The Relationship between Acute The Relationship between Acute Pressure Pressure Derangements & Comprehensive Derangements & Comprehensive Vascular Protection in the Setting Vascular Protection in the Setting of of CT Surgery CT Surgery Solomon Aronson, MD Solomon Aronson, MD Program Co-Chairman Program Co-Chairman FACC, FCCP, FAHA, FASE FACC, FCCP, FAHA, FASE Professor and Executive Vice Chairman Professor and Executive Vice Chairman Dept of Anesthesiology Dept of Anesthesiology Duke University Health System Duke University Health System Investigation Investigation ● ● Innovation ● Innovation ● Application Application
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The Relationship between Acute Pressure Derangements & Comprehensive Vascular Protection in the Setting of CT Surgery Solomon Aronson, MD Program Co-Chairman.
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The Relationship between Acute Pressure The Relationship between Acute Pressure Derangements & Comprehensive Derangements & Comprehensive
Vascular Protection in the Setting of Vascular Protection in the Setting of CT SurgeryCT Surgery
The Relationship between Acute Pressure The Relationship between Acute Pressure Derangements & Comprehensive Derangements & Comprehensive
Vascular Protection in the Setting of Vascular Protection in the Setting of CT SurgeryCT Surgery
CME-accredited symposiumCME-accredited symposium jointly sponsored by the University of jointly sponsored by the University of Massachusetts Medical School and CMEducation Resources, LLCMassachusetts Medical School and CMEducation Resources, LLC
Commercial Support:Commercial Support: Sponsored by an independent educational grant Sponsored by an independent educational grant from The Medicines Companyfrom The Medicines Company
Mission statement:Mission statement: Improve patient care through evidence-based Improve patient care through evidence-based education, expert analysis, and case study-based managementeducation, expert analysis, and case study-based management
Processes:Processes: Strives for fair balance, clinical relevance, on-label Strives for fair balance, clinical relevance, on-label indications for agents discussed, and emerging evidence and indications for agents discussed, and emerging evidence and information from recent studiesinformation from recent studies
COI:COI: Full faculty disclosures provided in syllabus and at the beginning Full faculty disclosures provided in syllabus and at the beginning of the programof the program
CME-accredited symposiumCME-accredited symposium jointly sponsored by the University of jointly sponsored by the University of Massachusetts Medical School and CMEducation Resources, LLCMassachusetts Medical School and CMEducation Resources, LLC
Commercial Support:Commercial Support: Sponsored by an independent educational grant Sponsored by an independent educational grant from The Medicines Companyfrom The Medicines Company
Mission statement:Mission statement: Improve patient care through evidence-based Improve patient care through evidence-based education, expert analysis, and case study-based managementeducation, expert analysis, and case study-based management
Processes:Processes: Strives for fair balance, clinical relevance, on-label Strives for fair balance, clinical relevance, on-label indications for agents discussed, and emerging evidence and indications for agents discussed, and emerging evidence and information from recent studiesinformation from recent studies
COI:COI: Full faculty disclosures provided in syllabus and at the beginning Full faculty disclosures provided in syllabus and at the beginning of the programof the program
Welcome and Program OverviewWelcome and Program Overview
Program Educational ObjectivesProgram Educational Objectives
As a result of this educational activity, physicians will:As a result of this educational activity, physicians will:
► Learn to manage the hemodynamic derangements and complications of serious and/or life-threatening elevations in systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure in the perioperative setting.
► Learn how to select among intravenous pharmacologic agents, including calcium channel blockers/dihydropyridines, that offer unique benefits for blood pressure control in the setting of cardiovascular disease.
► Learn how landmark trials and analyses focusing on BP reduction may have an impact on current and future strategies for management of BP elevations in the setting of cardiovascular surgery.
► Be able to assess the need for and implement optimal BP-lowering strategies for patients with serious and/or life-threatening elevations in systolic and/or diastolic BP in the setting of cardiothoracic surgery, with a special focus on neurologic end point optimization.
As a result of this educational activity, physicians will:As a result of this educational activity, physicians will:
► Learn to manage the hemodynamic derangements and complications of serious and/or life-threatening elevations in systolic and/or diastolic blood pressure in the perioperative setting.
► Learn how to select among intravenous pharmacologic agents, including calcium channel blockers/dihydropyridines, that offer unique benefits for blood pressure control in the setting of cardiovascular disease.
► Learn how landmark trials and analyses focusing on BP reduction may have an impact on current and future strategies for management of BP elevations in the setting of cardiovascular surgery.
► Be able to assess the need for and implement optimal BP-lowering strategies for patients with serious and/or life-threatening elevations in systolic and/or diastolic BP in the setting of cardiothoracic surgery, with a special focus on neurologic end point optimization.
Program FacultyProgram FacultyProgram FacultyProgram Faculty
Solomon Aronson, MDSolomon Aronson, MDProgram Co-ChairmanProgram Co-ChairmanProfessor of AnesthesiologyProfessor of AnesthesiologyDuke University Medical CenterDuke University Medical CenterExecutive Vice ChairExecutive Vice ChairDepartment of AnesthesiologyDepartment of AnesthesiologyDurham, North CarolinaDurham, North Carolina
Jerrold H. Levy, MDJerrold H. Levy, MDProgram Co-ChairmanProgram Co-ChairmanProfessor and Deputy Chair for ResearchProfessor and Deputy Chair for ResearchEmory University School of MedicineEmory University School of MedicineDirector of Cardiothoracic AnesthesiologyDirector of Cardiothoracic AnesthesiologyCardiothoracic Anesthesiology and Critical CareCardiothoracic Anesthesiology and Critical CareEmory HealthcareEmory HealthcareAtlanta, GeorgiaAtlanta, Georgia
Solomon Aronson, MDSolomon Aronson, MDProgram Co-ChairmanProgram Co-ChairmanProfessor of AnesthesiologyProfessor of AnesthesiologyDuke University Medical CenterDuke University Medical CenterExecutive Vice ChairExecutive Vice ChairDepartment of AnesthesiologyDepartment of AnesthesiologyDurham, North CarolinaDurham, North Carolina
Jerrold H. Levy, MDJerrold H. Levy, MDProgram Co-ChairmanProgram Co-ChairmanProfessor and Deputy Chair for ResearchProfessor and Deputy Chair for ResearchEmory University School of MedicineEmory University School of MedicineDirector of Cardiothoracic AnesthesiologyDirector of Cardiothoracic AnesthesiologyCardiothoracic Anesthesiology and Critical CareCardiothoracic Anesthesiology and Critical CareEmory HealthcareEmory HealthcareAtlanta, GeorgiaAtlanta, Georgia
