle

agility run performance traits increased by 0.116 seconds for each millimeter

increment in mid calf skin folds. This implies that greater skin fold thickness on the

mid calf has a negative effect on agility of the players. Our study finding was not

alien the finding reported by Zhang, (2010). Sub scapular skin fold was the only

significant anthropometric variables that determine the ability of players at about 7.2

% and the regression equation was 9.550-0.035 x Sub scapular skin folds.

4.2.7.6. Analysis of regression model of explosive power of lower extremities

traits and anthropometric characteristics of junior volleyball players.

The analysis of the results demonstrated the existence of a significant relationship

between three anthropometric variables and vertical jump performance of the players

(p<0.01). Spiking height, standing reach height and midstylion-dactylone lengths

significantly correlated with vertical jump performance of the players (p<0.01).

Therefore, the main anthropometric characteristic contributing in the determination of

the established model was the spiking height, standing reach heights and midstylion-

dactylone length of the players. As the correlation coefficient indicates players with

greater spike reach heights, correlates positively with vertical jump performance traits

of players. This means that as the spike reach heights of the player‟s increases, their

vertical jump performance traits or explosive power of lower extremities will also

129

increase. Contrary, as the standing reaches height and Midstylion dactylone length

increases, the vertical jump performance traits will decrease.

A multiple linear regression was calculated to predict vertical jump performance of


spiking height, standing reaches a height and a Midstylion-dactylone length of

volleyball players were found to predict vertical jump performance traits of players.

These parameters explain 94.3 % of the variation of vertical jump performance of

players. 0.943 was the composite score of the three anthropometric variables (spiking

height, standing reaches height and Midstylion-dactylione length). The independent

contribution of spike reach height was scored .506 of the total .943 predicted the

explosive power of lower extremities of junior volleyball players. The independent

contribution of standing reach heights and Midstylion- dactylione length was.233

and.142 predicted, respectively. Therefore, from the three independent variables

(anthropometric variables) the most predictable variable was the spike reach height.

Players‟ predicted vertical jump performance equation is equal to = 4.394

+.962(spiking reach height) - 0.883 (standing reaches height) - 1.128 (midstylion

dactylone lengths) where: all predictors were measured in centimeter.

If spiking height and standing reaches height held constant, one centimeter

increments in midstylion dactylone lengths decrease the vertical jump performance of

players by 1.128 centimeters. Whereas standing reaches a height and a midstylion

dactylone length held constant, then vertical jump performance improved by 0.962

centimeters for each centimeter increment in spiking height. Our study finding was

not alien the finding reported by Zhang, Y 2010. Standing reach height, femur

breadth and calf girth of female volleyball players were significantly correlated with

vertical jump performance of players. These variables predict 33.6 % of jumping

performance of players and the regression equation was 253.63-1.547 (Standing reach

height) +5.538 (femur breadth) -1.023 (calf girth).

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CHAPTER 5

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Introduction

The objective of this study was to compare some anthropometric characteristic of

junior volleyball players, in the West Gojjam zone of Ethiopia and international

norms. Identify whether there exists statistically significant mean score difference

between junior volleyball teams in the West Gojjam zone of Ethiopia in relation to

some anthropometric characteristics. Additionally, this study was designed to

determine the traits of physical fitness traits of players in the West Gojjam zone of

Ethiopia and to identify whether there exists statistically significant mean score

difference in fitness among junior volleyball teams in the West Gojjam zone of

Ethiopia. This study also designed to examine whether there exist statistically

significant relationship between anthropometric characteristics and physical fitness

traits of junior volleyball players and to determine the extent that anthropometric

characteristic significantly predict physical fitness traits of junior volleyball players.

Based on the findings of this study, the following conclusions have been drawn.

5.1. Summary

Anthropometric characteristics and physical fitness are the key predictors for

identifying talent in junior volleyball players. However, there is no data about


in the West Gojjam zone of Ethiopia. The purpose of the study was to compare the


in West Gojjam, Ethiopia and overseas. Further, examine the relationship between

their anthropometrics characteristics and physical fitness traits to establish a standard

for talent identification in volleyball.

