The Re-Enactor, Issue 49

The Re-Enactor Issue 49 March

Tokhtamysh ransacking Moscow A miniature from Russian chronicle of the 16th century

httpvstyagnarodruLS-16htm

The walk will take place between April 28th

amp May 5th

The Re-Enactor at the ILHF Feb 22nd ndash 24th 2013

Chatting to a trader at the ILHF Feb 22nd-24th 2013

Pictures by Pat Patrick

Features This Month 1 The Battle of the Kondurcha Pt 2 2 Competition No1

3 Book Review-The Historical Novel Soc

4 Crusade-2012 Season Report

5 Volcanic Alum Crystal History amp Uses

6 The MHS Spring Conference

7 Event Information

8 Towton Commemorative Event

Greetings All

I have just returned from The International

Living History Fair at Bruntingthorpe

where I caught up with plenty of re-enactors

and picked up details on a few more groups

traders and events and these have now been

added into the magazine

As of this issue I will be publishing the

magazine separate from the groups and

trader listings to make it easier for you to

get at what you are after I will leave all

magazines online so that yoursquoll be able to

read old copies but I will update the

published group and trader listings so that

you will be reading the most up to date

version

Thank you to Jess Steven Hughes for his

donation for this monthrsquos competition and

well done to those that won last months

The events listings are starting to fill up but

please do let me know of any others that are

happening near you

Please send all correspondence to the

following email address

thereenactorbtinternetcom

Competitions

All competitions are free to enter

Winners will be selected at random on the 24th

of

each month for the relevant competition

Winners will be notified via email shortly after

the draw takes place

No correspondence will be entered into

The editorrsquos decision is final

The views and opinions expressed in the articles in

this ezine are those of the individual authors

themselves and not those of the Editor

Note If you have any questions

queries thoughts or ideas for and

about the magazine please do feel

free to contact me and we can discuss

them

To receive a copy of this magazine just send

your email address to


Act II The Battle of the Kondurcha

Timur decided to get done with Tokhtamysh in his own territory But the Golden Horde was

protected from the ruler of Samarkand not so much by troops as by long distances To

traverse the thousands of miles through the endless steppes Timurrsquos army had to have a

sufficient number of horses and they require daily fodder or grazing In this campaign Timur

demonstrated his outstanding talent of a strategist He took into consideration that the steppes

and the Aral semi-deserts separating the Volga from the oases of Central Asia are covered

with grass not all the year round but only for a few weeks of spring In those places the grass

rapidly grows first in the south then in the semi-deserts and only then in the steppes east of

the Volga Therefore Timur gathering a huge army began his a campaign against the

Golden Horde in May 1391 moving so as to follow the spring Samarkand cavalry horses ate

the grass which at that time had not yet withered with heat and the troops fed upon the

steppes battues hunting saiga antelopes

He sent out a reconnaissance group led by the experienced emir Sheikh Daoud This group

brought useful information and Timur decided to head to the Yaik River (the Ural River)

There were three fords across the river but the cautious Timur considered it more prudent to

cross the river in its upper reaches The army quick-marched and after 6 days it reached the

Samara River On June 4 Timur crossed the Yaik According to Sharaf ad-Din Ali Yazdirsquos

notes here three warriors of Tokhtamysh were brought to Timur and they said that

Tokhtamysh knew about the army of Timur approaching because two Edigursquos guards had

fled from Timurrsquos camp and told Tokhtamysh all they knew

The campaign of Timur across the steppes in the hunt for Tokhtamish in 1391-1392 Source

httpcommonswikimediaorgwikiFileTimur_Steppe_campaignjpguselang=ru

Timurs army which numbered up to 80000 riders alone not to mention infantry reached

the shores of the Volga River in its middle course in early June 1391 For Tokhtamysh this

sudden advance of the Muslims across the deserts and steppes was a complete surprise

Although was able to put forward against the Emir of Samarkand a more than 150000-strong

army his troops were gathered in haste poorly equipped and barely trained recruited mostly

from the conquered peoples who were not eager to die for their enslavers Tokhtamysh was

obviously trying to wear down the forces of Timur on the correct assumption that the farther

Timur went from his bases the less food his troops would have and the weaker his soldiers

would be So he began to retreat thus giving Timur a chance to deploy his forces and to press

the Horde troops to the Volga River crossing the Kondurcha It was vital for Timur to stop

Tokhtamysh as soon as possible and to make him fight For this purpose he ordered Mirza

Omar-Sheikh with a group of 20000 people to find Tokhtamysh to engage him in battle and

to stop his army Mirza Omar-Sheikh did precisely this engaging the vanguard of

Tokhtamysh

Tokhtamysh with his army according to the information received from prisoners and local

residents left for the Kondurcha and was waiting for the approach of the host of the Moscow

Prince Vasily Dmitrievich (the eldest son of Dmitry Donskoy the would-be Vasily I of

Moscow) from across the Volga

Timur set his camp and headquarters to the west of the present-day village Koshki on

Karaulny (Sentry) Hill The toponym probably reflects the memories about koshes (tents) of

the army of Timur When all the troops came and were tested for combat readiness Timur

ordered to form for the battle

The bloody battle between the troops of the Emir of Samarkand and the Golden Horde Khan

took place on June 18 1391 near the confluence of the Sok (the Sukh) and the Kondurcha in

the locality of Kundurcha (Kunduzcha) in the valley of the river Kundurcha in the Bulgar

Ulus of the Golden Horde in what today is Samara Oblast in Russia The exact place of the

battle is still debatable

Timur chose the battlefield very competently First it was rough enough to prevent the

Golden Horde cavalry from gaining momentum for the powerful clash Second the flanks

were covered - on both sides the battlefield is cut by rivers Since ancient times all the

nomadic steppe tribes relied on a flank attack in this case Tokhtamysh couldnrsquot flank

properly and his attacks were repelled

According to Persian sources Tokhtamyshrsquos troops far outnumbered those of his opponent

However the army of Timur that had a well-armed and trained infantry and a powerful

center was much better organized and combat-ready than the Horde forces of Tokhtamysh

this determined the outcome of the battle [1]

Timurs troops were divided into seven kuls (corps) two of them in reserve ready to help the

center or the wings Timurrsquos infantry on the battlefield was protected by trenches and huge

shields (chapars)

Timurs army was formed up for the battle in the following way in the center there stood

Timurrsquos kul under the command of Mirza Suleymanshah behind it was the second Timurrsquos

kul under the command of Mohammad Sultan next to them were 20 koshuns under the

personal command of Timur On the right flank there was the kul under the command of

Mirza Miranshah Timurrsquos son (as its kanbul - flanking escort - it had the kul of Hajjaj Saif

ad-Din) On the left flank there was the kul of Mirza Omar-Sheikh (as its kanbul it had

Berdibek Sary-Bugarsquos kul)

Wings were considered very important as is evident from the fact that great attention was

paid to the kanbuls guarding the flanks but the center was particularly enhanced The

vanguard was attached to the center and in addition headquarters of the commander were

situated behind the center There were also reserves decided the outcome of the battle

In the new combat system the center and the wings became the focus of attention Kanbuls

were intended not only to protect the wings from a breakthrough but also to prevent the

enemy flanking movement which could gain the rear In view of this kanbuls consisted of the

most courageous and experienced in battle koshuns under the command of respected

commanders

Army in this war formation as mentioned above consisted not only of cavalry but also of

infantry The foot soldiers stood in front of the horsemen and in the case of the enemy attack

especially cavalry attack hiding behind their trench shields (chapars) and tours (turas)

gave the first fight Foot soldiers played an extremely important role in that part of the

combat position which had to act on the defensive

The battle began with the fervent prayer of sayyid Bereke for the victory of Timur He threw

a handful of sand in the direction of the enemy and predicted that Timur would win the battle

Encouraged by this prediction the chief commander sits down to dinner During his meal

the battle unfolded In this way Timur publicly displayed full confidence in his victory

At the beginning of the battle Tokhtamyshs cavalry tried to flank Timurs army However

the Central Asian army withstood the assault [9]

Then a large body of Tokhtamyshrsquos troops slaying many warriors from the city of Sulduz

(now in Iran) broke through their ranks and formed in their rear Noticing this Mirza Omar-

Sheikh (the left flank) immediately turned some of his troops to face Tokhtamysh and

ldquoputting forward the shieldsrdquo plunged into battle Then Timur with a group of braves charged

on the enemies with a sudden flanking attack At this critical moment the main banner of

Tokhtamysh fell according to one version it was captured by the soldiers of Timur

according to the other - the standard-bearer of Tokhtamysh betrayed his Khan The Horde

panicked and fled Tokhtamysh abandoned his troops crossed the Cheremshan and then the

Volga and escaped

The Horde suffered a shattering defeat Timur pursued the running hordesmen for over 200

miles to the very banks of the Volga The last remains of the Horde were pressed to the bank

The battle was incredibly fierce and lasted for 3 days accompanied by unprecedented

bloodshed According to the chroniclers the battle was so fierce that the sky was dark with

the dust raised by the horsesrsquo hooves and the Kondurcha ran red with blood The chroniclers

claimed that the land for 200 miles was covered with the corpses of the fugitives Families

and property of the horde warriors went to the winner The losses of Tokhtamysh as

estimated were about 100 thousand people the losses of Timur were about the same Fra

Mauro on his map indicated 18 graves of tumen chiefs (and tumen chiefs died only if the

whole tumen perished as the warriors were bound to protect their chief to the last those who

fled from the battlefield were later executed as cowards unless it was a commanded

organized retreat) [4] Timurrsquos victory was a narrow one in the Battle of Kondurcha he lost

almost half of his army Therefore he did not dare to pursue his enemy any farther refusing

to cross to the right bank of the Volga

Timur and his wife Cholpan Mulk his sons dignitaries commanders and soldiers free from

collecting trophies camped at the foot of a solitary round mound rising on the plain at the

mouth of the Sok flowing into the Volga According to some reports the area of Ur-Tyupe

stretching at the foot of the mound had long been a summer camp of nomad khans of the

Golden Horde So Timur placing his tent on the top of the mound clearly showed all the

surrounding lands who the boss was There is a legend that the top of the mound was covered

with cloth of gold the length of which if stretched in a ribbon would be equal to three

parasangs Like a crown on the head of the king of giants it glistened in the sun to all four

sides of the world confirming the power of the conqueror Supposedly since that time the

mound got its name ndash Tsaryov (Tsaryov means ldquoThe Tsarrsquosrdquo) Timur spent 26 days feasting

according to historian Sharaf ad-Din Ali Yazdi there were so many beautiful houri-like girls

and young men in the camp that there were 5000 of those that had been selected personally

for Timur Meanwhile Timurrsquos soldiers sacked as they could the Golden Horde lands Along

the Sok the Kondurcha and the Samara they destroyed Bulgarian unfortified settlements

The largest of them was on the Kinel near the present-day village of Sukhaya Rechka At the

mouth of the Samara they burnt the berths warehouses and homes of the river port The

Samar harbour ceased to exist Timurrsquos campaigns of 1391 and 1395 wiped out most of the

aboriginal population of Volga Bulgaria several Volga ethnic groups are never mentioned in

chronicles any more after these campaigns

On July 16 the commander left for Samarkand followed by the slowly moving victorious

army burdened with the booty People still say that among the stones that rolled from the top

of the mound to the mass grave at its foot washed out by floods whitened bones of unknown

soldiers could long be seen until with the course of time they turned to dust The mound

itself once trodden under the feet of the Iron Lame is now also almost ruined But this is

quite another story

Ur-Tyupe view from the top of Tsaryov Kurgan Photo by Inna Drabkina

The mouth of the Sok where it flows into the Volga the Sokolyi Montains and Tsaryov

Kurgan (the top of the kurgan is marked with a cross) Photo by Oleg Manaenkov

An Aside Did Russian troops lose the battle but win the war

Tokhtamysh called to the banks of the Kondurcha the Moscow Prince Vasily son of Dmitry

Donskoy as a vassal of the Golden Horde

According to one version of events Prince Vasily came to the camp of Tokhtamysh with a

small group of Russian soldiers most likely just before the battle He was not yet 20 years

old but he was a skillful diplomat Prince Vasily managed to explain to Tokhtamysh why he

had failed to bring an army of Muscovites there were allegedly complications on the western

borders of the Grand Principality of Moscow and the Ryazan Suzdal and Nizhny Novgorod

princes were reluctant to let a considerable military force pass through their territory Only

with a small group of warriors he was able to raft in a few boats down the Volga as the