Charles W. Hogue, Jr., MDCharles W. Hogue, Jr., MDAssociate Professor of AnesthesiologyAssociate Professor of AnesthesiologyDepartment of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine Medicine Johns Hopkins University Medical SchoolJohns Hopkins University Medical SchoolBaltimore, MarylandBaltimore, Maryland
Charles W. Hogue, Jr., MDCharles W. Hogue, Jr., MDAssociate Professor of AnesthesiologyAssociate Professor of AnesthesiologyDepartment of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine Medicine Johns Hopkins University Medical SchoolJohns Hopkins University Medical SchoolBaltimore, MarylandBaltimore, Maryland
Faculty COI DisclosuresFaculty COI Disclosures Faculty COI DisclosuresFaculty COI Disclosures
Consultant:Consultant: The Medicines Company, Regado Bioscience The Medicines Company, Regado Bioscience Speaker’s Bureau:Speaker’s Bureau: Baxter BaxterMajor ShareholderMajor Shareholder: Medwave: Medwave
Jerrold H. Levy, MDGrant/Research SupportGrant/Research Support: Alexion : Alexion Consultant:Consultant: Bayer HealthCare, Dyax, Novo Nordisk, and Organon Bayer HealthCare, Dyax, Novo Nordisk, and Organon
Charles W. Hogue, Jr., MDCharles W. Hogue, Jr., MD Advisory Committee: Advisory Committee: The Medicines CompanyThe Medicines CompanySpeakers Bureau: Speakers Bureau: The Medicines Company and HospiraThe Medicines Company and HospiraResearch Funding: Research Funding: NIH, American Heart AssociationNIH, American Heart Association
Consultant:Consultant: The Medicines Company, Regado Bioscience The Medicines Company, Regado Bioscience Speaker’s Bureau:Speaker’s Bureau: Baxter BaxterMajor ShareholderMajor Shareholder: Medwave: Medwave
Jerrold H. Levy, MDGrant/Research SupportGrant/Research Support: Alexion : Alexion Consultant:Consultant: Bayer HealthCare, Dyax, Novo Nordisk, and Organon Bayer HealthCare, Dyax, Novo Nordisk, and Organon
Charles W. Hogue, Jr., MDCharles W. Hogue, Jr., MD Advisory Committee: Advisory Committee: The Medicines CompanyThe Medicines CompanySpeakers Bureau: Speakers Bureau: The Medicines Company and HospiraThe Medicines Company and HospiraResearch Funding: Research Funding: NIH, American Heart AssociationNIH, American Heart Association
The Relationship between Acute Pressure The Relationship between Acute Pressure Derangements & Comprehensive Derangements & Comprehensive
Vascular Protection in the Setting of Vascular Protection in the Setting of CT SurgeryCT Surgery
The Relationship between Acute Pressure The Relationship between Acute Pressure Derangements & Comprehensive Derangements & Comprehensive
Vascular Protection in the Setting of Vascular Protection in the Setting of CT SurgeryCT Surgery
• Overwhelmed control of vascular tone leads to coagulation cascade activationOverwhelmed control of vascular tone leads to coagulation cascade activation• Loss of endothelial activity coupled with coagulation and platelets promotes DICLoss of endothelial activity coupled with coagulation and platelets promotes DIC
Aronson et al; Circulation 115,733-42,2007Aronson et al; Circulation 115,733-42,2007Fontes, Aronson, Mathew, et al. Analg Anes 2007Fontes, Aronson, Mathew, et al. Analg Anes 2007Benjo, Thompson, Fine, et al Hypertension 2007Benjo, Thompson, Fine, et al Hypertension 2007
CerebralCerebral (5.5 % vs. 2.8 %; P = 0.004)(5.5 % vs. 2.8 %; P = 0.004)
CHFCHF (12.8 % vs. 7.8 %; P = 0.003), (12.8 % vs. 7.8 %; P = 0.003), Cardiac deathCardiac death (4.7 % vs. 2.4 %; P = 0.001)(4.7 % vs. 2.4 %; P = 0.001)
CV surgery outcome ( PP > 80)CV surgery outcome ( PP > 80)
Courtesy of JJ Ferguson III, MD.Courtesy of JJ Ferguson III, MD.
"Zoned Out“"Zoned Out“Blood Pressure Control in CT SurgeryBlood Pressure Control in CT Surgery
What Do RCT & Registries Tell Us About Acute Pressure What Do RCT & Registries Tell Us About Acute Pressure Management and OutcomesManagement and Outcomes
"Zoned Out“"Zoned Out“Blood Pressure Control in CT SurgeryBlood Pressure Control in CT Surgery
What Do RCT & Registries Tell Us About Acute Pressure What Do RCT & Registries Tell Us About Acute Pressure Management and OutcomesManagement and Outcomes
HTN*HTN* occurring prior occurring prior to, during, or following to, during, or following surgical proceduressurgical procedures
Requires immediate Requires immediate BP controlBP control
* Poorly defined* Poorly defined
ECLIPSE: Trial DesignECLIPSE: Trial Design
► 3 prospective, randomized, open-label, parallel comparisons of clevidipine to NTG or 3 prospective, randomized, open-label, parallel comparisons of clevidipine to NTG or SNP periop, or NIC postop in pts undergoing cardiac surgery - 61 medical centersSNP periop, or NIC postop in pts undergoing cardiac surgery - 61 medical centers
► Secondary endpoints: Other AEs, BP controlSecondary endpoints: Other AEs, BP control
► 3 prospective, randomized, open-label, parallel comparisons of clevidipine to NTG or 3 prospective, randomized, open-label, parallel comparisons of clevidipine to NTG or SNP periop, or NIC postop in pts undergoing cardiac surgery - 61 medical centersSNP periop, or NIC postop in pts undergoing cardiac surgery - 61 medical centers
SNP pts were outside the target BP range > compared to CLV pts[above and below (overshoot)] AUC above [CLV vs. SNP ] = 2.97 vs. 6.61 mmHg min/h, p=0.03. AUC below [CLV vs. SNP ] = 2.30 vs. 8.38 mmHg min/h, p=0.0006.
NTG pts did not meet target BP range as often compared with CLV AUC above [CLV vs. NTG ] = 2.76 vs. 7.94 mmHg min/h, p=0.0002 AUC below the target range was similar between these groups.
SNP pts were outside the target BP range > compared to CLV pts[above and below (overshoot)] AUC above [CLV vs. SNP ] = 2.97 vs. 6.61 mmHg min/h, p=0.03. AUC below [CLV vs. SNP ] = 2.30 vs. 8.38 mmHg min/h, p=0.0006.
NTG pts did not meet target BP range as often compared with CLV AUC above [CLV vs. NTG ] = 2.76 vs. 7.94 mmHg min/h, p=0.0002 AUC below the target range was similar between these groups.
ECLIPSEECLIPSE
AUC Predictive of Mortality AUC Predictive of Mortality at 30 Daysat 30 Days
P P valuevalue Odds Odds ratioratio
95% CI 95% CI (Lower limit, (Lower limit, Upper limit)Upper limit)
Surgery duration (hour)Surgery duration (hour) <0.0001<0.0001 1.5171.517 (1.240, 1.856)(1.240, 1.856)
Age (year)Age (year) 0.00030.0003 1.0701.070 (1.031, 1.110)(1.031, 1.110)
Preop SBP >160 or DBP >105Preop SBP >160 or DBP >105 0.02280.0228 2.3862.386 (1.147, 4.963)(1.147, 4.963)
History of COPDHistory of COPD 0.02280.0228 2.3262.326 (1.125, 4.812)(1.125, 4.812)
History of recent MI (<6 months prior)History of recent MI (<6 months prior) 0.03120.0312 2.1972.197 (1.073, 4.497)(1.073, 4.497)
Aronson et al. ACC 2007.
I mm Hg x 60 min
2 mm Hg x 60 min
3 mm Hg x 60 min
4 mm Hg x 60 min
5 mm Hg x 60 min
Odds Odds RatioRatio
95% CI 95% CI [Lower Limit, [Lower Limit, Upper Limit]Upper Limit]
1.201.20 [1.06, 1.27][1.06, 1.27]
1.431.43 [1.13, 1.61][1.13, 1.61]
1.711.71 [1.20, 2.05][1.20, 2.05]
2.052.05 [1.27, 2.61][1.27, 2.61]
2.462.46 [1.35, 3.31][1.35, 3.31]
Excursions in Perioperative BP Excursions in Perioperative BP Control Related to Increased 30-day MortalityControl Related to Increased 30-day Mortality
Data on file, The Medicines Company.
0 1 2 3 4
Systolic BP Control Over 24 HoursSystolic BP Control Over 24 Hours
Time (hours)
SBP
Lower
Upper
0 6 12 2418
Lower
AUC Narrowed BP Range by TreatmentAUC Narrowed BP Range by Treatment
Aronson S et al. SCCM 2008. Poster #557.Aronson S et al. SCCM 2008. Poster #557.