In this study, 54 junior (U-19) volleyball players from three teams participated in the

study. Secondary data were also obtained from the databases of the world

championships 2017 on the official FIVB website and other journals and books .34

131

anthropometric variables and six physical fitness components were measured and

tested based on the procedure set by international society for kin-anthropometry,

ISAK, and copper institute respectively. The independent t- test, one way ANOVA,

post- hoc multiple comparison, one sample T- test, person product correlation

momentum and stepwise regression methods were used for analysis. Level of

significance was set as 0.05.

Based on the results of this study, there was significant difference between junior

volleyball players in the West Gojjam zone of Ethiopian and international players in

relation to stature, body weight, body mass index, spike and block reach the heights

(p<.001). The stature, the body weight, the spike and block reach heights of players in

the west Gojjam was significantly lower than international players (p<.001). It was

also concluding that, there was no significant difference among the junior volleyball

players in the West Gojjam zone of Ethiopia on most (58.82%) anthropometric

characteristics (p˂.05). Significant difference observed only on (41.18%)

anthropometric variables.

Based on the results of study, it was also concluded that, there was significant

difference between junior volleyball players in the West Gojjam zone of Ethiopian

and international players in relation to the selected physical fitness traits of players

(p<.01). junior volleyball players in the West Gojjam zone of Ethiopian were

significantly lower than international players, particularly on flexibility of lower back

and hamstring muscles, strength of the abdomen and hip muscles, speed, agility and

explosive power of lower extremities (p<.001). It was also concluded that Qunzla

junior volleyball players had significantly better strength in their upper body parts and

speed traits than Shendie Wenbrma and Durbietie team players. Shendie Wenbrma

team players in their part had significantly better in flexibility and explosive power

than Durbietie and Qunzla team players. The abdominal and hip muscle strength of

Durbietie junior volleyball team players was significantly better than both Qunzla and

Shendie Wenbrma team junior volleyball players.

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Upper body strength traits of junior volleyball players were also significantly

correlated with six anthropometric variables. Among them the stature and flexed and

tense arm girth were determined the upper body strength of players. The most

important predictor of upper body strength was flexed and tense arm girth. On the

other hand, the set up performance traits of players were significantly correlated

with only two anthropometric variables. These were sitting height and flexed and

tense arm girth, similarly, the most important predictor for strength of abdominal

and hip muscles was flexed and tense arm girth.

Speed of junior volleyball players was significantly correlated with nine

anthropometric variables. Its performance traits largely predicted by forearm girth,

lilac crest skin folds and body mass index. The most important predictor of 10m

sprint run performance traits was forearm girth. The most important predictor for

agility and explosive power of lower extremities of junior volleyball players were

calf skin folds and spike reach heights respectively.

The multiple linear regression analysis confirmed the correlations between

anthropometric characteristic of junior volleyball players and their physical fitness

traits. Predictive equations for the six physical fitness traitss were developed as

follows.

Flexibility = -38.627+ 0. 359 (block reach height) - 0.336 (Waist girth) - 0.500

(abdominal skin folds)

Upper body strength = 86.688- 0.628 (stature) + 1.890 (Flexed and tensed arm

girth)

Abdominal strength = 16.466 + 2.109 (Flexed and tensed arm girth) - 0.604

(Sitting height)

Speed = - 1.951 + 0.133 (Forearm girth) + 0.31 (Iliac crest skin folds) - 0.023

(body weight) + 0.011(stature).

Agility = 9.966 +. 116 (calf skin folds) - 0.061 (Mid tight girth) + 0.027(Sitting

height)

133

Approach run vertical jump = 4.394 +.962(Spiking height) - 0.883 (Standing

reaches height) - 1.128 (Midstylion dactylone length)

It must be stressed out that physical fitness traits of junior volleyball players is

determined by multiple factors, this study gives new references for talent

identification in volleyball.

5.2. Conclusions

Based on the results of study, it was concluded that most of the anthropometric

characteristics of junior volleyball players in the west Gojjam zone of Ethiopia were

significantly correlated with the physical fitness traits of players. It was revealed

that, Blocking height, abdominal skin folds and waist girth were significantly

correlated and predicts the flexibility of lower back and hummestring muscles of

junior volleyball players. The most important predictor of flexibility of lower back

and hummestring muscles was abdominal skin folds.

5.3. Recommendations for practitioner and researchers.

1. It is vital to consider anthropometric characteristic of players while searching

talented volleyball players. Volleyball coach and related bodies should consider

anthropometric characteristic of players during selection of talented players. 14

anthropometric variables were identified as significant contributors to the selected

physical fitness traits of junior volleyball players. Volleyball coaches, physical

education teachers and sport science experts should recognize theses relationship

and apply during selection of talented players.