Russians controlled the shipping on the Volga Tokhtamysh busy with hectic preparation

understood that Russian troops would not come

After N Petrovsky according to some sources Prince Vasily took part in the battle cutting

down one of Timurrsquos commanders Argunshah-Bahadur and gained the respect of

Tokhtamysh However he did not accept the Khanrsquos offer to get away with him to the Kama

Prince Vasily ordered to hide several boats nearby in some Sok arm to be able to lead his

soldiers away at first chance Then when Tokhtamysh lost the battle Prince Vasily and his

surviving warriors escaped by boat and warned the Russians in the port of Samar of the

danger He advised his countrymen to take their property and to flee to the other bank of the

Volga then the fugitives sailed on and landed on the right bank in the mouth of the Syzranka

There Prince Vasily and his men exchanged some horses for the boat Fearing to fall into the

hands of hostile Mordvins or Timur who could ferry troops across the Volga after

Tokhtamysh Prince Vasily went south He learnt the way during his escape from

Tokhtamysh captivity six years before As a result the Grand Prince of Moscow came to

Kiev to the Lithuanian Grand Duke Vytautas who in 1385 proposed his daughter Sofia as

Vasilyrsquos wife Taking his young wife Vasily protected by Lithuanian troops returned safely

to Moscow [12]

Prince Vasily and his wife Sofia (a picture of the 19th century) Source

httpcommonswikimediaorgwikiFileVasily_I_of_Moscow_and_Sophia_of_Lithuaniajp

guselang=ru

According to other sources Vasily just didnrsquot manage to gather an army and watched the

battle from a distance

But let us remember that Vasily was called to bring troops to defend the Horde and the man

who had devastated his home city had held him hostage in captivity Moscow and Rus on the

whole were less than eager to aid Tokhtamysh and the Horde Historians say that during the

Mongol invasions three fourths of the population of Medieval Rus in the occupied territories

were wiped out Moscow and most of the other principalities were barely recovering from

this blood-letting and beginning their own fight for freedom with the Horde This respite

Moscow and other Russian principalities took helped them to save strength for the battle with

Timur yet to come

So without actually engaging in battle without suffering heavy losses the Russian army by

its non-participation in the battle paid off Tokhtamysh for the burning of Moscow and

witnessed the defeat of the Horde

The power of the Golden Horde after the defeat at the Kondurcha was severely undermined

which became a major precondition for the liberation of Russia from the Mongol-Tatar yoke

Huge losses of both Tokhtamysh and Timur undermined the power of both the conquerors

Epilogue Hypotheses hypotheses

Where did the battle take place It is known for sure only that the battle took place on the

river Kondurcha but where exactly The total length of the river is 324 kilometers (By the

way if all the members of that battle stood hand in hand in a continuous chain they would

form the line from its head to mouth) Unfortunately for modern scholars medieval Muslim

warriors did not build burial mounds and the weapons of the killed were taken by the

survivors and so it is very difficult to find the graves So far no one has found them in the

area According to some hypothesis the battle took place in the lower reaches of the

Kondurcha near its confluence with the Sok These historians consider the plot near

Kurumoch as the most likely field of the battle (Yellow circle on the map Site 1)

(Violet ndash the Kondurcha river near the alleged places of the battle red marks on the bank of

the Volga ndash Tsaryov Kurgan at the top of the picture ndash Timurrsquos headquarters before the

battle near the present-day Koshki blue mark allegedly Toktamyshrsquos headquarters yellow

mark ndash Site 1 orange mark ndash Site 2 green mark ndash Site 3 turquoise mark ndash Site 4 magenta

mark ndash Site 5 the most likely one)

There is another point of view propounded by the Samara ethnographer E Guryanov [6] that

the battle took place about 60 kilometers to the north near the village of Borma and spread

over a wide area of three modern districts of two regions - Samara and Ulyanovsk Oblasts

(Orange mark Site 2) E Guryanov thinks that the battle took place in the vast area between

the small rivers Santimir (left tributary of the Cheremshan) and the Kandabulak (left tributary

of the Kondurcha) He believes that the Santimir was named by the locals in honor of Timur

and the Kandabulak (in Tatar Red or bloody stream) is the place where the battle ranged

most fierce

If we carefully examine these theories M Arnoldov argues it appears that neither the one

nor the other fully meets the two groups of conditions - namely the strategic and tactical ones

to stage the battle in that location From the strategic point of view Tokhtamysh couldnrsquot

allow the enemy too deep into his own lands without very serious and most importantly

irreversible consequences

There were three such conditions as noted in the Samara chronicle

1 Tokhtamyshrsquos army should not be pressed to the Volga where it would lose the ability to

maneuver could be easily defeated and thrown into the river

2 The enemy couldnrsquot be allowed between the Samara the Kinel and the Sok to the rich

summer pastures that in the dry season were of special value for the Horde

3 The army of Tokhtamysh should also cover the northern routes along the Volga leading to

the rich Bulgar cities the looting of which by Timur could lead to an economic crisis in the

Horde It is quite clear that the first version of the battle (at the confluence of the Sok and the

Kondurcha) meets only one of these conditions protecting the northern Bulgar cities

Summer pastures in this case would have been destroyed by the horses of the enemy by the

middle of June (there were about half a million horses two horses per horseman) and the

right wing of Tokhtamysh would have been pressed to the Volga

The second version of the battle (after E Gurianov) meets all three Tokhtamysh strategic

aims but it is weak tactically and most importantly does not quite correspond to the

chroniclers who came with Timur and described the relief of the area where the battle took

place E Guryanov believes that forces of the two enemies had a broad front stretching for

dozens of miles from south-east to north-west However with such disposition the Horde

received significant advantage in their swift flanking attacks The battle in this case would be

broken up into a number of individual battles and could not be controlled from one central

point that is from the headquarters of Timur But we know that in reality this did not

happen The battle went on a scenario prepared by Timur largely due to a specific place

chosen by Timur himself However he relied on the defensive battle and was guided by

certain requirements to the place meeting which he could hope to win These conditions as

described by Samarkand chroniclers were

1 Timurs army flanks were covered by the river with fairly steep or marshy banks that

would not allow the enemy mobile units to cross and gain the rear

2 Timur chose for the battle a large field a limited by a river bend which could

accommodate up to 400 thousand people the field was fairly even with no steep hills but

inconvenient that is with small hillocks and irregularities to prevent the Horde cavalry to

accelerate and pick up the pace

3 On the front of the battle there were no large forests - steppe and Central Asian warriors

did not know how to fight in the woods

Both of these hypotheses about the place of the battle do not hold water It is logical to

assume that the battle took place in some other location

M Arnoldov writes that three areas on the right bank of the Kondurcha meet the stipulated

conditions (The left bank should not be considered as the place for the battle as in this case

summer pastures would have been destroyed by Timur) The first spot in this case is the

field near the village of Stary Booyan Yet there are no serious grounds for this To the left of

it (if you stand facing west) ndash there is the Kondurcha bend with a steep cliff on the right ndash the

Booyan rivulet (Green circle Site 3)

The Kondurcha near the alleged place of the battle Source

httpwwwnkjruarchivearticles4209

The Kondurcha farther upstream from the alleged place of the battle Photo by tars07 Source

httpfotkiyandexruuserstars07view482009page=1

The Kondurcha near the alleged place of the battle Source httpsamaraolxruiid-

181998136

Indeed the place is convenient for battle But only for a small one in comparison with the one

that took place in June 1391 A major battle will be impossible here because of a number of

reasons 1 In the west therersquos a wood (if now itrsquos big then it must have been even bigger

because farmer settlers began to cut wood here for their purposes in the 17th -18

th centuries

nomads never touched forests) 2 Too close to the front is a steep slope of a terrace where

(on the high ground Tokhtamysh warriors should gave stood then Timur could not allow the

enemy to see from above all his maneuvers and reserves especially when he himself could

not do so 3 Area of the field is very small about 4 sq km

If 400 thousand people fought here they could hardly squeeze on this handkerchief of a field

And they had to put their camps somewhere to keep and graze the horses some place Timur

and Tokhtamish must have understood this If it was not Stary Booyan perhaps the field at

the bend of the Kondurcha between the villages Aleksandrovka and Elhovo Ozero Again

not Here the valley cuts through the forest dividing a comfortable bumpy field in halves too

close to the front are the hills and the forest therersquos no place for maneuver the river at this

point is too shallow and without terraces it means that there is a chance of an attack from

behind

The most convenient is the place located on the Kondurcha between the villages Novaya

Zhizn and Nadezhdino (Turquoise mark Site 4) This field not counting the surrounding

rolling hills is 25 times bigger than the field near Stary Booyan (about 10 sqkm) It is very

convenient in terms of defense and meets all the conditions that Timur could be guided by

when choosing the place for the battle the river here is quite twisty and deep with steep

banks ndash it means that both flanks were well covered therersquos only one ford and itrsquos in the rear

the hills are far away on the front and they are very gentle there are many hummocks lakes

and swamps on the field ndash no place for the Horde cavalry to gather speed therersquos no forest

but there are two small groves in which to hide the ambush In addition local residents in

these places often found large concentrations of animal bones

The field between Novaya Zhizn and Nadezhdino Source


Slightly downstream (just ten kilometers) but on the other side of the Kondurcha - where the

Kandabulak flows into it - there is one more perfect place for steppe battles the flanks well

covered by two rivers no forests at all and the highest elevation is located along the front

between the flanks This place (Krasnoe Poselenie - Petropalovka - Teply Stan magenta

mark Site 5) is perhaps even better than Nadezhdino and faces not just south but the very

pastures that Tokhtamysh cherished In addition the topology of the area to some extent

corresponds to the scheme of battle proposed by E Guryanov along the Kandabulak the left

wing of Timur was located The crushed Tokhtamysh troops fled to the Volga along the right

bank of the Kondurcha and the Sok The brutal massacre ended near the mouth of the Sok

where the remains of the Mongol troops were pinned to the Volga and destroyed It is here ndash

near Petropavlovka and Nadezhdino ndash that one should look for traces of that ancient battle -

namely mass graves of men and horses the remains of weapons and equipment By the way

the big village nearby is called Koshki (from Kosh ndash tents camp) and Koshkinsky Hill

offers an excellent overview of the south and the east [3]

Itrsquos interesting that even today between the Sok and the Kondurcha there is a place called

Tokhtamyshrsquos Arrow where according to the legend his tent stood before the battle

Tokhtamyshrsquos Arrow is a natural oval object Folk memory preserved the legend that

Tokhtamysh had a huge arrow According to local residents even now the stars above this

hill move from time to time to form a silhouette of a man dressed in the oriental robe The

details of the legend are regrettably forgotten and you cannot find literary reference to that

object or to the events directly connected with it In addition near the village Bolshaya

Kamenka there are 2 objects with the same name Arrow number one

(536396505396846 or 53 deg 3825 N 50 deg 3228 E) [5]