Perioperative BP Lability Predicts Mortality in Perioperative BP Lability Predicts Mortality in Patients Undergoing Cardiac SurgeryPatients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery
► Analysis of DUKE Analysis of DUKE Heart Center Heart Center database in pts database in pts undergoing CT undergoing CT surgerysurgery● N =5238N =5238● 3.1M BP 3.1M BP
evaluationsevaluations
► AUC (95-AUC (95-135mmHg) 135mmHg) predictive of 30-predictive of 30-day mortalityday mortality
► Analysis of DUKE Analysis of DUKE Heart Center Heart Center database in pts database in pts undergoing CT undergoing CT surgerysurgery● N =5238N =5238● 3.1M BP 3.1M BP
evaluationsevaluations
► AUC (95-AUC (95-135mmHg) 135mmHg) predictive of 30-predictive of 30-day mortalityday mortality
P=0.0139
OR =1.02 per 100 mm Hg x min
95% CI [1.004-1.037]
Mean Duration of ExcursionsMean Duration of Excursions
Minutes SBP > 135 or < 95mmHg per incidentMinutes SBP > 135 or < 95mmHg per incident
P-Value < 0.0001, O.R.-1.068 (1.036-1.102)
Samples (n=7187)Samples (n=7187)
DUKE patient populationDUKE patient population
Development & validationDevelopment & validationdatasetsdatasets
P-ValueP-Value Odds Odds RatioRatio 95% CI 95% CI
Minutes SBP > 135 or < 95mmHg Minutes SBP > 135 or < 95mmHg per incidentper incident <0.0001<0.0001 1.0681.068 1.036-1.1021.036-1.102
Surgery length (min)Surgery length (min) 0.4750.475 0.9990.999 0.997-1.0020.997-1.002
‡‡ UnadjustedUnadjusted*Excursions outside SBP 85-145 mm Hg pre/postoperatively or 75-135 mm Hg intraoperatively*Excursions outside SBP 85-145 mm Hg pre/postoperatively or 75-135 mm Hg intraoperatively
N = 1512 undergoing cardiac surgeryN = 1512 undergoing cardiac surgery
Logistic Regression Results: Predictor of 30-Day MortalityLogistic Regression Results: Predictor of 30-Day Mortality
PP Value Value OROR 95% C.I.95% C.I.
Screening SBP (per 1 mm Hg increment)Screening SBP (per 1 mm Hg increment) 0.00130.0013 1.0381.038 1.014–1.0611.014–1.061
AUC (per 1 mm Hg×min/hr increment)AUC (per 1 mm Hg×min/hr increment) 0.01460.0146 1.0041.004 1.001–1.0071.001–1.007
BP Fluctuations Predict Short-Term Mortality in BP Fluctuations Predict Short-Term Mortality in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Valve SurgeryPatients Undergoing Cardiac Valve Surgery
Minimizing SBP fluctuations within a narrow range improved 30-day mortality.Minimizing SBP fluctuations within a narrow range improved 30-day mortality.
Screening SBP was defined as the SBP within 24 hours prior to randomization. AUC calculated for excursions outside SBP range of 85–145 mmHg pre- and postoperatively, 75–135 mmHg intraoperatively.
ACCP 2009ACCP 2009
Cardiac Surgery Patients – Cardiac Surgery Patients – Inadequate BP ControlInadequate BP Control
The worse the control, the poorer the outcomes. The worse the control, the poorer the outcomes.
SCA 2008
Increased risk of 30-day Increased risk of 30-day death, CVA, MI and renal dysfunction vs patients with tight BP controldeath, CVA, MI and renal dysfunction vs patients with tight BP control
► 1500 pts, 21 hospitals, 1500 pts, 21 hospitals, 79% therapy in ED79% therapy in ED
► Median age 58, Women 49%, AA 58%Median age 58, Women 49%, AA 58%
► Initial BP 201/110Initial BP 201/110
► 90% HTN, 33% kidney history , 17% drug 90% HTN, 33% kidney history , 17% drug abuseabuse
► 1500 pts, 21 hospitals, 1500 pts, 21 hospitals, 79% therapy in ED79% therapy in ED
► Median age 58, Women 49%, AA 58%Median age 58, Women 49%, AA 58%
► Initial BP 201/110Initial BP 201/110
► 90% HTN, 33% kidney history , 17% drug 90% HTN, 33% kidney history , 17% drug abuseabuse
Granger et al. SCCM February 2008
HTN
Neuro
ACS
CHF
Reason for AdmissionReason for Admission
45.3%
72.4%
87.4%
96.7%100.0%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Within 1Hour
Within 3Hours
Within 6Hours
Within 12Hours
Within 24Hours
Time to Initiation of IV Therapy
Systolic BP Control Over 24 Hours by First Systolic BP Control Over 24 Hours by First IV AntihypertensiveIV Antihypertensive
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Time since IV initiation (h)
Ch
an
ge
fro
m q
ua
lify
ing
(%
)
Enalapril* Hydralazine* Labetolol*
Metoprolol* Nicardapine* Nipride*
Nitroglycerin*
n=982n=982
*Median*MedianGranger et al. SCCM February 2008
Regardless of 1st antihypertensiveRegardless of 1st antihypertensive
50-75% of pts required > one agent50-75% of pts required > one agent
Systolic BP Control Over 24 Hours by First Systolic BP Control Over 24 Hours by First IV AntihypertensiveIV Antihypertensive
-40
-30
-20
-10
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
Time since IV initiation (h)
Ch
an
ge
fro
m q
ua
lify
ing
(%
)
Enalapril* Nipride*
n=982n=982
*Median*MedianGranger et al. SCCM February 2008
Baseline Characteristics of Study PopulationBaseline Characteristics of Study Population
Brooks, et al. Brooks, et al. Am J Health Syst PharmAm J Health Syst Pharm. Dec 15, 2007;64(24):2579-82 . Dec 15, 2007;64(24):2579-82 Brooks, et al. Brooks, et al. Am J Health Syst PharmAm J Health Syst Pharm. Dec 15, 2007;64(24):2579-82 . Dec 15, 2007;64(24):2579-82
Primary and Secondary EndpointsPrimary and Secondary Endpoints
aMAP = mean arterial pressure.bp < 0.05, nicardipine group versus all patients.
aMAP = mean arterial pressure.bp < 0.05, nicardipine group versus all patients.
Brooks, et al. Brooks, et al. Am J Health Syst PharmAm J Health Syst Pharm. Dec 15, 2007;64(24):2579-82 . Dec 15, 2007;64(24):2579-82 Brooks, et al. Brooks, et al. Am J Health Syst PharmAm J Health Syst Pharm. Dec 15, 2007;64(24):2579-82 . Dec 15, 2007;64(24):2579-82
OutcomeOutcomeaa All Patients All Patients (n=47)(n=47)
Nicardipine Nicardipine Group Group (n=21)(n=21)
Nitroprusside Nitroprusside Group Group (n=18)(n=18)
PrimaryPrimary
No (%) patients with No (%) patients with appropriate MAP appropriate MAP reduction at 2 hrreduction at 2 hr
15 (32)15 (32) 4 (19)4 (19) 7 (39)7 (39)
No. (%) patients with No. (%) patients with excessive MAP excessive MAP
reduction at 2 hrreduction at 2 hrbb27 (57)27 (57) 16 (76)16 (76) 9 (50)9 (50)
Primary and Secondary EndpointsPrimary and Secondary Endpoints
aMAP = mean arterial pressure.bp < 0.05, nicardipine group versus all patients.
cp < 0.05, nicardipine group versus nitroprusside group.dOne patient was excluded from the analysis.
aMAP = mean arterial pressure.bp < 0.05, nicardipine group versus all patients.
cp < 0.05, nicardipine group versus nitroprusside group.dOne patient was excluded from the analysis.Brooks, et al. Brooks, et al. Am J Health Syst PharmAm J Health Syst Pharm. Dec 15, 2007;64(24):2579-82 . Dec 15, 2007;64(24):2579-82 Brooks, et al. Brooks, et al. Am J Health Syst PharmAm J Health Syst Pharm. Dec 15, 2007;64(24):2579-82 . Dec 15, 2007;64(24):2579-82
OutcomeOutcomeaaAll All
Patients Patients (n=47)(n=47)
Nicardipine Nicardipine Group Group (n=21)(n=21)
Nitroprusside Nitroprusside Group Group (n=18)(n=18)
SecondarySecondary
No. (%) of patients with appropriate No. (%) of patients with appropriate blood-pressure reduction at 6 hrblood-pressure reduction at 6 hr 6 (13)6 (13) 1 (5)1 (5) 4 (22)4 (22)
Mean no. (range) of additional p.r.n. Mean no. (range) of additional p.r.n. antihypertensive doses per patientantihypertensive doses per patientcc 4 (0-33)4 (0-33) 6 (0-33)6 (0-33)dd 2 (0-5)2 (0-5)
Mean length of stay (range), daysMean length of stay (range), dayscc 9 (2-41)9 (2-41) 13 (2-41)13 (2-41)dd 7 (2-14)7 (2-14)
Mean duration (range) of i.v. therapy, hrMean duration (range) of i.v. therapy, hr 20 (1-74)20 (1-74) 21 (3-74)21 (3-74)dd 16 (1-67)16 (1-67)
Mean time (range) until scheduled oral Mean time (range) until scheduled oral antihypertensives were started, hrantihypertensives were started, hr 14 (0-72)14 (0-72) 16 (0-48)16 (0-48) 10 (0-72)10 (0-72)
No. (%) of patients meeting 2- or 6-hour No. (%) of patients meeting 2- or 6-hour goalgoalb,cb,c 26 (28)26 (28) 5 (12)5 (12) 11 (31)11 (31)
*p < 0.05, nicardipine group versus nitroprusside group; p < 0.05, nitroprusside group versus all patients.*p < 0.05, nicardipine group versus nitroprusside group; p < 0.05, nitroprusside group versus all patients.