2. It‟s also recommended that further research can be conducted by including the

delimited variables so as to use it with full confidence in the talent identification

practice or further expand the study at a regional or country traits to set up better

talent-identifying models that will be applicable for most Ethiopian juniors.

134

3. To achieve excellent flexibility traits or set and reach performance, junior

volleyball players must engaged in scientifically designed training program which

includes static and dynamic stretching activities. This might facilitate them to

achieve better flexibility ability that will help them to perform better in volleyball

game (Zakas et al., (2003).

4. Similarly, to improve the strength of the abdominal and hip muscle groups, the

coaches should engage the players in various strength exercises, such as a Supine

leg raise, jackknife Sit-up, bent-leg sit-up, bent-knee crunch, incline bench sit-up

with variations, vertical bench, bent-knee raise, vertical bench straight-leg raise,

incline leg raise, side bends with dumbbells, side bends and straight-Leg sit-up

activities with caution as recommended by Grice (2017) and Biswas (2018).

5. The speed training also should focus on leg strength, power and sprint technique

that utilizes strength and power development. these include, weight lifting,

sprinting drills, running uphill and downhill, acceleration activates, sprinting,

Plyometric exercises, resistance and over speed training (Wood, 2010). Plyometric

exercises also increase strength of the legs, explosive speed and agility of the

players. Doing these exercises regularly can not only increase vertical jump

performance of players, but also improve their overall volleyball game capabilities

(Woodrup, 2009; Anderson, Corey, Sforzo, Gary, Sigg & John, 2008).

135

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APPENDIX A: DEFINATIONES OF TERMS AND PHRASES

USED IN THE STUDY

Acromiale-radiale length: The linear distance between the acromiale and radiale

sites.

Biacromial breadth: The linear distance between the most lateral aspects of the

acromion processes.

Biiliocristal breadth: The linear distance between the most lateral points of the iliac

crests.

Biepicondylar humerus breadth: The linear distance between the most lateral

aspect of the lateral humeral epicondyle and the most medial

aspect of the medial humeral epicondyle.

Biepicondylar femur breadth: The linear distance between the most lateral aspect

of the lateral femoral epicondyle and the most medial aspect of

the medial femoral epicondyle. (Marfell-Jones et al.,2006a)

Body mass: is the quantity of matter in the body. Mass is calculated through the

measurement of weight, i.e. the force that the matter exerts in a

standard gravitational field.

Hand breadth: The distance between the metacarpale laterale and metacarpale

mediale (Ross et al., 2003).

Midstylion-dactylion length: The linear distance between the midstylion and

dactylion sites.

Radiale-stylion radiale length: The linear distance between the radiale and stylion

sites.

Standing reach height: The vertical distance from the ground to highest point of

finger tip when the right arm is raised vertically (Zeng, 1992)

Stature: The perpendicular distance between the transverse planes of the vertex and

the inferior aspects of the feet.

Sitting height: The perpendicular distance between the transverse planes of the

vertex and the inferior aspects of the butocks when seated

(Zeng, 1992).

162

APPENDIX B: INFORMED CONSENT FORM

I (print name) ______________________________ hereby consent to participating in

the anthropometric and fitness assessment on the following terms: I have been

informed about the anthropometric and fitness assessment procedures and understand

what I will be required to do. I understand that I will be partaking in physical

exercise, some of which are at maximal intensity. I have told the testing personnel

about any illness or physical defect I have that may contribute to the traits of risk.

I understand that the information obtained from the test will be treated confidentially,

with my right to privacy assured. However, the information obtained may be used for

statistical analysis or scientific purpose with my right to privacy retained. I accept

however that the testing personnel will take every precaution to ensure that no

incidents will occur.