Photo by V Pylyavsky Source httpwwwfihimailcomfakty-i-domyslystrela-tahtomysa

and Arrow number two (53657559 50594616) Arrow number one is the one mentioned

in legends

The Unknown Mega-Battle

On June 18 1391 one of the largest battles of the Middle Ages took place According to

various estimates from 200 to 400 thousand people on the area covering 100 square

kilometers fought in it In this battle fought the troops of rulers of Central Asia and Siberia

the troops of Emir of Samarkand those of the Khan of the Golden Horde The importance of

this battle for the future of Russia and Central Asia is very high this battle helped to

undermine the Golden Horde and eventually to liberate Moscow from the Tartar yoke It

seems that such an extraordinary event (and soon after the Battle of Kulikovo and the

destruction of Moscow in 1382) should attract most close attention of historians

Surprisingly in history books this battle on the Kondurcha is never mentioned What

prevents historians from mentioning and studying it This is one of the mysteries of the battle

of the Kondurcha

Compiled and translated from Russian by Inna Drabkina

After

1 Sharaf ad-Din Ali Yazdi ldquoZafar-Namardquo (in Russian) - Шереф-ад-Дин Йезди Книга

побед httpistclubrutopic804-шереф-ад-дин-йезди-книга-побед

2 Греков Б Д Якубовский А Ю Золотая Орда и её падение mdash М-Л 1950

3 Арнольдов М Тайна Кондурчинской битвы Забытое сражение Тимура с

Тохтамышем решило судьбу Руси Правда Востока 30 October 2004

httpwwwnkjruarchivearticles4209 httpwwwcentrasiarunewsAphpst=1099430580

4 Гагин ИА Тохтамыш-хан в истории Среднего Поволжья (К вопросу о битве на реке

Кондурча в 1391 году) 2009

httpwwwsscsmrruftp20092009_22009_220_7_11pdf

5 Сергеев Олег Стрела Тохтамыша httpwwwfihimailcomfakty-i-domyslystrela-

tahtomysa

6 Гурьянов Е Ф Битва на Кондурче Маяк Ильича 19 and 24 January 1984

7 Щербаков А Дзысь И Куликовская битва Экспринт 2001

8 Тамерлан httpruwikipediaorgwikiD2E0ECE5F0EBE0ED

9 Битва на реке Кондурче

httpruwikipediaorgwikiC1E8F2E2E0_EDE0_F0E5EAE5_CA

EEEDE4F3F0F7E5

10 Тохтамыш httpruwikipediaorgwikiD2EEF5F2E0ECFBF8

11 Армия Тамерлана

httpruwikipediaorgwikiC0F0ECE8FF_D2E0ECE5F0EBE0E

DE0

12 Петровский Н Царёв курган Битва Тохтамыша и Тимура (Тамерлана)

httpsamaranamecontentview1221

13 Противостояние Тимура и Тохтамыша httpwwwkalitvaru104385-protivostojanie-

timura-i-tokhtamyshahtml

14 Мирзоев Е Тимур Тамерлан mdash благодетель Москвы

httpwwwvokrugsvetarutelegraphhistory1190

15 Вернадский ГВ Монголы и Русь httpstatehistoryrubooksVernadskij_Mongoly-i-

Rus24

Notes

1) Rajab ndash the seventh month of the Islamic calendar This month is regarded as one of

the four sacred months in Islam in which battles are prohibited

httpenwikipediaorgwikiRajab

2) Karnay - a long trumpet with a mouthpiece It is used in the musics of Iran Tajikistan

and Uzbekistan where it is considered a national instrument

httpenwikipediaorgwikiKarnay the way karnay is played

httpwwwyoutubecomwatchv=q9b2W7TQm_M

3) Genghis Khan - httpenwikipediaorgwikiGenghis_Khan

4) The Mongol Empire - existed during the 13th and 14th centuries AD and was the

largest contiguous land empire in human history

httpenwikipediaorgwikiMongol_empire

5) Dai Viet - httpenwikipediaorgwikiĐại_Cồ_Việt

6) Descent from Genghis Khan -

httpenwikipediaorgwikiDescent_from_Genghis_Khan

7) Jochid Ulus (the Golden Horde) - httpenwikipediaorgwikiUlus_of_Jochi

8) Sarai Berke (New Sarai) - httpenwikipediaorgwikiSarai_Berke

9) Yuan Dynasty - httpenwikipediaorgwikiYuan_dynasty

10) Beqlar beg (beylerbey) - httpenwikipediaorgwikiBeylerbey

11) Mamai - httpenwikipediaorgwikiMamai

12) Dmitry Donskoy - httpenwikipediaorgwikiDmitry_Donskoy

13) The Grand Duchy of Lithuania -

httpenwikipediaorgwikiGrand_Duchy_of_Lithuania

14) Transoxiana - httpenwikipediaorgwikiTransoxiana

15) Timur - httpenwikipediaorgwikiTimur

16) Barlas - httpenwikipediaorgwikiBarlas

17) Noyan - httpenwikipediaorgwikiNoyan

18) Chagatai - httpenwikipediaorgwikiChagatai_Khan

19) Moghulistan ndash httpenwikipediaorgwikiMogulistan

20) Hajji Beg - httpenwikipediaorgwikiHajji_Beg

21) Shahrisabz - httpenwikipediaorgwikiShahrisabz

22) Tughlugh Timur - httpenwikipediaorgwikiTughlugh_Timur

23) Khorasan - httpenwikipediaorgwikiGreater_Khorasan

24) Emir - httpenwikipediaorgwikiEmir

25) Turan - httpenwikipediaorgwikiTuran

26) Mangyshlak - httpenwikipediaorgwikiMangyshlak_Peninsula

27) Urus Khan - httpenwikipediaorgwikiUrus_Khan

28) Kashgar - httpenwikipediaorgwikiKashgar

29) Zhetysu - httpenwikipediaorgwikiZhetysu

30) Batu Khan - httpenwikipediaorgwikiBatu_Khan

31) Berke - httpenwikipediaorgwikiBerke

32) Azov - httpenwikipediaorgwikiAzov

33) The Battle of Kulikovo - httpenwikipediaorgwikiBattle_of_Kulikovo

34) Jarlig - httpenwikipediaorgwikiJarlig

35) Tabriz - httpenwikipediaorgwikiTabriz

36) Khwarezm - httpenwikipediaorgwikiKhwarezm

37) Yassa - was a secret written code of law created by Genghis Khan

httpenwikipediaorgwikiYassa

38) Nogai Khan - httpenwikipediaorgwikiNogai_Khan

39) The Kipchaks - httpenwikipediaorgwikiKipchak_people

40) Khazars - httpenwikipediaorgwikiKhazars

41) The Pechnegs - httpenwikipediaorgwikiPechenegs

42) The Oghuz Turks - httpenwikipediaorgwikiOghuz_Turks

43) Bunchuk - httpenwikipediaorgwikiBunchuk

44) Tamga - httpenwikipediaorgwikiTamga

45) Wilayah - httpenwikipediaorgwikiWilayah

46) Kebek - httpenwikipediaorgwikiKebek

47) Abdur Razzaq - httpenwikipediaorgwikiAbdur_Razzaq_(traveller)

48) Timar - httpenwikipediaorgwikiTimar

49) Ghilman - httpenwikipediaorgwikiGhilman

50) Edigu - httpenwikipediaorgwikiEdigu

51) Saiga Antelope - httpenwikipediaorgwikiSaiga_Antelope

52) Sharaf ad-Din Ali Yazdi - httpenwikipediaorgwikiSharaf_ad-Din_Ali_Yazdi

53) Vasily I of Moscow - httpenwikipediaorgwikiVasily_I_of_Moscow

54) Fra Mauro - httpenwikipediaorgwikiFra_Mauro

55) Parasang - httpenwikipediaorgwikiParasang

Competition One

The Sign of the Eagle is a breathtaking

historical novel of action and suspense

set in the year 71 AD amid the exotic

and vibrant streets of ancient Rome

Macha the strong-willed daughter of a

legendary Celtic British king and wife of

the Roman tribune Titus is the only one

who can prove her husband innocent of

treason solve the murders of two slaves

who possessed information that could

have exonerated Titus and ultimately

save the life of the Roman Emperor

Vespasian

I have a copy of this excellent book kindly donated by Jess Hughes as the prize

in this monthrsquos competition To be in with a chance of winning this book just

visit

httpwwwjessstevenhughescom

Read the extract from his book and answer this simple question

How old was young Titus

Send your answer along with your full postal address to me at the following

email address thereenactorbtinternetcom

This competition runs until March 24th

2013 at which time I will pick the

winner at random and post the book to them

PATTON BLOOD GUTS AND

PRAYER BY MICHAEL KEANE

In the acknowledgements Michael Keane describes his work as focused on General George

S Pattonrsquos ldquoformative and guiding principlesrdquo To accomplish this the author has structured

the book in three parts with carefully chosen incidents to expose the man behind the legend

Part I ndash Blood ndash describes Pattonrsquos heritage as one steeped in heroes military tradition and a

father who regretted his decision not to join the army The sectionrsquos concluding chapter is

dedicated to Beatrice a woman who believed in her husbandrsquos destiny and was a steadying

force throughout their marriage Part II ndash Guts ndash offers pivotal examples of Pattonrsquos courage

and command mixed with episodes for which he was severely criticized In the final part ndash

Prayer ndash the reader learns of a man whose faith sustained and motivated him to accomplish

great success amidst the frequent possibility of death

Those who knew Patton described him as spectacular deeply religious profane irascible

kindhearted lacking judgment easily moved to anger brash boastful humble uncertain and

brilliant Though the timeline is occasionally confusing Michael Keane weaves facts drawn

from biographies family papers speeches and Pattonrsquos personal diaries to illustrate the

complexities of this famous soldier while telling a compelling story of dedication and

leadership

For other great reviews visit

httphistoricalnovelsocietyorg

2012 Historical Re-enactment Season report Crusade Re-enactment Society Interview

The 2012 season wasnrsquot the best for historical re-enactment It wasnrsquot the best for the whole

country what with the bad weather and subsequent flooding The weather really hit living

history where it hurts though Therersquos nothing quite like waking up in an authentic medieval

tent in an inch of water and that was considered to be getting off lightly

Tintagel Castle an early show in the season was an indicator of what was to come when the

weather was so foul that the hosts of the show English Heritage decided to put the re-

enactors up in a hotel The fun didnrsquot stop there though

Just the word lsquoKelmarshrsquo will put a knowing grimace on many re-enactorsrsquo faces This huge

multi-period lsquoFestival of Historyrsquo in July put on by English Heritage promised to be one of

the biggest and best displays of the year Anyone arriving Friday afternoon would have said

things should have gone off without a hitch but the grass was still green by then A light

shower as it got dark wasnrsquot too much bother- the field had good drainage after all

Overnight was a different story The Gods did not smile upon us Instead they laughed at our

good drainage and sent us a flood Noah would be proud of By breakfast rumours were

circulating that the show would have to be cancelled and it was easy to see why Anyone

unfortunate enough to have left their car overnight in the living history field should have been

worried about writing it off let alone driving it out to make the camp authentic and soon the

rumours were confirmed it was too dangerous to let in the public to see us and nevermind

about fighting in the quagmire It sure gave a whole new meaning to Kelmarsh Steve Bax

English Heritagersquos Visitor Operations Director for the East of England said ldquowe were very

disappointed that we had to cancel the Festival of History butwe were left with no choicerdquo

Sadly more of the same was to follow in October with the annual re-creation of the Battle of

Hastings another English Heritage hosted event although we managed to get one day out of

it albeit with a few accidents and a lot of slipping around in the hoof-marks made by the

cavalry The weather cleared up enough the second day for another battle and photoshoot

with English Heritage and Time Team on a different field but it was clear a tremendous

amount of damage had been done to the site due to the soft ground

As far as Irsquom aware groups were still paid for the cancelled shows so the bill for English

Heritage must be enormous Rumours were also floating around about the Hastings show

being cancelled for the next ten years English Heritage have declined to comment on these

issues and give an exact figure about the damage

Re-enactors can look back on the events with a wry smile now but it was heartbreaking then

to see all the hard work and dedication of both the re-enactment groups and the host of the

show going to waste I could also spare a thought for the traders- since they rely on the public

for their business as well as re-enactors particularly food vendors the wet season must have

hit them hard in the back pocket too Browsing around the living history fairs and markets at

the end of the season I spoke to many a trader who admitted they hadnrsquot been as successful

this year

Itrsquos not all bad news though- we do have a new re-enactment market to attend held on the

same weekend as The Original Re-enactors Market (TORM) that seems to have boosted

business James Farrar a partner at Fairbow an authentic archery trader said that having the

new market seemed to have boosted visitor numbers at TORM as well since people were

visiting both

It has also been a relatively good year for my own re-enactment society Crusade since

wersquove had a lot of success in recruiting new members I spoke to two of the new members of

the Hull chapter of the society Eddy Gladders and Daniel Crewes to get their impression on

re-enactment in general

When did you first become interested in historical re-enactment

Eddy- Quite a few years ago My mum and dad both did re-enactment when they were

younger and so I had an urge to try it I very much enjoy the brutal part of history and the

chance to do it for real (brutal but safe of course) was appealing

Daniel- Ive been interested for some years now but I could never find any groups close to

home that I could get to regularly since Irsquom from London originally Re-enactment always

seemed to me a great way to engage with my love of military history but also for history to

engage with the community

Daniel you mentioned history engaging with the community How important do you

think it is for the public to get an accurate view of what happened in the past

Daniel- Ive found this focus on authenticity to enhance the experience of re-enactment It

takes away the fantasy element it could have if that focus wasnt there and really helps put re-

enactors in the shoes of those they portray I think dispelling this fantasy is also very

important in public display as we have to take into account that many viewers will take what

they see at shows as truthful without questioning it We have a responsibility to be as

authentic as possible so people walk away with an accurate view of the past

What are your favourite parts of re-enactment to get involved in

Eddy- Combat at the moment but I hope to spread onto Living History and Crafting as well

but combat I think will always remain my favourite Its too much fun

Daniel- So far Ive only been involved in combat Im open to everything but I dont think Ill

ever stop loving the combat side of it most its what pulled me into re-enactment and one of

the reasons training day is the best day of the week

Finally what would you say to others interested in historical re-enactment

Daniel- Get out there and give it a go Especially if you already have a period for which you

have a personal passion find a group doing that period get in touch and go get involved If

your experience is as good as mine has been so far which Im sure it will be youll be hooked

from day one

Eddy- Join you dont know till youve tried it and it really is so much fun everyone is really

friendly unless of course you hit them with an axe

Crusade specialises in medieval re-enactment of the Crusades era We portray both Western

and Eastern cultures and perform living history as well as combat Our website can be found

here- httpwwwcrusade-reenactmentcoukBringing_history_to_lifeWelcomehtml

It seems the wet 2012 season hasnrsquot put off our new enthusiasts but herersquos hoping that the