Brooks, et al. Brooks, et al. Am J Health Syst PharmAm J Health Syst Pharm. Dec 15, 2007;64(24):2579-82 . Dec 15, 2007;64(24):2579-82 Brooks, et al. Brooks, et al. Am J Health Syst PharmAm J Health Syst Pharm. Dec 15, 2007;64(24):2579-82 . Dec 15, 2007;64(24):2579-82
"Under Pressure"—Vascular Dysfunction and Acute "Under Pressure"—Vascular Dysfunction and Acute Pressure Syndromes in the Setting of Cardiovascular Pressure Syndromes in the Setting of Cardiovascular
SurgerySurgery
Challenges, Innovations, and Landmark Trials (ECLIPSE)—From Challenges, Innovations, and Landmark Trials (ECLIPSE)—From Threat to Therapy Threat to Therapy
"Under Pressure"—Vascular Dysfunction and Acute "Under Pressure"—Vascular Dysfunction and Acute Pressure Syndromes in the Setting of Cardiovascular Pressure Syndromes in the Setting of Cardiovascular
SurgerySurgery
Challenges, Innovations, and Landmark Trials (ECLIPSE)—From Challenges, Innovations, and Landmark Trials (ECLIPSE)—From Threat to Therapy Threat to Therapy
Jerrold H Levy, MD, FAHAJerrold H Levy, MD, FAHAProfessor of AnesthesiologyProfessor of Anesthesiology
Emory University School of MedicineEmory University School of MedicineDeputy Chairman for ResearchDeputy Chairman for Research
Director, Cardiothoracic AnesthesiologyDirector, Cardiothoracic AnesthesiologyCardiothoracic Anesthesiology and Critical CareCardiothoracic Anesthesiology and Critical Care
Jerrold H Levy, MD, FAHAJerrold H Levy, MD, FAHAProfessor of AnesthesiologyProfessor of Anesthesiology
Emory University School of MedicineEmory University School of MedicineDeputy Chairman for ResearchDeputy Chairman for Research
Director, Cardiothoracic AnesthesiologyDirector, Cardiothoracic AnesthesiologyCardiothoracic Anesthesiology and Critical CareCardiothoracic Anesthesiology and Critical Care
Evolution of Perioperative CareEvolution of Perioperative Care
► Changing demographics and increasing use Changing demographics and increasing use of stenting and platelet inhibitors of stenting and platelet inhibitors
► Older patients with comorbidities presenting Older patients with comorbidities presenting for surgery and to ICUs with vascular and for surgery and to ICUs with vascular and endothelial dysfunction due to multiple causesendothelial dysfunction due to multiple causes
► Endothelial and vascular dysfunction common Endothelial and vascular dysfunction common across this cardiac, neurological, and critically across this cardiac, neurological, and critically ill patient populations—acute and chronic ill patient populations—acute and chronic diseasedisease
► Changing demographics and increasing use Changing demographics and increasing use of stenting and platelet inhibitors of stenting and platelet inhibitors
► Older patients with comorbidities presenting Older patients with comorbidities presenting for surgery and to ICUs with vascular and for surgery and to ICUs with vascular and endothelial dysfunction due to multiple causesendothelial dysfunction due to multiple causes
► Endothelial and vascular dysfunction common Endothelial and vascular dysfunction common across this cardiac, neurological, and critically across this cardiac, neurological, and critically ill patient populations—acute and chronic ill patient populations—acute and chronic diseasedisease
Estafanous FG, et al. Ann Thorac Surg. 1998;65:383-389.Fontana GP. Chest Surg Clin N Am. 1998;8:871-890.Verrier ED. J Am Coll Surg. 1999;188:104-110.
Trends and ObservationsTrends and Observations
Prevalence of high blood pressure in adultsPrevalence of high blood pressure in adultsby age and sexby age and sex
Prevalence of high blood pressure in adultsPrevalence of high blood pressure in adultsby age and sexby age and sex
11.2
55.4
73.9
23.2
37.5
49.1
63.669.5
37.4
6.4
83.8
18.3
0.0
10.020.0
30.0
40.050.0
60.0
70.080.0
90.0
20-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65-74 75+
Per
cent
of P
opul
atio
n
Men Women
11.2
55.4
73.9
23.2
37.5
49.1
63.669.5
37.4
6.4
83.8
18.3
0.0
10.020.0
30.0
40.050.0
60.0
70.080.0
90.0
20-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65-74 75+
Per
cent
of P
opul
atio
n
Men Women
Prevalence of HypertensionPrevalence of Hypertension
NHANES: 1999-2004. Source: NCHS and NHLBI.
Endothelial and Vascular Dysfunction are the Endothelial and Vascular Dysfunction are the Hallmarks of our PatientsHallmarks of our Patients
Schiffrin EL. Am J Hypertens 2004;17(12):1192-1200
CalcificationCalcification
Renal FailureRenal Failure
Endothelial Dysfunction
Perioperative HypertensionPerioperative HypertensionThe Cardiothoracic Surgery SettingThe Cardiothoracic Surgery Setting
► Patients with preoperative hypertension are at increased Patients with preoperative hypertension are at increased risk for perioperative complicationsrisk for perioperative complications11
► Approximately 30% to 56% of patients undergoing routine Approximately 30% to 56% of patients undergoing routine cardiac surgery experience acute rises in blood pressure cardiac surgery experience acute rises in blood pressure that require administration of a parenteral that require administration of a parenteral antihypertensive agentantihypertensive agent22
► Antihypertensive therapy is often needed to manage life-Antihypertensive therapy is often needed to manage life-threatening arterial bleeding, myocardial ischemia, or threatening arterial bleeding, myocardial ischemia, or cardiac failurecardiac failure33
► Patients with preoperative hypertension are at increased Patients with preoperative hypertension are at increased risk for perioperative complicationsrisk for perioperative complications11
► Approximately 30% to 56% of patients undergoing routine Approximately 30% to 56% of patients undergoing routine cardiac surgery experience acute rises in blood pressure cardiac surgery experience acute rises in blood pressure that require administration of a parenteral that require administration of a parenteral antihypertensive agentantihypertensive agent22
► Antihypertensive therapy is often needed to manage life-Antihypertensive therapy is often needed to manage life-threatening arterial bleeding, myocardial ischemia, or threatening arterial bleeding, myocardial ischemia, or cardiac failurecardiac failure33
Considerations for Perioperative BP Control Considerations for Perioperative BP Control During Cardiac SurgeryDuring Cardiac Surgery
Acute, Severe Elevations in Blood Pressure are Acute, Severe Elevations in Blood Pressure are Triggered by Multiple Perioperative EventsTriggered by Multiple Perioperative Events
Intraoperative EventsIntraoperative Events► InductionInduction► CannulationCannulation► Protamine and hemostasis (aortotomy/suture lines)Protamine and hemostasis (aortotomy/suture lines)► Chest closureChest closure► TransportTransport
Postoperative EventsPostoperative Events► Temperature management (warming and shivering)Temperature management (warming and shivering)► EmergenceEmergence► Weaning and extubationWeaning and extubation► Volume statusVolume status
Acute, Severe Elevations in Blood Pressure are Acute, Severe Elevations in Blood Pressure are Triggered by Multiple Perioperative EventsTriggered by Multiple Perioperative Events
Intraoperative EventsIntraoperative Events► InductionInduction► CannulationCannulation► Protamine and hemostasis (aortotomy/suture lines)Protamine and hemostasis (aortotomy/suture lines)► Chest closureChest closure► TransportTransport
Postoperative EventsPostoperative Events► Temperature management (warming and shivering)Temperature management (warming and shivering)► EmergenceEmergence► Weaning and extubationWeaning and extubation► Volume statusVolume status
Goals for an Ideal Antihypertensive Agent in Goals for an Ideal Antihypertensive Agent in Setting of Cardiac SurgerySetting of Cardiac Surgery
Hypertension in Surgical Patients (1)Hypertension in Surgical Patients (1)
► Patients who are normotensive may become Patients who are normotensive may become hypertensivehypertensive
► Most blood pressure changes develop acutely Most blood pressure changes develop acutely and require rapid intervention with IV agentsand require rapid intervention with IV agents
► Characterized by systemic vasoconstriction with Characterized by systemic vasoconstriction with intravascular hypovolemiaintravascular hypovolemia
► Patients may have preoperative biventricular Patients may have preoperative biventricular dysfunctiondysfunction
► Patients who are normotensive may become Patients who are normotensive may become hypertensivehypertensive
► Most blood pressure changes develop acutely Most blood pressure changes develop acutely and require rapid intervention with IV agentsand require rapid intervention with IV agents
► Characterized by systemic vasoconstriction with Characterized by systemic vasoconstriction with intravascular hypovolemiaintravascular hypovolemia
► Patients may have preoperative biventricular Patients may have preoperative biventricular dysfunctiondysfunction
Levy JH: Management of systemic and pulmonary hypertension. Tex Heart Inst J 2005;32:467-471.