Participant signature ___________________Date_____________________________

Coach Signature ______________________ Date________________________

Witness _____________________________Date____________________________

163

APPENDIX C: ANTROPOMETRIC ASSESSMENT SHEET

NAME OF THE TEAM ………………………………

CODE OF PLAYERS: …………………………………

Anthropometric variables Measurements (cm)

1. Basic measurements

1.1. Stature

1.2. Body weight

1.3. Sitting height

1.4. Standing reach height

1.5. Body mass index(derived)

2. Skin folds

2.1. Triceps

2.2. Sub scapular

2.3. Abdominal

2.4. Iliac crest

2.5. Mid-thigh

2.6. Calf

3 Girth

3.1. Neck

3.2. Chest

3.3. Relaxed arm

3.4. Flexed and tense arm

3.5. Forearm

3.6. Wrist

3.7. Waist

3.8. Gluteus

3.9. Tight

164

3.10 Café

3.11 Ankle

4 Length

4.1. Radiale-stylion radiale,

4.2. Acromiale- radiale

4.3. Midstylion- dactylion

4.4. Acromiale-dactylion length (derived)

5. Breadth

5.1. Biacromial

5.2. Transverse chest

5.3. Biilocristal

5.4. Biepicondylar femur

5.5. Biepicondylar humerus

5.6. Hand

Name and signature of the instructor……………………………………….

Date …………………….

Name and signature of the coach‟s…………………………………………..

Date…………………….

165

APPENDIX D: FITNESS ASSESMENT SHETT

NAME OF THE TEAM: ----------------------------------------------------------------

CODE OF PLAYERS: ---------------------- Age…………….. Training age …………………

Fitness components Fitness score

1 Flexibility performance

Sit and reach test score

2

Upper & Middle body Strength

Push up test score

Sit up test score

4 Speed

10 m sprint

5 Agility

T-shuttle run score

6 Exclusives power

Vertical jump height with powerful

hand only (spike reach height )

Vertical jump height with both hand

(Block reach height)

Name and signature of coach ---------------------------------------------------

Date: ---------------------------

Name and signature of instructor ---------------------------------------

Date: ---------------------------

166

APPENDIX E: LIST OF TABLES

Table 4.3: Multiple comparisons of some anthropometric characteristic difference between