2013 season will be much drier with lots of successful shows and be the best year yet

Volcanic Alum Crystal its History and Many Uses

Natural Potassium Alum Very few natural resources have enjoyed such a long history of

international demand as alum crystal Natural alum crystal is formed next to volcanic

fumaroles Being water soluble natural alum was originally obtained from desert sources In

the seventeenth century alum began to be manufactured from impure alum shale which is

found in Britain Due to its unusual properties alum has long been one of the most valued

medicinal personal craft and industrial resources

Prehistoric uses The key medicinal prosperties of alum are astringent antiseptic

antimicrobial and it is strongly deodorizing We can imagine in the dawn of time that

hunter-gatherers walking over sun baked alum deposits would have experienced its

deodorizing and healing effects When used appropriately the analgesic effect of alum is

pronounced and wounds are sterilized and drawn closed by the astringent action Alum also

possesses antifungal properties

A SATELLITE VIEW OF AN ALUM DEPOSIT (ON THE LEFT) OVERLAYING THE DESERT SURFACE

THIS HUGE ALUM BLOCK NEEDS KNAPPING INTO SMALLER PIECES

Historical uses of alum The earliest use of alum is first known from linguistic studies in

Mesopotamia where it was used as a mordant for madder dye Alum use does not seem to

begin in Egypt until the end of the eighteenth and twenty-first dynasty (approx 1500 BC to

1000 BC) also for dyeing Herodotus writing in the fifth century BC informs us that the

Egyptians were using alum as an agent for mummification - presumably to deodorize the

corpse Re-enactors neednrsquot to go this far with their experiments

It is more difficult to envisage how alum came to be used in many craft and industrial

processes Yet the third century Stockholm and Leiden Papyri tells us how to use alum to

make (fake) silver pearls and applications for precious crystals as well as how to dye

textiles Changing the appearance of base metals was clearly considered analogous to dyeing

cloth Generally artisans must have been very well versed at the subtleties of alum use In fact

these papyri may well have been lsquotawedrsquo or hardened and protected from fire and mould with

alum

Pliny the Elder the Roman historian (d79 CE) had described some of the uses for different

types alum in Chapter 52 in his 35th

book of his Natural History and various applications

wool dyeing leather tawing leather tanning for creating special metal and glass finishes for

medicinal and cosmetic uses According to Pliny alum lsquohellip has the effect also of checking

and dispersing perspiration and of neutralizing offensive odours of the arm-pitsrsquo

An Ancient deodorant Pliny was very certain about the deodorizing properties of naturally

formed pure alum (potassium alum) writing how it was used under the arm pits lsquoto neutralize

offensive odoursrsquo Cleanliness to the Romans was one of the hallmarks of civilization In

fact the volcanic alum is very effective as a deodorant It kind to sensitive skin it doesnrsquot

stain costumes it is portable authentic for all periods and it is economical to use Many re-

enactors can vouch for the deodorizing effects of the pure potassium alum even after combat

on the battlefield or after working at the forge

A POTASSIUM ALUM CRYSTAL SHOWING THE IRREGULAR FORM OF THE NATURAL CRYSTAL AND THE

SMOOTHED WORKING SURFACE

Early medicinal uses Pliny goes into detail with the medicinal uses of different types of

alum giving thirty eight remedies many of which came to be used in this country until

recently His examples include the mixing of potassium alum and honey for mouth ulcers

pimples pruriginous eruptions and putrid ulcers and using alum infused in water to destroy

lice and parasites He refers also to calcined alum alum which has been lsquoboiledrsquo or bubbled

on a heated tile in this case with vinegar then mixed with cabbage juice for leprosy The

boiling drives the water off the alum and turns it from granules into a fine powder Despite

Plinyrsquos encyclopaedic knowledge he was not a naturopath and in reality remedies using

alum in later medical texts include many other herbal mineral or animal derived ingredients

and complex preparation methods lsquoaccording to the artrsquo

ALUM CAN BE MILLED INTO GRANULES

Pure alum surely came into our rainy country for the first time with the Romans firstly as

medicine and secondly for deodorizing It is unlikely to have been imported for industrial use

at this point Later in the Medieval period when foreign sources were regularly imported

much began to be written about alum in the country especially by apothecaries Hence alum

appears in every major medical manual Knowledge of alum came from Greco-Roman texts

as well as via Arabic texts such as the Cannon of Medicine by Avicenna and through the

School of Salerno We cannot forget the movement of pilgrims the clergy and fighting men

in bringing knowledge and demand for alum to this country

One of the key spokeswomen at Salerno known as Trotula wrote in the eleventh or twelfth

century not only on the medicinal uses of alum ndash obstetrics in this case but the author even

included a recipe for revirgination using alum ndash a hint not lost among nineteenth century

French prostitutes Trotula also branched into the cosmetic virtues of alum Again it is used

for dental care and Trotula suggests the use of alum for lighting blemishes of the skin and in

hair dyeing

An alum dyeing recipe As demand and availability grew textile workers turned to alum as a

mordant to fix otherwise ephemeral vegetable colours From the 12th century alum was

established as vital to our growing wool dyeing industry At this time alum could not be

manufactured from alum shale so British dyers were completely dependant on importing

naturally formed alum (potassium alum)

For textile dyers some of the earliest alum recipes are recorded in the Stockholm Papyrus of

the third or early fourth century and such recipes continue with minor variations until our

time Alum was used not only as a mordant when dyeing textiles wood and bone alum was

used to precipitate some pigment In the papyrus the mordanting process is explained in

several ways Here is an extract from Book 3 of Africanus taken from the Papyrus

lsquoMordanting for any color is done in the following way First the animal or else likewise

only the wool is washed then one can allow the mordanting agent upon it One should then

dissolve alum in vinegar and coat the wool which one desired to dye with it After drying in

the sun it is washed and when it is freed from its moisture admit it to any coloring One must

pay attention to that which is mordanted for a day and a night during the mordantingrsquo

Note the option between mordanting the wool while it is still on the sheep or waiting until

after is has been shorn Perhaps you could dye a sheep on the hoof too The Papyrus gives

other methods of using alum for dyeing specific colours such as quince yellow leek green

rose madder purple scarlet red

Importing alum Abundant where it occurs but being water soluble alum is absent in its

pure crystal form in wet climates such as Britain and Northern Europe Old World sources of

pure alum are North Africa countries fringing the Mediterranean the Aegean Anatolia the

Black Sea Asia Minor and as far afield as Lake Chad It is found much further afield in India

and China too Cargos of natural alum loaded on carracks from Genoa and on occasions

Venetian galleys as well as other ships from Spain and Portugal docked at Bristol

Southampton and London Alum supplies were transported further north through the activity

of the Burgundian and Hansa merchants from the East coast of Britain and westwards to

Ireland

From the twelfth century alum was being sourced from Egypt After the Fall of Acre in 1215

CE alum sources switched to the Near East and Anatolia At the same time Italian and

Portuguese merchants imported both alum and gold from ports from the Maghreb including

Cueta and Tangiers The importance of the North African link grew through the Elizabethan

era due to the increased demand for imports of gold also obtained in Africa

In 1436 a process was applied to rock bound alum in Tolfa Italy transforming alum

containing rock into industrially produced alum ammonium alum Desiring to raise funds

from alum sales for another Crusade Pope Pius II claimed a monopoly on the alum market

Not every European country supported the Papal campaign even with threats of

excommunication Pope Pius II could not have known that the Reformation was just around

the corner and that many other countries would eventually learn his secret process as well

The Genoese maintained their grip over the alum trade as supplies of natural alum more

difficult to obtain they began to export the cheaper alum began to be manufactured at Tolfa in

Italy

Alum Piracy As a result of a refusal of our country under Henry VII to support the Papal

alum project there began to be alum shortages in this country During the fifteenth century

attempts were made in Ireland Cornwall the Isle of Wight and in Dorset to create industrial

alum all ending in failure As expected the Papal boycott was continued by Henry VIII and

Elizabeth Due to the shortage British privateers began to seize ships of Papal alum and

divert them to England In a letter (1529 CE) to Cardinal Wolsey Sir John Daunce explained

that he had seized a ship of alum whose cargo was secured in a house in London Sir John

felt he could not explain the matter to the Cardinal in person because lsquoI can not show my

face having been shaved by a barber with an unclean razorrsquo Ironically if Sir Johnrsquos barber

had used an alum crystal as a shaving styptic it would have sealed the shaving cuts quickly

and taken away any shaving rash Of course a good razor and the right shaving soap would

have prevented the embarrassment in the first place

Industrial Ammonium Alum Production Still the Tolfa works dominated production and

the complex process remained a secret Around 1600 interested naturalist Sir Thomas

Chaloner observed the similarities between the plants growing around the Tolfa works and

also the geology to those on his own estate He set out to learn the secret of alum production

and to start works at home Not able to not gain entry to view the whole process Chaloner

resolved to abscond with two key Tolfa workers He sailed away with them reputedly hidden

in barrels They worked together at Belman Bank Guisborough and helped to establish the

alum industry there

Only in the 1607 was a reliable method developed in Britain enabling the extraction of native

alum from alum shale and Whitby in Yorkshire became a centre of production Alum shale

wood coal seaweed and human urine were essential to the process The poor as far away as

London were paid for their urine which was shipped in barrels to the alum works ndash the

selfsame barrels which were loaded with ammonium alum for distribution

The industrial alum manufacturingmethod was granted a patent and a monopoly In the same

year further imports of alum were banned and so the pressure was on especially as the output

did not reach expected levels Finally in 1635 the Yorkshire facility finally met the demand

of some 1800 tones per annum While these manifold crises unfolded exactly how any

shortfalls were met is our unwritten and unknown history but piracy and smuggling must

played a significant role Following the Papal precedent at Tolfa once the production was

seen as profitable a monopoly of British alum was granted to the Crown in 1613 With two

years of low profits the rights were returned to patentees only to be taken back again by the

Crown in 1647 In 1648 the monopoly was abolished allowing the development of new

alum works along the Yorkshire coast and the crown relinquished all its rights in 1679 The

last British alum facility at Sandsend closed in 1871

The method for turning alum shale into alum was the precursor for the different industrial

methods used today to create ammonium alum from waste from nylon and aluminium

factories The process with the smoking of alum stacks for 5 months or so was highly

polluting and for good or worse it spelt the advent of the Industrial Age A highly polluting

industry some 100 tonnes of alum shale yielded but 1 tonne of alum The ammonia based

industrial alum is frequently confused with the volcanic potassium alum Volcanic crystal

alum is easy to recognise as each crystal is different and it can not be moulded into a regular

and smooth shape For cosmetic medicinal historical uses the pure volcanic alum is

authentic for most periods performs far more effectively as a deodorant and it is free of

industrial contaminants

THE PURITY OF OUR SOURCE IS ASSURED BECAUSE WE FIND VERY RARE OCTAHEDRAL POTASSIUM ALUM

CRYSTALS AMONG THE NORMALLY HOMOGENOUS BLOCK

More recent British medicinal uses Alum continued to appear in British medical manuals

until recently and the use of alum was part of everyday knowledge Recently I met a midwife

who used to work at Kelling Hospital in North Norfolk ndash she explained how she used

powdered alum on the navels of newborns to help the umbilicus dry and stay infection free