Principles and Practice ConsiderationsPrinciples and Practice ConsiderationsPrinciples and Practice ConsiderationsPrinciples and Practice Considerations
► BP may be maintained at lower levels to avoid BP may be maintained at lower levels to avoid graft/suture line disruptiongraft/suture line disruption
► Patients are being “Fast Tracked”Patients are being “Fast Tracked”
► Mechanical manipulation, suturing with potential Mechanical manipulation, suturing with potential risk for vascular spasmrisk for vascular spasm
► Ventricular dysfunction is common in patients Ventricular dysfunction is common in patients with normal preop function due to stunning/ with normal preop function due to stunning/ reperfusion injuryreperfusion injury
► BP may be maintained at lower levels to avoid BP may be maintained at lower levels to avoid graft/suture line disruptiongraft/suture line disruption
► Patients are being “Fast Tracked”Patients are being “Fast Tracked”
► Mechanical manipulation, suturing with potential Mechanical manipulation, suturing with potential risk for vascular spasmrisk for vascular spasm
► Ventricular dysfunction is common in patients Ventricular dysfunction is common in patients with normal preop function due to stunning/ with normal preop function due to stunning/ reperfusion injuryreperfusion injury
Hypertension in Cardiac Surgical Patients (2)Hypertension in Cardiac Surgical Patients (2)
Levy JH: Management of systemic and pulmonary hypertension. Tex Heart Inst J 2005;32:467-471.
Principles and Practice ConsiderationsPrinciples and Practice Considerations
Nitropusside: Issues and ConcernsNitropusside: Issues and Concerns
► Metabolized to CN, then thiocyanateMetabolized to CN, then thiocyanate
Problematic AspectsProblematic Aspects• PregnancyPregnancy• Coronary stealCoronary steal• Dose dependent Dose dependent in CBF in CBF
– Caution with high ICP Caution with high ICP
• Hypoxemia (Hypoxemia ( V/Q mismatch) V/Q mismatch)• Requires special delivery systemRequires special delivery system• Usually requires direct arterial pressure monitoringUsually requires direct arterial pressure monitoring
► Metabolized to CN, then thiocyanateMetabolized to CN, then thiocyanate
Problematic AspectsProblematic Aspects• PregnancyPregnancy• Coronary stealCoronary steal• Dose dependent Dose dependent in CBF in CBF
– Caution with high ICP Caution with high ICP
• Hypoxemia (Hypoxemia ( V/Q mismatch) V/Q mismatch)• Requires special delivery systemRequires special delivery system• Usually requires direct arterial pressure monitoringUsually requires direct arterial pressure monitoring
► Cardiac output is often affected due to Cardiac output is often affected due to venodilationvenodilation
► Volume replacement is often required for Volume replacement is often required for venodilationvenodilation
Levy JH: Management of systemic and pulmonary hypertension. Tex Heart Inst J 2005;32:467-471.
Principles and Practice ConsiderationsPrinciples and Practice ConsiderationsPrinciples and Practice ConsiderationsPrinciples and Practice Considerations
IV DHP Calcium Channel BlockersIV DHP Calcium Channel Blockers
Evolution of Therapeutic OptionsEvolution of Therapeutic OptionsEvolution of Therapeutic OptionsEvolution of Therapeutic Options
Selectivity of Calcium Channel AntagonistsSelectivity of Calcium Channel Antagonists
MyocardialMyocardial SA NodeSA Node AV NodeAV Node IV AgentIV Agent VasodilationVasodilation DepressionDepression SuppressionSuppression SuppressionSuppression ClevidipineClevidipine 55 00 00 00
NicardipineNicardipine 55 00 00 00
DiltiazemDiltiazem 33 22 55 44
VerapamilVerapamil 44 44 55 55
MyocardialMyocardial SA NodeSA Node AV NodeAV Node IV AgentIV Agent VasodilationVasodilation DepressionDepression SuppressionSuppression SuppressionSuppression ClevidipineClevidipine 55 00 00 00
NicardipineNicardipine 55 00 00 00
DiltiazemDiltiazem 33 22 55 44
VerapamilVerapamil 44 44 55 55
*The chiral center of clevidipine; SA = sinoatrial; AV = atrioventricular.
Kerins DM, et al. In: Goodman and Gilman’s Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 2001:843-870. Massie BM. Am J CardioI. 1997;80:23I-32I.
ClevidipineClevidipine
ClCl
OOOO
OO
OO
NNHH
ClCl
OO
OO
**
COCH2CH2NCH2
NO2
CH3
O CH3
N
H
OH3C
H3COC
NifedipineNifedipine
NO2NO2
COCH3COCH3
CH3CH3
OO
NNHH
OOH3CH3C
CH3OCCH3OC
NicardipineNicardipineNicardipineNicardipine
Properties of DihydropyridinesProperties of Dihydropyridines
► Arterial vasodilatorArterial vasodilator11
► Decreases SVRDecreases SVR2-62-6
► More selective for vascular smooth muscle More selective for vascular smooth muscle than cardiac musclethan cardiac muscle11
► No significant increase in ICPNo significant increase in ICP77
► No direct inotropic or dromotropic effectsNo direct inotropic or dromotropic effects2-62-6
► Arterial vasodilatorArterial vasodilator11
► Decreases SVRDecreases SVR2-62-6
► More selective for vascular smooth muscle More selective for vascular smooth muscle than cardiac musclethan cardiac muscle11
► No significant increase in ICPNo significant increase in ICP77
► No direct inotropic or dromotropic effectsNo direct inotropic or dromotropic effects2-62-6
1. Clarke B, et al. Br J Pharmacol. 1983;79:333P. 2. Lambert CR, et al. Am J Cardiol. 1987;60:471-476. 3. Silke B, et al. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1985;20:169S-176S. 4. Lambert CR, et al Am J Cardiol. 1985;55:652-656. 5. Visser CA, et al. Postgrad Med J. 1984;60:17-20. 6. Silke B, et al. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1985;20:169S-176S. 7. Nishiyama MT, et al. Can J Anaesth. 2000;47:1196-1201.
Hemodynamic Effects of NicardipineHemodynamic Effects of Nicardipine
► Loss of endothelial function via vascular injury Loss of endothelial function via vascular injury and platelet activation is potential mechanismand platelet activation is potential mechanism
► Other mechanisms include NO scavenging by Other mechanisms include NO scavenging by hemoglobinhemoglobin
► Thromboxane, a potent constrictor, has been Thromboxane, a potent constrictor, has been implicatedimplicated
► Only certain drugs will completely reverse arterial Only certain drugs will completely reverse arterial spasmspasm
► Loss of endothelial function via vascular injury Loss of endothelial function via vascular injury and platelet activation is potential mechanismand platelet activation is potential mechanism
► Other mechanisms include NO scavenging by Other mechanisms include NO scavenging by hemoglobinhemoglobin
► Thromboxane, a potent constrictor, has been Thromboxane, a potent constrictor, has been implicatedimplicated
► Only certain drugs will completely reverse arterial Only certain drugs will completely reverse arterial spasmspasm
► Salmenperra MT: Effects of PDE inhibitors on the human IMA. Salmenperra MT: Effects of PDE inhibitors on the human IMA. Anesth Anesth AnalgAnalg 1996; 82: 954-957. 1996; 82: 954-957.