junior volleyball players in West Gojjam zone of Ethiopia and overseas

Players Stature Weight Body mass

index

Spiking

height

Blocking

height

Egypt 192.91 83.75 22.51 309.83 292.08

Iran 198.33 83.50 21.28 321.66 198.33

Mean difference -5.42 0.25 1,23 -11.83* -21.25*

P .088 .944 .100 .060 .000

Egypt 192.91 83.75 22.51 309.83 292.08

Japan 189.91 77.83 21.36 329.91 312.75

Mean difference 3.00 5.91 1.15 -20.08 -20.66*

P .342 .098 .124 .002 0.000

Egypt 192.91 83.75 22.51 309.83 292.08

Italy 192.41 7 7.41 20.92 329.41 304.91

Mean difference 0.50 6.34 1.59* -19.58* -12.83*

P .874 .077 .035 .002 0.008

Egypt 192.91 83.75 22.51 309.83 292.08

Brazil 196.16 88.58 22.97 334.83 316.33

Mean difference -3.25 -4.83 -.45 -25.00 -24.25*

P .303 .176 .543 .000 0.000

Egypt 192.91 83.75 22.51 309.83 292.08

Ethiopia 176.25 60.12 19.42 271.62 258.05

Mean difference 16.66* 23.63* 3.09* 38.21* 34.03*

P .000 .000 .000 .000 0.000

Iran 198.33 83.50 21.28 321.66 313.33

Japan 189.91 77.83 21.36 329.91 312.75

167

Mean deference 8.41 5.66 -.08 -8.25 .58

P .009 .113 .914 .187 .902

Iran 198.33 83.50 21.28 321.66 313.33

Italy 192.41 77.41 20.92 329.41 304.91

Mean deference 5.91 6.08 .35 -7.75 8.41

P .062 .089 .636 .215 .077

Iran 198.33 83.50 21.28 321.66 313.33

Brazil 196.16 88.58 22.97 334.83 316.33

Mean deference 2.16 -5.08 -1.68* -13.16* -3.00

P .492 .154 .025 .037 .525

Iran 198.33 83.50 21.28 321.66 313.33

Eth 176.25 60.12 19.42 271.62 258.05

Mean deference 22.08* 23.38* 1.86* 50.04* 55.28*

P .000 .000 .005 .000 .000

Japan 189.91 77.83 21.36 329.91 312.75

Italy 192.41 77.41 20.92 329.41 304.91

Mean deference -2.50 .41 .434 .50 7.83

P .428 .907 .561 .936 .099

Japan 189.91 77.83 21.36 329.91 312.75

Brazil 196.16 88.58 22.97 334.83 316.33

Mean deference -6.25* -10.75* -1.60* -4.91 -3.58

P .049 .003 .033 .431 .448

Japan 189.91 77.83 21.36 329.91 312.75

Ethiopia 176.25 60.12 19.42 271.62 258.05

Mean deference 13.66* 17.71* 1.94* 58.29* 54.7*

P .000 .000 .005 .000 .000

Italy 192.41 77.41 20.92 329.41 304.91

168

Brazil 196.16 88.58 22.97

-2.04*

334.83 316.33

Mean deference -3.75 -11.16* -5.41 -11.41

P .235 .002 .007 .386 .017

Italy 192.41 77.41 20.92 329.41 304.91

Ethiopia 176.25 60.12 19.42 271.62 258.05

Mean deference 16.16* 17.29* 1.50* 49.79* 46.86*

P .000 .000 .005 .000 .000

Brazil 196.16 88.58 22.97 334.83 316.33

Ethiopia 176.25 60.12 19.42 271.62 258.05

Mean deference 19.91* 28.46* 3.55* 63.21* 58.28*

P .000 .000 .000 .000 .000

*. P<0.05 traits (2-tailed) **. P<0.001 traits (2-tailed)

169

Table 4.5 Multiple comparisons of some anthropometric characteristic among junior


Teams Stature Weight BMI SH BH

DJVT 179.66 61.61 19.14 275.27 259.66

SWJVT 178.00 59.05 18.84 277.66 265.66

Mean

difference

1.66 2.55 .297 -2.38 -6.00000

P .480 .295 .58235 .542 .054

DJVT 179.66 61.61 19.14 275.27 259.66

QJVT 171.11 59.72 20.28 261.94 248.83

Mean

difference

8.55* 1.88 -1. 14 13.33* 10.83*

P .001 .438 .056 .001 .001

SWJVT 178.00 59.05 18.84 277.66 265.66

QJVT 171.11 59.72 20.28 261.94 248.83

Mean

difference

6.88* -.66 -1.43* 15.72* 16.83*

P .005 .784 .017 .000 .000

Note: BMI = body mass index, SH= spiking height, BH =blocking height

DJVT= Durbietie Junior Volleyball Team, SWJVT= Shendie Wenbrma Junior

Volleyball Team, QJVT= Qunzla junior volleyball team, p<0.05,

170

Table 4.6: Descriptive statistics of anthropometric characteristic of junior volleyball

players in west Gojjam zone of Ethiopia (N-54)

Anthropometric variables Minimum Maximum

Mean (SD)

Sitting height 76.00 104.00 89.24+6.23

Standing reach height 210.00 260.00 232.09+12.13

Triceps skin fold 9.02 15.26 12.14+3.12

Sub scapular skin folds 9.05 14.75. 11.90+2.85

Abdominal skin folds 8.81 17.63 13.22+4.41

Iliac crest skin folds 8.05 13.79 10.87+2.82

Mid-thigh skin fold 7.94 15.56 11.75+3.81

Mid-Calf skin fold 16. 21 .49351 12.59+3.62

Neck girth 31.00 37.00 33.70+1.48

Chest girth 48.00 98.00 88.46+7.22

Relaxed arm girth 21.00 29.00 25.09+1.78

Flexed and tense arm girth 24.00 35.00 28.62+2.17

Forearm girth 22.00 27.00 24.72+1.30

Wrist girth 14.00 26.00 16.09+1.63

Waist girth 65.00 90.00 77.46+6.19

Gluteus girth 80.00 107.00 89.74+6.91

Thigh girth 40.00 57.00 48.07+4.57

Calf girth 29.00 38.00 32.90+2.45

Ankle girth 19.00 26.00 21.37+1.83

Radiale- stylion length 24.00 31.00 28.29+1.91

Acromiale - radiale length 35.00 45.00 39.53+2.24

Midstylion - dactylion length 17.00 21.00 19.38+0.95

Acromiale - dactylion length (derived) 75.00 96.00 86.66+4.85

171

Biacromial breads 34.00 56.00 48.42+3.99

Transverse chest breads 31.00 53.00 34.61+4.44

Biilocristal breads 11.00 41.00 32.53+4.04

Biepicondylar femur breads 11.00 14.00 11.92+1.06

Biepicondylar hummer breads 8.00 11.00 9.53+0.71

Hand breads 10.00 12.00 10.81+0.64

172

Table 4.7: A comparison of anthropometric characteristic among three junior volleyball