While doing our rounds we met an Austrian opera singer who used alum as a compress to

sooth the strained larynx Many older customers have informed me how alum was used on

canker of the mouth in toothpaste to strengthen the gums on cold sores as well as on

athletersquos foot Of course traditional barbers wielded large blocks of alum styptic to seal

shaving cuts and to calm shaving rash Alum does sting for some time on open wounds -

Experimental archaeologists are advised to save alum for minor wounds

Home remedies used in Britain through the Modern period follow Plinyrsquos recommendations

for gargling and mouth washing for gum and throat infections loose teeth on pimples

animal and plant scratches as well as on more serious injuries I would not recommend using

alum in the mouth I have tried gargling with alum ndash just once It has an unpleasant and

lingering citrus-salty taste impairing the enjoyment of food and drink for a whole day

Drinking water is purified with ammonium alum but the water boards use very small

quantities The alum acts as a flocculent drawing impurities together allowing them to either

sink or float so that they can be separated from the water Alum leaves the water clear and

sparkling

Alum insect bite relief Many people are familiar with using alum crystal to relieve the recent

bites of ants fleas gnats mosquitoes horsefly etc Using saliva as a wetting agent the bite is

rubbed with the crystal for a minute or so starting on the outside of the bite and worked

inwards We have received lots of feedback on the cooling effect lack of itching swelling

and faster healing time

ALUM PREPARED FOR INSECT BITE RELIEF AND SHAVING CUTS

There is a use for alum which even I wonrsquot be trying The final glorious entry in a Welsh

medical manual The Physicians of Middfai published in 1177 CE prescribes a mixture of

alum marsh mallow and egg white so that lsquohellipa man might hold a red hot bar of iron without

burningrsquo Alum does have fire retardant properties It might have still felt hot but least we

can be assured that the hand wouldnrsquot have caught alight Alum was used to fireproof paper

wood and cloth and it is used in fire extinguishers

I can personally recommend alum for sterilizing and sealing a knuckle wounds These

wounds normally keep breaking open deepening and enlarging While at Wrest Park April

2012 I ripped my knuckle on a metal cooker grill Having only just set up the tent at dusk in

the hail and without clean water I spat on the wound and sterilized it for a good few minutes

with the piece of alum I carry around with me I forgot about it until the next morning and

then went to wash my hands A thin flexible scab had formed Despite attending tent pegs and

acres of wet canvas all weekend the wound never broke open and within no time it healed In

compelling Medieval fashion I might add Probatem est (It is proven)

In Britain we have a long and sometimes intimate connection with alum and its usefulness

should nersquore be forgotten

References

Bostock J 1855 The Natural History Pliny the Elder Londy Taylor and Francis [online]

Williams Ab Ithel J 2010 The Physicians of Myddfai DJ Roderick London

Caley E R 1926 ldquoThe Stockholm Papyrus An English Translation with brief notesrdquo

Journal of Chemical Education IV8 979-1002

Dawson W 1934 A Leechbook of Collection of Medicinal Recipes of the Fifteenth Century

1934 MacMillan and Co London

Fryde EB amp Fryde EB 2003 Studies in Medieval Trade and Finance Hambledon Press

Biography Sally Mittuch founded Natural Spa Supplies Ltd a company specializing in

historic washing and cleaning resources She has the volcanic alum collected from the desert

surface in Morocco and exported via the ancient port of Tangier It is supplied any quantity

as crystal granules or pebbles depending on the needs and uses

The website is wwwnaturalspasuppliescouk or you

can call on 01603 474516

Event Information

March

2nd

amp 3rd

Chesterfield Vintage amp Forties Weekend Market dance amp entertainments

wwweventplancouk or wwwfacebookcomEventplanUK

9th The Mortimer History Society Dress amp Textile Group Much Marcle UK

Study day on Blanche Mortimerrsquos tomb amp Effigy

wwwmortimerhisotrysocietyorguk

15th

ndash 17th The Original Re-enactors Market UK

httpwwwreenactorsmarketcouk

31st amp 1

st Knights of Royal England jousting Tournament at Knebworth House UK

httpwwwknebworthhousecom

April

28th

ndash 5th The Roman Walk Ben kane Anthony Riches amp Russell Whitfield walking

Hadrianrsquos Wall in Roman Kit to raise money for charity

httpwwwcharitygivingcoukbenkane

May

4

th ndash 6

th Bentley Medieval Festival Lewes east Sussex UK

marktime-productionscom

4th ndash 6

th Knights of Royal England jousting Tournament at Blenheim Palace UK

httpwwwblenheimpalacecom

5th amp 6

th ldquoRogues amp Outlawsrdquo Sherwood Forest UK

OfficePlantagenet-Eventscom

11th

The Mortimer History Society Spring Conference Leominster UK

wwwmortimerhistorysocietyorguk

11th

amp 12th

Knights of Royal England jousting Tournament at Ekenas Castle Sweden

httpwwwekenasslottse

May 11th amp 12th A Victorian Celebration Forge Mill Needle Museum Redditch UK


May 25th amp 26th Tall Ships rsquo13 Gloucester Historic Docks Ships maritime living history


May 26th amp 27th Harewood Medieval Faire Harewood House Leeds 2nd major annual

multi-period medieval festival with 1066 to 1487 timeline


26th

ndash 28th Knights of Royal England jousting Tournament at Hedingham Castle UK

httpwwwhedinghamcastlecouk

May 28th

June 1st Knights of Royal England jousting Tournament Leeds Castle UK

httpwwwleeds-castlecomlandphp

June

1st amp 2

nd Templecombe Medieval fair Templecombe UK

httpswwwfacebookcomevents300657233387495

8th amp 9

th History Alive Fort Lytton National Park Brisbane Australia

wwwhistoryalivecoau

15th

amp 16th

Gloucester Medieval Play Festival UK

wwwglostheatrecouk

15th

amp 16th

Tatton Park Old Hall Medieval fayre UK


21st ndash 23

rd Knights of Royal England jousting Tournament Cardiff Castle Wales

httpwwwcardiffcastlecom

21st ndash 23

rd Times amp Epochs Moscow Russia

httpwwwfacebookcomhistoryfestref=tsampfref=ts

29th

amp 30th

Knights of Royal England jousting Tournament Linlithgow Palace Scotland httpwwwhistoric-scotlandgovukpropertyresultspropertyoverviewhtmPropID=PL_199ampPropName=Linlithgow20Palace

July

5th ndash 7

th LARP Camp Huntley Wood Staffordshire UK

wwwlarpcampcouk

6th amp 7

th Knights of Royal England jousting Tournament Linlithgow Palace Scotland

httpwwwhistoric-scotlandgovukpropertyresultspropertyoverviewhtmPropID=PL_199ampPropName=Linlithgow20Palace

13th

amp 14th

The Battle of Tewkesbury UK

httpwwwtewkesburymedievalfestivalorg

13th

amp 14th

Knights of Royal England jousting Tournament Hever Castle UK

httpwwwhevercastlecouk

20th

amp 21st Knights of Royal England jousting Tournament Hever Castle UK


26th

ndash 28th Knights of Royal England jousting Tournament Hever Castle UK


27th

amp 28th

Berkeley Skirmish Berkeley Castle Gloucestershire UK


27th

amp 28th

Smugglers Island Appuldurcombe House IOW UK

Email ednash1993hotmailcouk

July 27th amp 28th Hughendenrsquos Victorian Weekend Hughenden Manor Buckinghamshire


27th

amp 28th

Slaughterbridge Camlann Life and Legend Camelford Cornwall UK

heburbeckgmaiIc0m

August

2nd

ndash 4th Knights of Royal England jousting Tournament Blenheim Palace UK


3rd

amp 4th

The Midlands Festival of History UK

httpwwwmid-festcouk

3rd

amp 4th

The Loxwood Joust Loxwood Meadow RH14 0AL UK

wwwloxwoodjoustcouk

9th ndash 11

th Knights of Royal England jousting Tournament Hever Castle UK


16th



17th

amp 18th

Scotlands Festival of History Chatelherault Scotland

wwwscotlandsfestivalofhistorycouk

17th

amp 18th

M5-Multi Period Re-enactment Weekend Spetchley Park Worcs UK

Website ndash wwwm5showcouk

23rd

amp 24th



25th

amp 26th Knights of Royal England jousting Tournament Hedingham Castle UK


25th

amp 26th

The Sheffield Fayre Norfolk Heritage Park Sheffield


August 31st amp September 1st On the Home Front 1939-45 Rufford Abbey Country Park

Notts Annual 1940s show wwweventplancouk or wwwfacebookcomEventplanUK

September

12th amp 13th Bexbach 1474 Call To Arms

www1474eu

14th

amp 15th

The Battle of Mortimerrsquos Cross Hampton Court Castle Herefordshire

wwwmortimerscrosscouk

September 21st amp 22nd Wimpole at War The Wimpole Estate Cambridgeshire Annual

1940s event wwweventplancouk or wwwfacebookcomEventplanUK

September 28th amp 29th Sherwood through the ages Sherwood Forest Annual Ancient to

1980s multi-period event wwweventplancouk or wwwfacebookcomEventplanUK

October

October 5th amp 6th Hughendenrsquos Wartime Weekend Hughenden Manor Bucks Annual


12th

amp 13th

International Events of Historical Crafts (EIAH) Portugal

Email artesanatocomhistoriagmailcom

November

23

rd amp 24

th The Ludlow Medieval Christmas Fair Ludlow Castle Shropshire

httpwwwludlowcastlecompageseventsaspx

The walk will take place between April 28th

amp May 5th









7 Event Information


Greetings All















version






happening near you




Competitions



of













them








































Tokhtamysh

























shields (chapars)
















commanders




















Volga and escaped







































quite another story






























to Moscow [12]



guselang=ru










Timur yet to come





























most fierce



















































181998136





th centuries












behind



































(536396505396846 or 53 deg 3825 N 50 deg 3228 E) [5]



in legends












of the Kondurcha


After











tahtomysa






EEEDE4F3F0F7E5




DE0








Rus24

Notes


































































Competition One













Vespasian



visit


























leadership









































this year





visiting both































from day one



































alum








































hair dyeing




























Ireland














Italy




















alum industry there















































sparkling























References













can call on 01603 474516

Event Information

March

2nd

amp 3rd






15th



31st amp 1



April

28th




May

4

th ndash 6



4th ndash 6



5th amp 6



11th



11th

amp 12th










26th



May 28th



June

1st amp 2



8th amp 9


wwwhistoryalivecoau

15th

amp 16th


wwwglostheatrecouk

15th

amp 16th



21st ndash 23



21st ndash 23



29th

amp 30th


July

5th ndash 7


wwwlarpcampcouk

6th amp 7



13th

amp 14th



13th

amp 14th



20th



26th



27th

amp 28th



27th

amp 28th





27th

amp 28th


heburbeckgmaiIc0m

August

2nd



3rd

amp 4th


httpwwwmid-festcouk

3rd

amp 4th


wwwloxwoodjoustcouk

9th ndash 11



16th



17th

amp 18th



17th

amp 18th



23rd

amp 24th



25th



25th

amp 26th





September


www1474eu

14th

amp 15th







October



12th

amp 13th



November

23

rd amp 24











7 Event Information


Greetings All















version






happening near you




Competitions



of













them








































Tokhtamysh

























shields (chapars)
















commanders




















Volga and escaped







































quite another story






























to Moscow [12]



guselang=ru










Timur yet to come





























most fierce



















































181998136





th centuries












behind



































(536396505396846 or 53 deg 3825 N 50 deg 3228 E) [5]



