The Reformation Continues Chapter 17 Section 4. The Reformation Continues Ulrich Zwingli of Switz. Catholic priest in Zurich Influenced by northern humanism.

The Reformation Continues

Chapter 17 Section 4

The Reformation Continues

• Ulrich Zwingli of Switz.• Catholic priest in Zurich• Influenced by northern

humanism & Luther• Literal reading of

scripture• Divine nature of Christ• Disagreements

between Luther & Zwingli Zwingli

John Calvin• Influenced by northern Humanism• 1536 – published Institutes of the Christian

Religion• Levels of church organization • Literal reading of Bible• Men & women sinful by nature• Predestination – God chooses

select few who will be saved• Beliefs known as Calvinism

"God preordained...a part of the human race, without any merit of their own, to eternal salvation, and another part, in just punishment of their sin, to eternal damnation. " John Calvin

Calvin Leads Reformation• Calvin saw ideal gov’t as

theocracy (controlled by religious leaders)

• Geneva, Switzerland – asked Calvin to lead their city- Strict rules - Imprisonment, excommunication, burning at stake

Calvinism Spreads• John Knox – Scottish preacher

- Followers known as Presbyterians- governed by group of laymen called presbyters

• Huguenots = Calvin’s followers in France- Conflict between Huguenots &

Catholic was violent & bloody

Other Protestant Reformers• Anabaptists – believed that people

should be baptized when of age- persecuted by both Protestants & Catholics- forerunners of Mennonites, Amish,

Quakers, Baptists

Women of the Reformation• Women had

prominent roles in early years- Protected reformers such as Calvin

• Once Protestant religions established, men limited women’s activities

Marguerite of Navarre

The Catholic Reformation• Movement to help Catholics remain

loyal• Once referred to as the Counter

Reformation

Ignatius of Loyola

• Wrote book Spiritual Exercises on plan of meditation, prayer, & study

• Religious order known as the Society of Jesus- Members were known as Jesuits

Jesuits• Focused on 3 activities:

1) founded schools2) convert non-Christians to Catholicism3) stop spread of Protestantism

Reforming Popes• Paul III (pope 1534-1549)

- directed council of cardinals to investigate Church abuses (i.e. indulgences)- approved the Jesuit order- used the Inquisition to seek out heresy- called meeting known as the Council of Trent

Council of Trent

• Catholic bishops & cardinals agreed on several doctrines1) Church’s interpretation of Bible was final2) Needed both faith & good works for salvation (not

faith alone)3) Bible & Church tradition were equally powerful authorities4) Indulgences were valid expressions of faith

Pope Paul IV• Carried out decrees of Council of Trent• “Index of Forbidden Books” – list of

books dangerous to Catholicism• Books burned in bonfires

Effects of the ReformationReligious & Social Effects• Protestantism flourished• Roman Catholic Church unified • Emphasis on education to promote

beliefs• Status of women improved to an extent

(while still very limited)

Effects of the Reformation

Political Effects• Monarchs & states gained power

- development of modern nation-states- led to later exploration & expansion

• Questioning of beliefs led to Enlightenment