team players in West Gojjam, Ethiopia

DJVT SWJVT QJVT F P-value

Sitting height 84.27+4.99 92.50+3.56 90.94+6.57 12.737 .000

Standing reach height 237.27+7.02 232.55+13.45 226.44+12.88 4.020 .024

Abdomen skin folds 14.27+5.00 13.27+5.38 12.11+2.05 1.089 .344

Triceps skin fold 13.38+3.89 11.94+3.17 11.11+1.56 2.589 .085

Mid Calfskin folds 13.88+4.60 13.50+3.20 10.38+1.33 5.984 .005

Subscapula skin folds 13.22+3.62 11.55+2.97 10.94+.72 3.336 .044

Mid Thigh skin folds 13.55+5.10 12.16+3.11 9.55+.98 6.074 .004

Iliac crest skin folds 13.05+3.05 10.33+2.61 9.22+.64 12.660 .000

Neck girth 34.05+1.58 34.16+1.42 33.44+0.78 .1475 .238

Chest girth 88.50+5.28 87.77+10.54 89.11+4.76 .149 .862

Relaxed arm girth 25.22+1.89 24.88+1.52 25.16+1.97 .175 .840

Flexed and tense arm

girth 29.16+2.61 28.16+1.82 28.55+2.00 .966 .387

Forearm girth 25.55+1.29 24.44+1.19 24.16+1.04 6.946 .002

Wrist girth 16.22+1.00 16.22+0.73 15.83+2.59 .329 .721

Waist girth 78.61+6.51 78.11+5.80 75.66+6.16 1.173 .318

Gluteus girth 92.00+8.12 88.27+6.47 88.94+5.71 1.513 .230

Mid- thigh girth 49.05+5.68 47.77+3.85 47.38+4.04 .646 .528

Mid- Calf girth 33.38+3.03 32.50+2.35 32.83+1.91 .591 .558

Ankle girth 21.61+ 2.30 21.44+1.46 21.05+1.69 .425 .656

Radiale- stylion

radiale 28.16+2.12 28.27+1.93 28.44+1.78 .092 .912

Acromiale - radiale 40.61+2.50 39.00+2.22 39.00++1.64 3.362 .043

Midstylion -

dactylion 19.00+0.84 19.83+1.20 19.33+0.59 3.800 .029

173

Acromiale - dactylion

length (derived) 87.77+ 4.92 86.00+5.88 86.22+3.54 .709 .497

Biacromial breads 47.88+ 4.26 48.94+4.81 48.44+2.77 .306 .737

Transverse chest

breads 35.22+2.57 34.44+2.40 34.16+6.97 .265 .768

Biilocristal breads 33.66+3.30 32.11+5.86 31.83+1.91 1.077 .348

Biepicondylar femur

breads 11.50+0.78 11.77+0.87 12.50+1.24 4.881 .011

Biepicondylar

hummer breads 9.77+0.87 9.61+0.69 9.22+0.42 3.045 .056

Hand breads 10.77+0.54 11.22+0.64 10.44+0.51 8.387 .001

Abbreviation: DJVT= Durbietie junior volleyball team, SWJVT= Shendie Wenbrma junior

volleyball team, QJVT= Qunzla junior volleyball team

174

Table 4.8: multiple comparisons of anthropometric characteristic difference among

junior volleyball teams players in west Gojjam zone of Ethiopia.

Teams SH SRH FAG AR MSD BEFB HB

DJVT 84.27 237.27 25.55 40.61 19.00 11.50 10.77

SWJVT 92.50 232.55 24.44 39.00 19.83 11.77 11.22

Mean

difference

-8.22* 4.72 1.11* 1.61* -.83* -.27 -.44*

P .000 .223 .007 .029 .008 .404 .024

DJVT 84.27 237.27 25.55 40.61 19.00 11.50 10.77

QJVT 90.94 226.44 24.16 39.00 19.33 12.50 10.44

Mean

difference

-6.66* 10.83* 1.38* 1.61* -.33 -1.00* .33

P .000 .007 .001 .029 .278 .004 .086

SWJVT 92.50 232.55 24.44 39.00 19.83 11.77 11.22

QJVT 90.94 226.44 24.16 39.00 19.33 12.50 10.44

Mean

difference

1.55 6.11 .27 .000 0.50 -.72* .77*

P .373 .117 .484 1.000 .107 .033 .000

Abbreviation: DJVT= Durbietie junior volleyball team, SWJVT= Shendie Wenbrma junior

volleyball team, QJVT= Qunzla junior volleyball team, SH= sitting height, SRH= standing

reach height, FAG= Forearm girth, AR= Acromiale – radial, MSD = Midstylion – dactyl

ion length, BEFB= Biepicondylar femur breads, HB= Hand breads.