in legends












of the Kondurcha


After











tahtomysa






EEEDE4F3F0F7E5




DE0








Rus24

Notes


































































Competition One













Vespasian



visit


























leadership









































this year





visiting both































from day one



































alum








































hair dyeing




























Ireland














Italy




















alum industry there















































sparkling























References













can call on 01603 474516

Event Information

March

2nd

amp 3rd






15th



31st amp 1



April

28th




May

4

th ndash 6



4th ndash 6



5th amp 6



11th



11th

amp 12th










26th



May 28th



June

1st amp 2



8th amp 9


wwwhistoryalivecoau

15th

amp 16th


wwwglostheatrecouk

15th

amp 16th



21st ndash 23



21st ndash 23



29th

amp 30th


July

5th ndash 7


wwwlarpcampcouk

6th amp 7



13th

amp 14th



13th

amp 14th



20th



26th



27th

amp 28th



27th

amp 28th





27th

amp 28th


heburbeckgmaiIc0m

August

2nd



3rd

amp 4th


httpwwwmid-festcouk

3rd

amp 4th


wwwloxwoodjoustcouk

9th ndash 11



16th



17th

amp 18th



17th

amp 18th



23rd

amp 24th



25th



25th

amp 26th





September


www1474eu

14th

amp 15th







October



12th

amp 13th



November

23

rd amp 24







































Tokhtamysh

























shields (chapars)
















commanders




















Volga and escaped







































quite another story






























to Moscow [12]



guselang=ru










Timur yet to come





























most fierce



















































181998136





th centuries












behind



































(536396505396846 or 53 deg 3825 N 50 deg 3228 E) [5]



in legends












of the Kondurcha


After











tahtomysa






EEEDE4F3F0F7E5




DE0








Rus24

Notes


































































Competition One













Vespasian



visit


























leadership









































this year





visiting both































from day one



































alum








































hair dyeing




























Ireland














Italy




















alum industry there















































sparkling























References













can call on 01603 474516

Event Information

March

2nd

amp 3rd






15th



31st amp 1



April

28th




May

4

th ndash 6



4th ndash 6



5th amp 6



11th



11th

amp 12th










26th



May 28th



June

1st amp 2



8th amp 9


wwwhistoryalivecoau

15th

amp 16th


wwwglostheatrecouk

15th

amp 16th



21st ndash 23



21st ndash 23



29th

amp 30th


July

5th ndash 7


wwwlarpcampcouk

6th amp 7



13th

amp 14th



13th

amp 14th



20th



26th



27th

amp 28th



27th

amp 28th





27th

amp 28th


heburbeckgmaiIc0m

August

2nd



3rd

amp 4th


httpwwwmid-festcouk

3rd

amp 4th


wwwloxwoodjoustcouk

9th ndash 11



16th



17th

amp 18th



17th

amp 18th



23rd

amp 24th



25th



25th

amp 26th





September


www1474eu

14th

amp 15th







October



12th

amp 13th



November

23

rd amp 24
















Tokhtamysh

























shields (chapars)
















commanders




















Volga and escaped







































quite another story






























to Moscow [12]



guselang=ru










Timur yet to come





























most fierce



















































181998136





th centuries












behind



































(536396505396846 or 53 deg 3825 N 50 deg 3228 E) [5]



in legends












of the Kondurcha


After











tahtomysa






EEEDE4F3F0F7E5




DE0








Rus24

Notes


































































Competition One













Vespasian



visit


























leadership









































this year





visiting both































from day one



































alum








































hair dyeing




























Ireland














Italy




















alum industry there















































sparkling























References













can call on 01603 474516

Event Information

March

2nd

amp 3rd






15th



31st amp 1



April

28th




May

4

th ndash 6



4th ndash 6



5th amp 6



11th



11th

amp 12th










26th



May 28th



June

1st amp 2



8th amp 9


wwwhistoryalivecoau

15th

amp 16th


wwwglostheatrecouk

15th

amp 16th



21st ndash 23



21st ndash 23



29th

amp 30th


July

5th ndash 7


wwwlarpcampcouk

6th amp 7



13th

amp 14th



13th

amp 14th



20th



26th



27th

amp 28th



27th

amp 28th





27th

amp 28th


heburbeckgmaiIc0m

August

2nd



3rd

amp 4th


httpwwwmid-festcouk

3rd

amp 4th


wwwloxwoodjoustcouk

9th ndash 11



16th



17th

amp 18th



17th

amp 18th



23rd

amp 24th



25th



25th

amp 26th





September


www1474eu

14th

amp 15th







October



12th

amp 13th



November

23

rd amp 24














commanders




















Volga and escaped







































quite another story






























to Moscow [12]



guselang=ru










Timur yet to come





























most fierce



















































181998136





th centuries












behind



































(536396505396846 or 53 deg 3825 N 50 deg 3228 E) [5]



in legends












of the Kondurcha


After











tahtomysa






EEEDE4F3F0F7E5




DE0








Rus24

Notes


































































Competition One













Vespasian



visit


























leadership









































this year





visiting both































from day one



































alum








































hair dyeing




























Ireland














Italy




















alum industry there















































sparkling























References













can call on 01603 474516

Event Information

March

2nd

amp 3rd






15th



31st amp 1



April

28th




May

4

th ndash 6



4th ndash 6



5th amp 6



11th



11th

amp 12th










26th



May 28th



June

1st amp 2



8th amp 9


wwwhistoryalivecoau

15th

amp 16th


wwwglostheatrecouk

15th

amp 16th



21st ndash 23



21st ndash 23



29th

amp 30th


July

5th ndash 7


wwwlarpcampcouk

6th amp 7



13th

amp 14th



13th

amp 14th



20th



26th



27th

amp 28th



27th

amp 28th





27th

amp 28th


heburbeckgmaiIc0m

August

2nd



3rd

amp 4th


httpwwwmid-festcouk

3rd

amp 4th


wwwloxwoodjoustcouk

9th ndash 11



16th



17th

amp 18th



17th

amp 18th



23rd

amp 24th



25th



25th

amp 26th





September


www1474eu

14th

amp 15th







October



12th

amp 13th



November

23

rd amp 24






























quite another story






























to Moscow [12]



guselang=ru










Timur yet to come





























most fierce



















































181998136





th centuries












behind



































(536396505396846 or 53 deg 3825 N 50 deg 3228 E) [5]



in legends












of the Kondurcha


After











tahtomysa






EEEDE4F3F0F7E5




DE0








Rus24

Notes


































































Competition One













Vespasian



visit


























leadership









































this year





visiting both































from day one



































alum








































hair dyeing




























Ireland














Italy




















alum industry there















































sparkling























References













can call on 01603 474516

Event Information

March

2nd

amp 3rd






15th



31st amp 1



April

28th




May

4

th ndash 6



4th ndash 6



5th amp 6



11th



11th

amp 12th










26th



May 28th



June

1st amp 2



8th amp 9


wwwhistoryalivecoau

15th

amp 16th


wwwglostheatrecouk

15th

amp 16th



21st ndash 23



21st ndash 23



29th

amp 30th


July

5th ndash 7


wwwlarpcampcouk

6th amp 7



13th

amp 14th



13th

amp 14th



20th



26th



27th

amp 28th



27th

amp 28th





27th

amp 28th


heburbeckgmaiIc0m

August

2nd



3rd

amp 4th


httpwwwmid-festcouk

3rd

amp 4th


wwwloxwoodjoustcouk

9th ndash 11



16th



17th

amp 18th



17th

amp 18th



23rd

amp 24th



25th



25th

amp 26th





September


www1474eu

14th

amp 15th







October



12th

amp 13th



November

23

rd amp 24
































to Moscow [12]



guselang=ru










Timur yet to come





























most fierce



















































181998136





th centuries












behind



































(536396505396846 or 53 deg 3825 N 50 deg 3228 E) [5]



in legends












of the Kondurcha


After











tahtomysa






EEEDE4F3F0F7E5




DE0








Rus24

Notes


































































Competition One













Vespasian



visit


























leadership









































this year





visiting both































from day one



































alum








































hair dyeing




























Ireland














Italy




















alum industry there















































sparkling























References













can call on 01603 474516

Event Information

March

2nd

amp 3rd






15th



31st amp 1



April

28th




May

4

th ndash 6



4th ndash 6



5th amp 6



11th



11th

amp 12th










26th



May 28th



June

1st amp 2



8th amp 9


wwwhistoryalivecoau

15th

amp 16th


wwwglostheatrecouk

15th

amp 16th



21st ndash 23



21st ndash 23



29th

amp 30th


July

5th ndash 7


wwwlarpcampcouk

6th amp 7



13th

amp 14th



13th

amp 14th



20th



26th



27th

amp 28th



27th

amp 28th





27th

amp 28th


heburbeckgmaiIc0m

August

2nd



3rd

amp 4th


httpwwwmid-festcouk

3rd

amp 4th


wwwloxwoodjoustcouk

9th ndash 11



16th



17th

amp 18th



17th

amp 18th



23rd

amp 24th



25th



25th

amp 26th





September


www1474eu

14th

amp 15th







October



12th

amp 13th



November

23

rd amp 24





























to Moscow [12]



guselang=ru










Timur yet to come





























most fierce



















































181998136





th centuries












behind



































(536396505396846 or 53 deg 3825 N 50 deg 3228 E) [5]



in legends












of the Kondurcha


After











tahtomysa






EEEDE4F3F0F7E5




DE0








Rus24

Notes


































































Competition One













Vespasian



visit


























leadership









































this year





visiting both































from day one



































alum








































hair dyeing




























Ireland














Italy




















alum industry there















































sparkling























References













can call on 01603 474516

Event Information

March

2nd

amp 3rd






15th



31st amp 1



April

28th




May

4

th ndash 6



4th ndash 6



5th amp 6



11th



11th

amp 12th










26th



May 28th



June

1st amp 2



8th amp 9


wwwhistoryalivecoau

15th

amp 16th


wwwglostheatrecouk

15th

amp 16th



21st ndash 23



21st ndash 23



29th

amp 30th


July

5th ndash 7


wwwlarpcampcouk

6th amp 7



13th

amp 14th



13th

amp 14th



20th



26th



27th

amp 28th



27th

amp 28th





27th

amp 28th


heburbeckgmaiIc0m

August

2nd



3rd

amp 4th


httpwwwmid-festcouk

3rd

amp 4th


wwwloxwoodjoustcouk

9th ndash 11



16th



17th

amp 18th



17th

amp 18th



23rd

amp 24th



25th



25th

amp 26th





September


www1474eu

14th

amp 15th







October



12th

amp 13th



November

23

rd amp 24










Timur yet to come





























most fierce



















































181998136





th centuries












behind



































(536396505396846 or 53 deg 3825 N 50 deg 3228 E) [5]



in legends












of the Kondurcha


After











tahtomysa






EEEDE4F3F0F7E5




DE0








Rus24

Notes


































































Competition One













Vespasian



visit


























leadership









































this year





visiting both































from day one



































alum








































hair dyeing




























Ireland














Italy




















alum industry there















































sparkling























References













can call on 01603 474516

Event Information

March

2nd

amp 3rd






15th



31st amp 1



April

28th




May

4

th ndash 6



4th ndash 6



5th amp 6



11th



11th

amp 12th










26th



May 28th



June

1st amp 2



8th amp 9


wwwhistoryalivecoau

15th

amp 16th


wwwglostheatrecouk

15th

amp 16th



21st ndash 23



21st ndash 23



29th

amp 30th


July

5th ndash 7


wwwlarpcampcouk

6th amp 7



13th

amp 14th



13th

amp 14th



20th



26th



27th

amp 28th



27th

amp 28th





27th

amp 28th


heburbeckgmaiIc0m

August

2nd



3rd

amp 4th


httpwwwmid-festcouk

3rd

amp 4th


wwwloxwoodjoustcouk

9th ndash 11



16th



17th

amp 18th



17th

amp 18th



23rd

amp 24th



25th



25th

amp 26th





September


www1474eu

14th

amp 15th







October



12th

amp 13th



November

23

rd amp 24















most fierce



















































181998136





th centuries












behind



































(536396505396846 or 53 deg 3825 N 50 deg 3228 E) [5]