► Huraux C: Vasodilator effects of clevidipine on human IMA. Huraux C: Vasodilator effects of clevidipine on human IMA. Anesth AnalgAnesth Analg 1997; 85: 1000-1004.1997; 85: 1000-1004.
► Huraux C: A comparative eval of multiple vasodilators on human IMA. Huraux C: A comparative eval of multiple vasodilators on human IMA. AnesthesiologyAnesthesiology 1998;88:1654-1659. 1998;88:1654-1659.
► Huraux C: Superoxide production, risk factors, and EDRF relaxations in Huraux C: Superoxide production, risk factors, and EDRF relaxations in human IMAs. human IMAs. CirculationCirculation 1999;99:53-59. 1999;99:53-59.
► Tsuda A: Reversal of histamine-induced vasodilation in the human IMA. Tsuda A: Reversal of histamine-induced vasodilation in the human IMA. Anesth AnalgAnesth Analg 2001;93:1453-1459. 2001;93:1453-1459.
► Sato N: Vasodilatory effects of hydralazine, nicardipine, nitroglycerin and Sato N: Vasodilatory effects of hydralazine, nicardipine, nitroglycerin and fenoldopam in the human umbilical artery. fenoldopam in the human umbilical artery. Anesth AnalgAnesth Analg 2003;96:539-544. 2003;96:539-544.
► Tanaka KA: In vitro effects of antihypertensive drugs on TxA2 (U46619)-Tanaka KA: In vitro effects of antihypertensive drugs on TxA2 (U46619)-induced vasoconstriction in human IMA. induced vasoconstriction in human IMA. Br J AnaesthBr J Anaesth 2004;93:257-262. 2004;93:257-262.
► Salmenperra MT: Effects of PDE inhibitors on the human IMA. Salmenperra MT: Effects of PDE inhibitors on the human IMA. Anesth Anesth AnalgAnalg 1996; 82: 954-957. 1996; 82: 954-957.
► Huraux C: Vasodilator effects of clevidipine on human IMA. Huraux C: Vasodilator effects of clevidipine on human IMA. Anesth AnalgAnesth Analg 1997; 85: 1000-1004.1997; 85: 1000-1004.
► Huraux C: A comparative eval of multiple vasodilators on human IMA. Huraux C: A comparative eval of multiple vasodilators on human IMA. AnesthesiologyAnesthesiology 1998;88:1654-1659. 1998;88:1654-1659.
► Huraux C: Superoxide production, risk factors, and EDRF relaxations in Huraux C: Superoxide production, risk factors, and EDRF relaxations in human IMAs. human IMAs. CirculationCirculation 1999;99:53-59. 1999;99:53-59.
► Tsuda A: Reversal of histamine-induced vasodilation in the human IMA. Tsuda A: Reversal of histamine-induced vasodilation in the human IMA. Anesth AnalgAnesth Analg 2001;93:1453-1459. 2001;93:1453-1459.
► Sato N: Vasodilatory effects of hydralazine, nicardipine, nitroglycerin and Sato N: Vasodilatory effects of hydralazine, nicardipine, nitroglycerin and fenoldopam in the human umbilical artery. fenoldopam in the human umbilical artery. Anesth AnalgAnesth Analg 2003;96:539-544. 2003;96:539-544.
► Tanaka KA: In vitro effects of antihypertensive drugs on TxA2 (U46619)-Tanaka KA: In vitro effects of antihypertensive drugs on TxA2 (U46619)-induced vasoconstriction in human IMA. induced vasoconstriction in human IMA. Br J AnaesthBr J Anaesth 2004;93:257-262. 2004;93:257-262.
Studies on Arteriolar VasodilatorsStudies on Arteriolar Vasodilators
Nitroglycerin is the most potent; but Nitroglycerin is the most potent; but nitrate tolerance occurnitrate tolerance occur
Milrinone, dihydropyridines, PGE1, Milrinone, dihydropyridines, PGE1, were also effective at therapeutically were also effective at therapeutically used dosesused doses
Nitroglycerin is the most potent; but Nitroglycerin is the most potent; but nitrate tolerance occurnitrate tolerance occur
Milrinone, dihydropyridines, PGE1, Milrinone, dihydropyridines, PGE1, were also effective at therapeutically were also effective at therapeutically used dosesused doses
Huraux: Anesthesiology 1998;88:1654.
A Comparative Evaluation of the Effects of A Comparative Evaluation of the Effects of Multiple Vasodilators on Human IMAMultiple Vasodilators on Human IMA
A Comparative Evaluation of the Effects of A Comparative Evaluation of the Effects of Multiple Vasodilators on Human IMAMultiple Vasodilators on Human IMA
Vasodilator Effects of Vasodilator Effects of Clevidipine on Human IMAClevidipine on Human IMA
► Clevidipine was effective Clevidipine was effective anti-vasospasm agent at anti-vasospasm agent at therapeuticallytherapeuticallyused dosesused doses
► Clevidipine was effective Clevidipine was effective anti-vasospasm agent at anti-vasospasm agent at therapeuticallytherapeuticallyused dosesused doses
Huraux C, Makita T, Szlam F, Nordlander M, Levy JH: Anesth Analg 1997; 85: 1000-1004.
Simulated Drug Level CurvesSimulated Drug Level Curves
=“Full” loading dose = [Cp] x Vdss= Smaller loading dose =[Cp] x Vc= No loading dose
Time (Half-life)Time (Half-life)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
TherapeuticConcentration
Range
TherapeuticConcentration
Range
Pla
sma
Dru
g L
eve
lP
lasm
a D
rug
Le
vel
Cl
ClH
CH3OOC
H3C
COOCH2OOCC3H7
CH3N
H
The Clevidipine MoleculeThe Clevidipine Molecule
Clevidipine is the first ultrashort acting dihydropyridine intravenous calcium channel blocker
Clevidipine — Metabolized by Clevidipine — Metabolized by Plasma and Tissue EsterasesPlasma and Tissue Esterases
► Clevidipine is rapidly metabolized by esterases in blood and Clevidipine is rapidly metabolized by esterases in blood and extravascular tissue to an inactive carboxylic acid metaboliteextravascular tissue to an inactive carboxylic acid metabolite
► Clevidipine is rapidly metabolized by esterases in blood and Clevidipine is rapidly metabolized by esterases in blood and extravascular tissue to an inactive carboxylic acid metaboliteextravascular tissue to an inactive carboxylic acid metabolite
+OH
OHH
O
ClevidipineClevidipine
Cl
OO
O
O
NH
Cl
O
O
*EsterasesEsterases +O
O
NH
Cl
O
O
Cl
H
Primary metabolitePrimary metabolite
*The chiral center of clevidipine.Reproduced from Ericsson H, et al. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1999;55:61-67.Bailey JM, et al. Anesthesiology. 2002;96:1086-1094.Ericsson H, et al. Drug Metab Dispos. 1999;27:558-564.Ericsson H et al. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1999;55:61-67.Ericsson H, et al. Eur J Pharm Sci. 1999;8:29-37.
SBP changes for patients receiving clevidipine during a 30-minute treatment period.SBP changes for patients receiving clevidipine during a 30-minute treatment period.
10
5
0
–5
–10
–15
–20
–25
–300 5 10 15 20 25 30
% C
hang
e F
rom
Ba
selin
e
Time (min)
SBP
SBP ChangesSBP Changes SBP ChangesSBP Changes
Clevidipine — Rapid Onset of ActionClevidipine — Rapid Onset of Action
► BP-lowering effects are seen within 2–3 minutes of BP-lowering effects are seen within 2–3 minutes of clevidipine infusionclevidipine infusion
► BP-lowering effects are seen within 2–3 minutes of BP-lowering effects are seen within 2–3 minutes of clevidipine infusionclevidipine infusion
Levy JH, et al. Anesth Analg. 2007;105(4):918 .