175

Table 4 12: Multiple comparisons of physical fitness difference among three junior

volleyball team players in west Gojjam zone of Ethiopia

Teams Push up Sit and

reach

Sit up 10m sprint

run

T-shuttle

run

Vertical

jump

DJVT 29.66 19.66 29.16 2.42 10.75 38.11

SWJVT 24.44 24.44 20.16 2.13 11.10 43.55

Mean

difference

5.22 - 4.77* 9.00* .285* -.34 -5.44

P .138 .044 .012 .001 .95 .138

DJVT 29.66 19.66 29.16 2.42 10.75 38.11

QJVT 36.05 18.50 19.55 1.97 10.68 35.05

Mean

difference

-6.38 1,16 9.61* .44* .06 -6.38

P .071 .06 .007 .000 .73 .71

SWJVT 24.44 24.44 20.16 2.13 11.10 43.55

QJVT 36.05 18.50 19.55 1.97 10.68 35.05

Mean

difference

-11.61* 5.94* .611 .157 0.42* 8.50*

P .002 .013 .860 .052 .013 .010

DJVT= durability junior volleyball team, SWJVT= shendie wenbrma junior volleyball team,

QJVT= Qunzla junior volleyball team

176

Table 4.13: The correlation between anthropometric variables and sit & reach the

performance traits of junior volleyball players in the West Gojjam zone

of Ethiopia (N=54)

Anthropometric variables R P value

Stature -.029 .835

Body weight -.074 .597

Sitting height .065 .642

Standing reach height -.099 .478

Body mass index (derived) -.056 .146

Spike reach height .263 .055

Block reach height .384* .004

Sub scapula skin folds -.159 .250

Triceps skin fold .131 .346

Abdomen skin fold -.305* .025

Iliac crest skin fold -.188 .173

Mid-thigh skin fold -.247 .072

Mid- Calf skin fold -.157 .257

Neck girth .110 .430

Chest girth -.220 .109

Relaxed arm girth -.170 .218

Flexed and tense arm girth -.020 .887

Forearm girth -.103 .460

Wrist girth -.002 .988

Waist girth .347* .010

Gluteus girth -.309* .023

Mid- thigh girth -.162 .241

Mid- calf girth -.126 .364

177

Ankle girth -.191 .166

Radial- styling radial -.096 .491

Acromiale - radial -.095 .495

Midstylion - dactylion .188 .173

Acromiale - dactylion length (derived) -.036 .796

Biacromial -.109 .433

Transverse chest -.099 .477

Biilocristal -.241 .079

Biepicondylar femur -.265 .053

Biepicondylar hummers -.138 .321

Hand .247 .071

*Correlation is significant at o.o5 traits (2 tailed),

**Correlation is highly significant at o.o5 traits (2 tailed),

178

Table 4.14: The Correlation between anthropometric variables and push up the

performance traits of junior volleyball players in the West Gojjam zone of

Ethiopia (n=54)


Stature -.393** .003


Sitting height -.118 .395

Standing reach height -.272* 0.04

Body mass index(derived) -.092 .508

Spike reach height -.215 .119

Block reach height -.251 .067

Sub scapula skin fold -.092 .506

Triceps skin fold -.136 .329

Abdomen skin fold -.101 .469

Iliac crest skin fold -.201 .146

Mid-thigh skin fold -.142 .367

Mid- Calf skin fold -.190 .169

Neck girth -.095 .496

Chest girth .145 .295

Relaxed arm girth .063 .653

Flexed and tense arm girth .312* .022


Wrist girth -.270* .049

Waist girth -.306* .024

Gluteus girth -.199 .150


Mid-calf girth -.231 .093

179


Radial- styling radial -.166 .229


Midstylion - dactylion -.231 .122

Acromiale - dactylion length (derived) -.045 .748






Hand breads -.327* .016

*Correlation is significant at no. o5 traits (2 tailed),

**Correlation is highly significant at no. o5 traits (2 tailed),

180

Table 4.15: The Correlation between anthropometric variables and sit up the


Ethiopia (N=54)