in legends












of the Kondurcha


After











tahtomysa






EEEDE4F3F0F7E5




DE0








Rus24

Notes


































































Competition One













Vespasian



visit


























leadership









































this year





visiting both































from day one



































alum








































hair dyeing




























Ireland














Italy




















alum industry there















































sparkling























References













can call on 01603 474516

Event Information

March

2nd

amp 3rd






15th



31st amp 1



April

28th




May

4

th ndash 6



4th ndash 6



5th amp 6



11th



11th

amp 12th










26th



May 28th



June

1st amp 2



8th amp 9


wwwhistoryalivecoau

15th

amp 16th


wwwglostheatrecouk

15th

amp 16th



21st ndash 23



21st ndash 23



29th

amp 30th


July

5th ndash 7


wwwlarpcampcouk

6th amp 7



13th

amp 14th



13th

amp 14th



20th



26th



27th

amp 28th



27th

amp 28th





27th

amp 28th


heburbeckgmaiIc0m

August

2nd



3rd

amp 4th


httpwwwmid-festcouk

3rd

amp 4th


wwwloxwoodjoustcouk

9th ndash 11



16th



17th

amp 18th



17th

amp 18th



23rd

amp 24th



25th



25th

amp 26th





September


www1474eu

14th

amp 15th







October



12th

amp 13th



November

23

rd amp 24










most fierce



















































181998136





th centuries












behind



































(536396505396846 or 53 deg 3825 N 50 deg 3228 E) [5]



in legends












of the Kondurcha


After











tahtomysa






EEEDE4F3F0F7E5




DE0








Rus24

Notes


































































Competition One













Vespasian



visit


























leadership









































this year





visiting both































from day one



































alum








































hair dyeing




























Ireland














Italy




















alum industry there















































sparkling























References













can call on 01603 474516

Event Information

March

2nd

amp 3rd






15th



31st amp 1



April

28th




May

4

th ndash 6



4th ndash 6



5th amp 6



11th



11th

amp 12th










26th



May 28th



June

1st amp 2



8th amp 9


wwwhistoryalivecoau

15th

amp 16th


wwwglostheatrecouk

15th

amp 16th



21st ndash 23



21st ndash 23



29th

amp 30th


July

5th ndash 7


wwwlarpcampcouk

6th amp 7



13th

amp 14th



13th

amp 14th



20th



26th



27th

amp 28th



27th

amp 28th





27th

amp 28th


heburbeckgmaiIc0m

August

2nd



3rd

amp 4th


httpwwwmid-festcouk

3rd

amp 4th


wwwloxwoodjoustcouk

9th ndash 11



16th



17th

amp 18th



17th

amp 18th



23rd

amp 24th



25th



25th

amp 26th





September


www1474eu

14th

amp 15th







October



12th

amp 13th



November

23

rd amp 24
















181998136





th centuries












behind



































(536396505396846 or 53 deg 3825 N 50 deg 3228 E) [5]



in legends












of the Kondurcha


After











tahtomysa






EEEDE4F3F0F7E5




DE0








Rus24

Notes


































































Competition One













Vespasian



visit


























leadership









































this year





visiting both































from day one



































alum








































hair dyeing




























Ireland














Italy




















alum industry there















































sparkling























References













can call on 01603 474516

Event Information

March

2nd

amp 3rd






15th



31st amp 1



April

28th




May

4

th ndash 6



4th ndash 6



5th amp 6



11th



11th

amp 12th










26th



May 28th



June

1st amp 2



8th amp 9


wwwhistoryalivecoau

15th

amp 16th


wwwglostheatrecouk

15th

amp 16th



21st ndash 23



21st ndash 23



29th

amp 30th


July

5th ndash 7


wwwlarpcampcouk

6th amp 7



13th

amp 14th



13th

amp 14th



20th



26th



27th

amp 28th



27th

amp 28th





27th

amp 28th


heburbeckgmaiIc0m

August

2nd



3rd

amp 4th


httpwwwmid-festcouk

3rd

amp 4th


wwwloxwoodjoustcouk

9th ndash 11



16th



17th

amp 18th



17th

amp 18th



23rd

amp 24th



25th



25th

amp 26th





September


www1474eu

14th

amp 15th







October



12th

amp 13th



November

23

rd amp 24




181998136





th centuries












behind



































(536396505396846 or 53 deg 3825 N 50 deg 3228 E) [5]



in legends












of the Kondurcha


After











tahtomysa






EEEDE4F3F0F7E5




DE0








Rus24

Notes


































































Competition One













Vespasian



visit


























leadership









































this year





visiting both































from day one



































alum








































hair dyeing




























Ireland














Italy




















alum industry there















































sparkling























References













can call on 01603 474516

Event Information

March

2nd

amp 3rd






15th



31st amp 1



April

28th




May

4

th ndash 6



4th ndash 6



5th amp 6



11th



11th

amp 12th










26th



May 28th



June

1st amp 2



8th amp 9


wwwhistoryalivecoau

15th

amp 16th


wwwglostheatrecouk

15th

amp 16th



21st ndash 23



21st ndash 23



29th

amp 30th


July

5th ndash 7


wwwlarpcampcouk

6th amp 7



13th

amp 14th



13th

amp 14th



20th



26th



27th

amp 28th



27th

amp 28th





27th

amp 28th


heburbeckgmaiIc0m

August

2nd



3rd

amp 4th


httpwwwmid-festcouk

3rd

amp 4th


wwwloxwoodjoustcouk

9th ndash 11



16th



17th

amp 18th



17th

amp 18th



23rd

amp 24th



25th



25th

amp 26th





September


www1474eu

14th

amp 15th







October



12th

amp 13th



November

23

rd amp 24


































(536396505396846 or 53 deg 3825 N 50 deg 3228 E) [5]