*Css = concentration at steady state; median blood concentration of clevidipine obtainedduring the last 10 minutes of infusion.
Clevidipine — Linear PharmacokineticsClevidipine — Linear Pharmacokinetics
► At steady state, there is a linear relationship between dosage At steady state, there is a linear relationship between dosage and arterial blood concentrationsand arterial blood concentrations
► Linear relationship maintained for dosages as high as 21.9 Linear relationship maintained for dosages as high as 21.9 mcg/kg/minmcg/kg/min
► At steady state, there is a linear relationship between dosage At steady state, there is a linear relationship between dosage and arterial blood concentrationsand arterial blood concentrations
► Linear relationship maintained for dosages as high as 21.9 Linear relationship maintained for dosages as high as 21.9 mcg/kg/minmcg/kg/min
Reproduced from Ericsson H, et al. Anesthesiology. 2000;92:993-1001.Ericsson H, et al. Anesthesiology. 2000;92:993-1001.Ericsson H, et al. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1999;47:531-538.
Cornelius Dyke, MDCornelius Dyke, MD Dean Kereiakes, MDDean Kereiakes, MD
Jerrold H. Levy, MDJerrold H. Levy, MD Philip Lumb, MDPhilip Lumb, MD
Albert Cheung, MDAlbert Cheung, MD Howard Corwin, MDHoward Corwin, MD
Solomon Aronson, MD*Solomon Aronson, MD* Mark Newman, MDMark Newman, MD
**Acknowledgement and thanks to Dr. Solomon Aronson, whoAcknowledgement and thanks to Dr. Solomon Aronson, who first presented much of this material as a Late Breaker at first presented much of this material as a Late Breaker at ACC 2007 Scientific Assembly on March 27, 2007ACC 2007 Scientific Assembly on March 27, 2007
**Acknowledgement and thanks to Dr. Solomon Aronson, whoAcknowledgement and thanks to Dr. Solomon Aronson, who first presented much of this material as a Late Breaker at first presented much of this material as a Late Breaker at ACC 2007 Scientific Assembly on March 27, 2007ACC 2007 Scientific Assembly on March 27, 2007
ECLIPSE — RationaleECLIPSE — Rationale
► Clevidipine is an IV dihydropyridine calcium channel Clevidipine is an IV dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker with an ultrashort half-life (~1 min)blocker with an ultrashort half-life (~1 min)
► Phase I and II studies (300 pts) demonstrated:Phase I and II studies (300 pts) demonstrated:
● Rapid onset: BP control in 5 minRapid onset: BP control in 5 min22
► Clevidipine is an IV dihydropyridine calcium channel Clevidipine is an IV dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker with an ultrashort half-life (~1 min)blocker with an ultrashort half-life (~1 min)
► Phase I and II studies (300 pts) demonstrated:Phase I and II studies (300 pts) demonstrated:
● Rapid onset: BP control in 5 minRapid onset: BP control in 5 min22
1Bailey J. Anesthesiology 2002;96:1086-94. 2Levy J. Anesth Analg. 2007;105(4):918.
ECLIPSEECLIPSE
► Randomized (1:1), open-label, parallel group with Randomized (1:1), open-label, parallel group with active comparators: nitroglycerin (NTG), sodium active comparators: nitroglycerin (NTG), sodium nitroprusside (SNP), or nicardipine (NIC)nitroprusside (SNP), or nicardipine (NIC)
• • NTG and SNP studies are perioperative and NIC is NTG and SNP studies are perioperative and NIC is postoperativepostoperative
► Treatment with study drug allowed until discharge from Treatment with study drug allowed until discharge from ICUICU
► Randomized (1:1), open-label, parallel group with Randomized (1:1), open-label, parallel group with active comparators: nitroglycerin (NTG), sodium active comparators: nitroglycerin (NTG), sodium nitroprusside (SNP), or nicardipine (NIC)nitroprusside (SNP), or nicardipine (NIC)
• • NTG and SNP studies are perioperative and NIC is NTG and SNP studies are perioperative and NIC is postoperativepostoperative
► Treatment with study drug allowed until discharge from Treatment with study drug allowed until discharge from ICUICU
Met post-randomization criteriaMet post-randomization criteria 755755 757757
Safety populationSafety population 752752 754754
Completed studyCompleted study 715715 719719
Did not complete studyDid not complete study Withdrew consentWithdrew consent Physician decisionPhysician decision Lost to follow upLost to follow up Adverse experienceAdverse experience Patient deathPatient death OtherOther
3737 00 111515 002020 11
3535 11 00 66 002828 00
Baseline CharacteristicsBaseline Characteristics
Historical FeaturesHistorical Features ClevidipineClevidipinen=752n=752
Comparators Comparators n=754n=754
Age, median (range)Age, median (range) 65 (24-87)65 (24-87) 66 (19-89)66 (19-89)
MaleMale 72%72% 74%74%
CaucasianCaucasian 82%82% 83%83%
History of HypertensionHistory of Hypertension 88%88% 85%85%
Pre-op SBP >160 or DBP > 105Pre-op SBP >160 or DBP > 105 0.02280.0228 2.3862.386 [1.147, 4.963][1.147, 4.963]
History of COPDHistory of COPD 0.02280.0228 2.3262.326 [1.125, 4.812][1.125, 4.812]
History of recent MI History of recent MI (<6 months prior)(<6 months prior) 0.03120.0312 2.1972.197 [1.073, 4.497] [1.073, 4.497]
I mmHg x 60 min I mmHg x 60 min
2 mmHg x 60 min
3 mmHg x 60 min3 mmHg x 60 min
4 mmHg x 60 min4 mmHg x 60 min
5 mmHg x 60 min
30-Day Mortality by Magnitude of AUC30-Day Mortality by Magnitude of AUC
Odds Odds RatioRatio
95% CI 95% CI [Lower Limit, [Lower Limit, Upper Limit]Upper Limit]
1.201.20 [1.06, 1.27][1.06, 1.27]
1.431.43 [1.13, 1.61][1.13, 1.61]
1.711.71 [1.20, 2.05][1.20, 2.05]
2.052.05 [1.27, 2.61][1.27, 2.61]
2.462.46 [1.35, 3.31][1.35, 3.31]
0 1 2 3 4
SUMMARY (1)SUMMARY (1)
► Multiple pharmacologic agents produce vasodilation via Multiple pharmacologic agents produce vasodilation via different mechanisms.different mechanisms.
► Arterial vasoconstriction is characteristic of perioperative Arterial vasoconstriction is characteristic of perioperative hypertension with intravascular hypovolemia.hypertension with intravascular hypovolemia.
► Nitrovasodilators decrease both preload and resistance Nitrovasodilators decrease both preload and resistance vessels vessels
► DHP CCBs produce arterial selective vasodilation that DHP CCBs produce arterial selective vasodilation that controls BP without producing venodilation or negative controls BP without producing venodilation or negative inotropic and conduction effects, and reverses vasospasm inotropic and conduction effects, and reverses vasospasm in the IMA and other vascular beds.in the IMA and other vascular beds.