Stature .187 .176

Body weight .966 .231

Sitting height -.271* .047

Standing reach height .252 .066

Body mass index (derived) .032 .816


Block reach height .149 .283

Sub scapula skin folds .119 .390

Triceps skin folds .052 .709

Abdomen skin folds -.048 .732

Iliac crest skin folds .118 .394

Mid-thigh skin folds -.015 .917

Calf skin folds .055 .695




Flexed and tense arm girth .358* .008

Forearm girth .104 .456


Waist girth .153 .269

Gluteus girth .074 .593

Mid- thigh girth .025 .855

Mid-Calf girth .037 .789

Ankle girth .000 .999

181


**Correlation is highly significant at no.o5 traits (2 tailed),

Radiale- stylion radiale -.110 .430

Acromiale - radiale .066 .635

Midstylion - dactylion length -.139 .316

Acromiale - dactylion length (derived) .079 .571

Biacromial breadth -.162 .241

Transverse chest breadth -.010 .946

Biilocristal breadth .057 .680

Biepicondylar femur breadth -.262 .055

Biepicondylar hummers breadth .038 .784

Hand breadth .110 .429

182

Table 4.16: The Correlation between anthropometric variables and 10m sprint run


Ethiopia (n=54)


Stature .235 .087


Sitting height .337* .013

Standing reach height .289* .034

Body mass index (derived) -.121 .384


Block reach height .118 .395

Sub scapula skin folds .285* .037

Triceps skin fold .286* .036


Iliac crest skin folds .479** .000

Mid-thigh skin folds .297* .029

Mid- Calfskin folds .255 .063




Flexed and tense arm girth .012 .931

Forearm girth .505** .000

Wrist girth .074 .594

Waist girth .355** .008

Gluteus girth .234 .839

Mid- thigh girth .167 .227

Mid- calf girth .039 .777

Ankle girth .143 .302

183

Radial- styling radial .007 .958

Acromiale - radial .242 .077



Biacromial .003 .980

Transverse chest .079 .571

Biilocristal .223 .106


Biepicondylar hummers .352** .009

Hand .234 .839


**Correlation is highly significant at no. o5 traits (2 tailed),

184

Table 4.17: The Correlation between anthropometric variables and T- shuttle run

agility, performance traits of junior volleyball players in the West Gojjam

zone of Ethiopia (n=54)


Stature -.067 .629



Standing reach height .047 .734

Spike reach height -.059 .671

Block reach height -.010 .940

Sub scapula skin folds .213 .122

Triceps skin fold .253 .065

Abdomen skin folds .356** .008

Iliac crest skin folds .339* .012

Mid-thigh skin fold .408** .002

Mid Calfskin folds .491** .000






Wrist girth .020 .887

Waist girth .021 .883



Mid- Calf girth -.150 .279



185


Midstylion - dactylion -.085 .541






Biepicondylar hummers .064 .644

Hand -.127 .360


**Correlation is highly significant at no.o5 traits (2 tailed),

186

Table 4.18: The Correlation between anthropometric variables and vertical jump

performance traits of junior volleyball players in West Gojjam zone of

Ethiopia (n=54)


Stature .059 .674



Standing reach height -.265 .053

Body mass index (derived) .018 .896

Spike reach height .527** .000

Block reach height .535** .000

Sub scapula skin folds -.036 .797

Triceps skin folds -.087 .533


Iliac crest skin folds -.051 .714

Mid-thigh skin folds -.011 .935

Mid- Calfskin folds -.018 .896







Waist girth -.258 .059



Calf girth -.221 .109

187







Transverse chest .023 .870


Biepicondylar femur ,029 .832


Hand .111 .425

**Correlation is highly significant at no. o5 traits (2 tailed)

188

APPENDIX F: LIST OF FIGURES IN THE APPENDIX

Figure 3.4, Qunzla volleyball team

Figure 3.5, coaches and Sport science experts of Sendie Wenbrema and Durbietie weredas

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ANTHROPOMETRIC ...

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