in legends












of the Kondurcha


After











tahtomysa






EEEDE4F3F0F7E5




DE0








Rus24

Notes


































































Competition One













Vespasian



visit


























leadership









































this year





visiting both































from day one



































alum








































hair dyeing




























Ireland














Italy




















alum industry there















































sparkling























References













can call on 01603 474516

Event Information

March

2nd

amp 3rd






15th



31st amp 1



April

28th




May

4

th ndash 6



4th ndash 6



5th amp 6



11th



11th

amp 12th










26th



May 28th



June

1st amp 2



8th amp 9


wwwhistoryalivecoau

15th

amp 16th


wwwglostheatrecouk

15th

amp 16th



21st ndash 23



21st ndash 23



29th

amp 30th


July

5th ndash 7


wwwlarpcampcouk

6th amp 7



13th

amp 14th



13th

amp 14th



20th



26th



27th

amp 28th



27th

amp 28th





27th

amp 28th


heburbeckgmaiIc0m

August

2nd



3rd

amp 4th


httpwwwmid-festcouk

3rd

amp 4th


wwwloxwoodjoustcouk

9th ndash 11



16th



17th

amp 18th



17th

amp 18th



23rd

amp 24th



25th



25th

amp 26th





September


www1474eu

14th

amp 15th







October



12th

amp 13th



November

23

rd amp 24





in legends












of the Kondurcha


After











tahtomysa






EEEDE4F3F0F7E5




DE0








Rus24

Notes


































































Competition One













Vespasian



visit


























leadership









































this year





visiting both































from day one



































alum








































hair dyeing




























Ireland














Italy




















alum industry there















































sparkling























References













can call on 01603 474516

Event Information

March

2nd

amp 3rd






15th



31st amp 1



April

28th




May

4

th ndash 6



4th ndash 6



5th amp 6



11th



11th

amp 12th










26th



May 28th



June

1st amp 2



8th amp 9


wwwhistoryalivecoau

15th

amp 16th


wwwglostheatrecouk

15th

amp 16th



21st ndash 23



21st ndash 23



29th

amp 30th


July

5th ndash 7


wwwlarpcampcouk

6th amp 7



13th

amp 14th



13th

amp 14th



20th



26th



27th

amp 28th



27th

amp 28th





27th

amp 28th


heburbeckgmaiIc0m

August

2nd



3rd

amp 4th


httpwwwmid-festcouk

3rd

amp 4th


wwwloxwoodjoustcouk

9th ndash 11



16th



17th

amp 18th



17th

amp 18th



23rd

amp 24th



25th



25th

amp 26th





September


www1474eu

14th

amp 15th







October



12th

amp 13th



November

23

rd amp 24













tahtomysa






EEEDE4F3F0F7E5




DE0








Rus24

Notes


































































Competition One













Vespasian



visit


























leadership









































this year





visiting both































from day one



































alum








































hair dyeing




























Ireland














Italy




















alum industry there















































sparkling























References













can call on 01603 474516

Event Information

March

2nd

amp 3rd






15th



31st amp 1



April

28th




May

4

th ndash 6



4th ndash 6



5th amp 6



11th



11th

amp 12th










26th



May 28th



June

1st amp 2



8th amp 9


wwwhistoryalivecoau

15th

amp 16th


wwwglostheatrecouk

15th

amp 16th



21st ndash 23



21st ndash 23



29th

amp 30th


July

5th ndash 7


wwwlarpcampcouk

6th amp 7



13th

amp 14th



13th

amp 14th



20th



26th



27th

amp 28th



27th

amp 28th





27th

amp 28th


heburbeckgmaiIc0m

August

2nd



3rd

amp 4th


httpwwwmid-festcouk

3rd

amp 4th


wwwloxwoodjoustcouk

9th ndash 11



16th



17th

amp 18th



17th

amp 18th



23rd

amp 24th



25th



25th

amp 26th





September


www1474eu

14th

amp 15th







October



12th

amp 13th



November

23

rd amp 24


















































Competition One













Vespasian



visit


























leadership









































this year





visiting both































from day one



































alum








































hair dyeing




























Ireland














Italy




















alum industry there















































sparkling























References













can call on 01603 474516

Event Information

March

2nd

amp 3rd






15th



31st amp 1



April

28th




May

4

th ndash 6



4th ndash 6



5th amp 6



11th



11th

amp 12th










26th



May 28th



June

1st amp 2



8th amp 9


wwwhistoryalivecoau

15th

amp 16th


wwwglostheatrecouk

15th

amp 16th



21st ndash 23



21st ndash 23



29th

amp 30th


July

5th ndash 7


wwwlarpcampcouk

6th amp 7



13th

amp 14th



13th

amp 14th



20th



26th



27th

amp 28th



27th

amp 28th





27th

amp 28th


heburbeckgmaiIc0m

August

2nd



3rd

amp 4th


httpwwwmid-festcouk

3rd

amp 4th


wwwloxwoodjoustcouk

9th ndash 11



16th



17th

amp 18th



17th

amp 18th



23rd

amp 24th



25th



25th

amp 26th





September


www1474eu

14th

amp 15th







October



12th

amp 13th



November

23

rd amp 24



Competition One













Vespasian



visit


























leadership









































this year





visiting both































from day one



































alum








































hair dyeing




























Ireland














Italy




















alum industry there















































sparkling























References













can call on 01603 474516

Event Information

March

2nd

amp 3rd






15th



31st amp 1



April

28th




May

4

th ndash 6



4th ndash 6



5th amp 6



11th



11th

amp 12th










26th



May 28th



June

1st amp 2



8th amp 9


wwwhistoryalivecoau

15th

amp 16th


wwwglostheatrecouk

15th

amp 16th



21st ndash 23



21st ndash 23



29th

amp 30th


July

5th ndash 7


wwwlarpcampcouk

6th amp 7



13th

amp 14th



13th

amp 14th



20th



26th



27th

amp 28th



27th

amp 28th





27th

amp 28th


heburbeckgmaiIc0m

August

2nd



3rd

amp 4th


httpwwwmid-festcouk

3rd

amp 4th


wwwloxwoodjoustcouk

9th ndash 11



16th



17th

amp 18th



17th

amp 18th



23rd

amp 24th



25th



25th

amp 26th





September


www1474eu

14th

amp 15th







October



12th

amp 13th



November

23

rd amp 24




















leadership









































this year





visiting both































from day one



































alum








































hair dyeing




























Ireland














Italy




















alum industry there















































sparkling























References













can call on 01603 474516

Event Information

March

2nd

amp 3rd






15th



31st amp 1



April

28th




May

4

th ndash 6



4th ndash 6



5th amp 6



11th



11th

amp 12th










26th



May 28th



June

1st amp 2



8th amp 9


wwwhistoryalivecoau

15th

amp 16th


wwwglostheatrecouk

15th

amp 16th



21st ndash 23



21st ndash 23



29th

amp 30th


July

5th ndash 7


wwwlarpcampcouk

6th amp 7



13th

amp 14th



13th

amp 14th



20th



26th



27th

amp 28th



27th

amp 28th





27th

amp 28th


heburbeckgmaiIc0m

August

2nd



3rd

amp 4th


httpwwwmid-festcouk

3rd

amp 4th


wwwloxwoodjoustcouk

9th ndash 11



16th



17th

amp 18th



17th

amp 18th



23rd

amp 24th



25th



25th

amp 26th





September


www1474eu

14th

amp 15th







October



12th

amp 13th



November

23

rd amp 24









































this year





visiting both































from day one



































alum








































hair dyeing




























Ireland














Italy




















alum industry there















































sparkling























References













can call on 01603 474516

Event Information

March

2nd

amp 3rd






15th



31st amp 1



April

28th




May

4

th ndash 6



4th ndash 6



5th amp 6



11th



11th

amp 12th










26th



May 28th



June

1st amp 2



8th amp 9


wwwhistoryalivecoau

15th

amp 16th


wwwglostheatrecouk

15th

amp 16th



21st ndash 23



21st ndash 23



29th

amp 30th


July

5th ndash 7


wwwlarpcampcouk

6th amp 7



13th

amp 14th



13th

amp 14th



20th



26th



27th

amp 28th



27th

amp 28th





27th

amp 28th


heburbeckgmaiIc0m

August

2nd



3rd

amp 4th


httpwwwmid-festcouk

3rd

amp 4th


wwwloxwoodjoustcouk

9th ndash 11



16th



17th

amp 18th



17th

amp 18th



23rd

amp 24th



25th



25th

amp 26th





September


www1474eu

14th

amp 15th







October



12th

amp 13th



November

23

rd amp 24





























from day one



































alum








































hair dyeing




























Ireland














Italy




















alum industry there















































sparkling























References













can call on 01603 474516

Event Information

March

2nd

amp 3rd






15th



31st amp 1



April

28th




May

4

th ndash 6



4th ndash 6



5th amp 6



11th



11th

amp 12th










26th



May 28th



June

1st amp 2



8th amp 9


wwwhistoryalivecoau

15th

amp 16th


wwwglostheatrecouk

15th

amp 16th



21st ndash 23



21st ndash 23



29th

amp 30th


July

5th ndash 7


wwwlarpcampcouk

6th amp 7



13th

amp 14th



13th

amp 14th



20th



26th



27th

amp 28th



27th

amp 28th





27th

amp 28th


heburbeckgmaiIc0m

August

2nd



3rd

amp 4th


httpwwwmid-festcouk

3rd

amp 4th


wwwloxwoodjoustcouk

9th ndash 11



16th



17th

amp 18th



17th

amp 18th



23rd

amp 24th



25th



25th

amp 26th





September


www1474eu

14th

amp 15th







October



12th

amp 13th



November

23

rd amp 24






























alum








































hair dyeing




























Ireland














Italy




















alum industry there















































sparkling























References













can call on 01603 474516

Event Information

March

2nd

amp 3rd






15th



31st amp 1



April

28th




May

4

th ndash 6



4th ndash 6



5th amp 6



11th



11th

amp 12th










26th



May 28th



June

1st amp 2



8th amp 9


wwwhistoryalivecoau

15th

amp 16th


wwwglostheatrecouk

15th

amp 16th



21st ndash 23



21st ndash 23



29th

amp 30th


July

5th ndash 7


wwwlarpcampcouk

6th amp 7



13th

amp 14th



13th

amp 14th



20th



26th



27th

amp 28th



27th

amp 28th





27th

amp 28th


heburbeckgmaiIc0m

August

2nd



3rd

amp 4th


httpwwwmid-festcouk

3rd

amp 4th


wwwloxwoodjoustcouk

9th ndash 11



16th



17th

amp 18th



17th

amp 18th



23rd

amp 24th



25th



25th

amp 26th





September


www1474eu

14th

amp 15th







October



12th

amp 13th



November

23

rd amp 24















alum








































hair dyeing




























Ireland














Italy




















alum industry there















































sparkling























References













can call on 01603 474516

Event Information

March

2nd

amp 3rd






15th



31st amp 1



April

28th




May

4

th ndash 6



4th ndash 6



5th amp 6



11th



11th

amp 12th










26th



May 28th



June

1st amp 2



8th amp 9


wwwhistoryalivecoau

15th

amp 16th


wwwglostheatrecouk

15th

amp 16th



21st ndash 23



21st ndash 23



29th

amp 30th


July

5th ndash 7


wwwlarpcampcouk

6th amp 7



13th

amp 14th



13th

amp 14th



20th



26th



27th

amp 28th



27th

amp 28th





27th

amp 28th


heburbeckgmaiIc0m

August

2nd



3rd

amp 4th


httpwwwmid-festcouk

3rd

amp 4th


wwwloxwoodjoustcouk

9th ndash 11



16th



17th

amp 18th



17th

amp 18th



23rd

amp 24th



25th



25th

amp 26th





September


www1474eu

14th

amp 15th







October



12th

amp 13th



November

23

rd amp 24



















hair dyeing




























Ireland














Italy




















alum industry there















































sparkling























References













can call on 01603 474516

Event Information

March

2nd

amp 3rd






15th



31st amp 1



April

28th




May

4

th ndash 6



4th ndash 6



5th amp 6



11th



11th

amp 12th










26th



May 28th



June

1st amp 2



8th amp 9


wwwhistoryalivecoau

15th

amp 16th


wwwglostheatrecouk

15th

amp 16th



21st ndash 23



21st ndash 23



29th

amp 30th


July

5th ndash 7


wwwlarpcampcouk

6th amp 7



13th

amp 14th



13th

amp 14th



20th



26th



27th

amp 28th



27th

amp 28th





27th

amp 28th


heburbeckgmaiIc0m

August

2nd



3rd

amp 4th


httpwwwmid-festcouk

3rd

amp 4th


wwwloxwoodjoustcouk

9th ndash 11



16th



17th

amp 18th



17th

amp 18th



23rd

amp 24th



25th



25th

amp 26th





September


www1474eu

14th

amp 15th







October



12th

amp 13th



November

23

rd amp 24













Ireland














Italy




















alum industry there















































sparkling























References













can call on 01603 474516

Event Information

March

2nd

amp 3rd






15th



31st amp 1



April

28th




May

4

th ndash 6



4th ndash 6



5th amp 6



11th



11th

amp 12th










26th



May 28th



June

1st amp 2



8th amp 9


wwwhistoryalivecoau

15th

amp 16th


wwwglostheatrecouk

15th

amp 16th



21st ndash 23



21st ndash 23



29th

amp 30th


July

5th ndash 7


wwwlarpcampcouk

6th amp 7



13th

amp 14th



13th

amp 14th



20th



26th



27th

amp 28th



27th

amp 28th





27th

amp 28th


heburbeckgmaiIc0m

August

2nd



3rd

amp 4th


httpwwwmid-festcouk

3rd

amp 4th


wwwloxwoodjoustcouk

9th ndash 11



16th



17th

amp 18th



17th

amp 18th



23rd

amp 24th



25th



25th

amp 26th





September


www1474eu

14th

amp 15th







October



12th

amp 13th



November

23

rd amp 24















































sparkling























References













can call on 01603 474516

Event Information

March

2nd

amp 3rd






15th



31st amp 1



April

28th




May

4

th ndash 6



4th ndash 6



5th amp 6



11th



11th

amp 12th










26th



May 28th



June

1st amp 2



8th amp 9


wwwhistoryalivecoau

15th

amp 16th


wwwglostheatrecouk

15th

amp 16th



21st ndash 23



21st ndash 23



29th

amp 30th


July

5th ndash 7


wwwlarpcampcouk

6th amp 7



13th

amp 14th



13th

amp 14th



20th



26th



27th

amp 28th



27th

amp 28th





27th

amp 28th


heburbeckgmaiIc0m

August

2nd



3rd

amp 4th


httpwwwmid-festcouk

3rd

amp 4th


wwwloxwoodjoustcouk

9th ndash 11



16th



17th

amp 18th



17th

amp 18th



23rd

amp 24th



25th



25th

amp 26th





September


www1474eu

14th

amp 15th







October



12th

amp 13th



November

23

rd amp 24













sparkling























References













can call on 01603 474516

Event Information

March

2nd

amp 3rd






15th



31st amp 1



April

28th




May

4

th ndash 6



4th ndash 6



5th amp 6



11th



11th

amp 12th










26th



May 28th



June

1st amp 2



8th amp 9


wwwhistoryalivecoau

15th

amp 16th


wwwglostheatrecouk

15th

amp 16th



21st ndash 23



21st ndash 23



29th

amp 30th


July

5th ndash 7


wwwlarpcampcouk

6th amp 7



13th

amp 14th



13th

amp 14th



20th



26th



27th

amp 28th



27th

amp 28th





27th

amp 28th


heburbeckgmaiIc0m

August

2nd



3rd

amp 4th


httpwwwmid-festcouk

3rd

amp 4th


wwwloxwoodjoustcouk

9th ndash 11



16th



17th

amp 18th



17th

amp 18th



23rd

amp 24th



25th



25th

amp 26th





September


www1474eu

14th

amp 15th







October



12th

amp 13th



November

23

rd amp 24





References













can call on 01603 474516

Event Information

March

2nd

amp 3rd






15th



31st amp 1



April

28th




May

4

th ndash 6



4th ndash 6



5th amp 6



11th



11th

amp 12th










26th



May 28th



June

1st amp 2



8th amp 9


wwwhistoryalivecoau

15th

amp 16th


wwwglostheatrecouk

15th

amp 16th



21st ndash 23



21st ndash 23



29th

amp 30th


July

5th ndash 7


wwwlarpcampcouk

6th amp 7



13th

amp 14th



13th

amp 14th



20th



26th



27th

amp 28th



27th

amp 28th





27th

amp 28th


heburbeckgmaiIc0m

August

2nd



3rd

amp 4th


httpwwwmid-festcouk

3rd

amp 4th


wwwloxwoodjoustcouk

9th ndash 11



16th



17th

amp 18th



17th

amp 18th



23rd

amp 24th



25th



25th

amp 26th





September


www1474eu

14th

amp 15th







October



12th

amp 13th



November

23

rd amp 24



Event Information

March

2nd

amp 3rd






15th



31st amp 1



April

28th




May

4

th ndash 6



4th ndash 6



5th amp 6



11th



11th

amp 12th










26th



May 28th



June

1st amp 2



8th amp 9


wwwhistoryalivecoau

15th

amp 16th


wwwglostheatrecouk

15th

amp 16th



21st ndash 23



21st ndash 23



29th

amp 30th


July

5th ndash 7


wwwlarpcampcouk

6th amp 7



13th

amp 14th



13th

amp 14th



20th



26th



27th

amp 28th



27th

amp 28th





27th

amp 28th


heburbeckgmaiIc0m

August

2nd



3rd

amp 4th


httpwwwmid-festcouk

3rd

amp 4th


wwwloxwoodjoustcouk

9th ndash 11



16th



17th

amp 18th



17th

amp 18th



23rd

amp 24th



25th



25th

amp 26th





September


www1474eu

14th

amp 15th







October



12th

amp 13th



November

23

rd amp 24








26th



May 28th



June

1st amp 2



8th amp 9


wwwhistoryalivecoau

15th

amp 16th


wwwglostheatrecouk

15th

amp 16th



21st ndash 23



21st ndash 23



29th

amp 30th


July

5th ndash 7


wwwlarpcampcouk

6th amp 7



13th

amp 14th



13th

amp 14th



20th



26th



27th

amp 28th



27th

amp 28th





27th

amp 28th


heburbeckgmaiIc0m

August

2nd



3rd

amp 4th


httpwwwmid-festcouk

3rd

amp 4th


wwwloxwoodjoustcouk

9th ndash 11



16th



17th

amp 18th



17th

amp 18th



23rd

amp 24th



25th



25th

amp 26th





September


www1474eu

14th

amp 15th







October



12th

amp 13th



November

23

rd amp 24



13th

amp 14th



20th



26th



27th

amp 28th



27th

amp 28th





27th

amp 28th


heburbeckgmaiIc0m

August

2nd



3rd

amp 4th


httpwwwmid-festcouk

3rd

amp 4th


wwwloxwoodjoustcouk

9th ndash 11



16th



17th

amp 18th



17th

amp 18th



23rd

amp 24th



25th



25th

amp 26th





September


www1474eu

14th

amp 15th







October



12th

amp 13th



November

23

rd amp 24



25th

amp 26th





September


www1474eu

14th

amp 15th







October



12th

amp 13th



November

23

rd amp 24



The Re-Enactor, Issue 49

Documents