SUMMARY (2)SUMMARY (2)
► ECLIPSE is the largest safety program ever performed with an ECLIPSE is the largest safety program ever performed with an intravenous antihypertensive (n=1,512) agents that examine intravenous antihypertensive (n=1,512) agents that examine management of acute, severe hypertension in the perioperative management of acute, severe hypertension in the perioperative settingsetting
► AUC data suggests better overall BP control with clevidipine AUC data suggests better overall BP control with clevidipine compared with SNP and NTGcompared with SNP and NTG
► Clevidipine represents a safe alternative to commonly Clevidipine represents a safe alternative to commonly used antihypertensive agents in the cardiovascular used antihypertensive agents in the cardiovascular surgery setting, and demonstrated superior blood surgery setting, and demonstrated superior blood pressure control as assessed by integral analysis of pressure control as assessed by integral analysis of excursions outside specified ranges over timeexcursions outside specified ranges over time
► Data supports importance of precise blood pressure Data supports importance of precise blood pressure control in a critically ill patient populationcontrol in a critically ill patient population
► Clevidipine represents the first potential nitroprusside Clevidipine represents the first potential nitroprusside replacement for cliniciansreplacement for clinicians
Comprehensive Neurovascular Protection in Comprehensive Neurovascular Protection in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery
Comprehensive Neurovascular Protection in Comprehensive Neurovascular Protection in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery Patients Undergoing Cardiac Surgery
Charles W. Hogue, Jr., MDCharles W. Hogue, Jr., MDAssociate Professor of AnesthesiologyAssociate Professor of Anesthesiology
Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine Johns Hopkins University Medical SchoolJohns Hopkins University Medical School
Baltimore, MarylandBaltimore, Maryland
Charles W. Hogue, Jr., MDCharles W. Hogue, Jr., MDAssociate Professor of AnesthesiologyAssociate Professor of Anesthesiology
Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine Johns Hopkins University Medical SchoolJohns Hopkins University Medical School
Baltimore, MarylandBaltimore, Maryland
Neurovascular ProtectionNeurovascular Protection
Vascular Stiffness and Cardiovascular Vascular Stiffness and Cardiovascular OutcomesOutcomes
• Reflected pulse wave returns early Reflected pulse wave returns early in systolein systole
• Increases strain on Increases strain on myocardium myocardium
• Exposes micro-circulation Exposes micro-circulation of brain and kidney to of brain and kidney to chronically high pressures chronically high pressures and resultant and resultant pathophysiologic changespathophysiologic changes
• Reflected pulse wave returns early Reflected pulse wave returns early in systolein systole
• Increases strain on Increases strain on myocardium myocardium
• Exposes micro-circulation Exposes micro-circulation of brain and kidney to of brain and kidney to chronically high pressures chronically high pressures and resultant and resultant pathophysiologic changespathophysiologic changes
Pulsatile Pressure Changes Pulsatile Pressure Changes in the Vascular Treein the Vascular Tree
O’Rourke. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;50:1-13
Pulse Pressure Predicts Stroke DevelopmentPulse Pressure Predicts Stroke DevelopmentAfter Cardiac Surgery After Cardiac Surgery
Benjo et al. Hyperten 2007;50:630-35
0 50 100 150
4
3
2
1
0
Pulse Pressure
Pre
dict
ed P
roba
bilit
y of
Str
oke
DWI and PWI in Acute StrokeDWI and PWI in Acute Stroke
• PWI identifies area surrounding the core infarct getting enough PWI identifies area surrounding the core infarct getting enough blood to survive, not enough to functionblood to survive, not enough to function
• PWI identifies area surrounding the core infarct getting enough PWI identifies area surrounding the core infarct getting enough blood to survive, not enough to functionblood to survive, not enough to function
Acute aphasic deficits are due to both areas of structural Acute aphasic deficits are due to both areas of structural damage and areas of hypoperfusiondamage and areas of hypoperfusion
Before BP ElevationBefore BP Elevation After BP ElevationAfter BP Elevation
BA 22
BA 37
0102030405060708090
100
Day 1 Day 3
% c
orre
ct
Word/PictureMatching
Oral Naming
Neurovascular ProtectionNeurovascular Protection
SPECT Imaging Before CABGSPECT Imaging Before CABG
Moraca et al. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2006;131:540-6
Watershed Strokes Detected with Watershed Strokes Detected with DWI After Cardiac SurgeryDWI After Cardiac Surgery
► Watershed infarcts present in Watershed infarcts present in 68% of 98 strokes 68% of 98 strokes
► MAP MAP ≥ 10 mm Hg during ≥ 10 mm Hg during CPB CPB risk 4 fold for bilateral risk 4 fold for bilateral watershed infarct c/w other watershed infarct c/w other infarct patternsinfarct patterns
► Watershed infarcts present in Watershed infarcts present in 68% of 98 strokes 68% of 98 strokes
► MAP MAP ≥ 10 mm Hg during ≥ 10 mm Hg during CPB CPB risk 4 fold for bilateral risk 4 fold for bilateral watershed infarct c/w other watershed infarct c/w other infarct patternsinfarct patterns
Gottesman et al. Stroke 2006;37:2306Gottesman et al. Stroke 2006;37:2306Gottesman et al. Stroke 2006;37:2306Gottesman et al. Stroke 2006;37:2306
Blood Pressure Management During CPBBlood Pressure Management During CPB
* Non-overlapping 10 sec values sampled at 0.1 Hz to eliminate high frequency noise from respiration * Non-overlapping 10 sec values sampled at 0.1 Hz to eliminate high frequency noise from respiration and pulse according to Nyquist theorem. Correlations are 10 sec averaged data over 300 secand pulse according to Nyquist theorem. Correlations are 10 sec averaged data over 300 sec* Non-overlapping 10 sec values sampled at 0.1 Hz to eliminate high frequency noise from respiration * Non-overlapping 10 sec values sampled at 0.1 Hz to eliminate high frequency noise from respiration and pulse according to Nyquist theorem. Correlations are 10 sec averaged data over 300 secand pulse according to Nyquist theorem. Correlations are 10 sec averaged data over 300 sec
Neurovascular ProtectionNeurovascular Protection
Autoregulation Monitoring using ICM+Autoregulation Monitoring using ICM+
CBF: MAP r < 0CBF: MAP r < 0CBF: MAP r < 0CBF: MAP r < 0
CBF: MAP r > 0CBF: MAP r > 0CBF: MAP r > 0CBF: MAP r > 0
CBF: MAP r > 0CBF: MAP r > 0CBF: MAP r > 0CBF: MAP r > 0
0 20 40 60 80 1000
20
40
60
80
MAP
LM
CA
CB
F V
Cerebral AutoregulationCerebral Autoregulation
100 200
Chronic hypertensivePrior Stroke
50 150 250
Cerebral Blood Flow
MAP (mm Hg)
0
CBF: MAP r < 0CBF: MAP r < 0CBF: MAP r < 0CBF: MAP r < 0
CBF: MAP r > 0CBF: MAP r > 0CBF: MAP r > 0CBF: MAP r > 0
CBF: MAP r > 0CBF: MAP r > 0CBF: MAP r > 0CBF: MAP r > 0
Autoregulatory Threshold: COx vs Doppler Autoregulatory Threshold: COx vs Doppler
Brady et al. Stroke. 2007;38:2818-25 Brady et al. Stroke. 2007;38:2818-25 Brady et al. Stroke. 2007;38:2818-25 Brady et al. Stroke. 2007;38:2818-25
Neurovascular ProtectionNeurovascular Protection
Neurovascular ProtectionNeurovascular Protection
Approach to High Risk PatientApproach to High Risk Patient
• We don’t know where to keep MAPWe don’t know where to keep MAP
• MAP > 70 mmHg (???)MAP > 70 mmHg (???)
• NIRS monitoringNIRS monitoring
• We don’t know where to keep MAPWe don’t know where to keep MAP
• MAP > 70 mmHg (???)MAP > 70 mmHg (???)
• NIRS monitoringNIRS monitoring
Preload Preload SensitiveSensitivePreload Preload
SensitiveSensitive
Pulse Pressure
V
P
Neurovascular ProtectionNeurovascular Protection
ConclusionsConclusions
► Cerebral vascular disease is prevalent in Cerebral vascular disease is prevalent in contemporary cardiac surgery practicecontemporary cardiac surgery practice
► Blood pressures during CPB deemed Blood pressures during CPB deemed “safe” in the past may expose patients to “safe” in the past may expose patients to cerebral hypoperfusion and brain injurycerebral hypoperfusion and brain injury
► Blood pressure within a “tight” range Blood pressure within a “tight” range may be preferablemay be preferable
► Individualized blood pressure Individualized blood pressure management based on NIRS?management based on NIRS?
► Cerebral vascular disease is prevalent in Cerebral vascular disease is prevalent in contemporary cardiac surgery practicecontemporary cardiac surgery practice
► Blood pressures during CPB deemed Blood pressures during CPB deemed “safe” in the past may expose patients to “safe” in the past may expose patients to cerebral hypoperfusion and brain injurycerebral hypoperfusion and brain injury
► Blood pressure within a “tight” range Blood pressure within a “tight” range may be preferablemay be preferable
► Individualized blood pressure Individualized blood pressure management based on NIRS?management based on NIRS?