J.B. Helfgott, PhD/ Department of Criminal Justice/ Seattle University THE PSYCHOPATH Empirical Research on Psychopathy Biological Influences
Dec 31, 2015
J.B. Helfgott, PhD/ Department of Criminal
Justice/ Seattle University
THE PSYCHOPATHEmpirical Research on
PsychopathyBiological Influences
J.B. Helfgott, PhD/ Department of Criminal
Justice/ Seattle University
Biological Origins of Psychopathy
• Research gaining the most attention in recent years is in neuroanatomy and neuropsychology with focus on the:
•Prefrontal cortex– Orbitofrontal cortex
•Limbic System– Amygdala
J.B. Helfgott, PhD/ Department of Criminal
Justice/ Seattle University
The Human Brain
J.B. Helfgott, PhD/ Department of Criminal
Justice/ Seattle University
Components of the Human Brain
J.B. Helfgott, PhD/ Department of Criminal
Justice/ Seattle University
Brain Imaging
• Positron Emission Tomography (PET)– first scanning
method to provide information on brain function as well as anatomy
– used in conjunction with small amounts of radiolabeled compounds to visualize brain anatomy and function.
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)– newest most
versatile medical imaging technology available - useful for imaging the brain and spine
– Produces highly refined images of the body's interior without surgery by using strong magnets and pulses of radio waves
J.B. Helfgott, PhD/ Department of Criminal
Justice/ Seattle University
Research by Adrian Raine• Found that violent offenders have shrunken
prefrontal cortexes• Affective but not predatory murderers show
anomalies on PET scans
J.B. Helfgott, PhD/ Department of Criminal
Justice/ Seattle University
The Prefrontal Cortex• Plays a role in higher cognitive functions,
such as concentration, planning, judgment, emotions, and personality determination.
• Damage to the orbitofrontal cortex may play a role in violent behavior.
J.B. Helfgott, PhD/ Department of Criminal
Justice/ Seattle University
Research by James Blair
• Dysfunction in the psychopath’s brain lies in the amygdala
• Amygdala regulates FEAR and emotion -dysfunction of Amygdala explains the psychopath’s lack of fear and empathy.
J.B. Helfgott, PhD/ Department of Criminal
Justice/ Seattle University
The Amygdala
• Part of the Limbic System located within the temporal lobe
• controls social and sexual behavior and other emotions.
• plays a critical role in processing emotion and mediating fear.
J.B. Helfgott, PhD/ Department of Criminal
Justice/ Seattle University
Additional Findings
• Murderers:– Reduced prefrontal activity– Poor functioning of the left angular gyrus (lies at
junction of the temporal, parietal, and occipital regions) – linked to reduced verbal ability
– Reductions in functioning of the corpus callosum (which provides lines of communication between left and right hemispheres) – associated with inappropriate emotional expression and inability to comprehend long-term implications.
• Psychopaths:– Inhibited startle reflex in response to emotionally
aversive stimuli.– Low autonomic arousal as measured through skin
conductivity/galvanic skin response
J.B. Helfgott, PhD/ Department of Criminal
Justice/ Seattle University
The Final Word?
• Theories are not mutually exclusive
• Must be considered within an integrative framework
• Evidence from neuroimaging studies, and biological research findings in general, is promising but inconclusive.
J.B. Helfgott, PhD/ Department of Criminal
Justice/ Seattle University
Treatment • Treatment implications of the
biological perspective?
J.B. Helfgott, PhD/ Department of Criminal
Justice/ Seattle University
Recommended Reading
• Raine, A. (1993). The Psychopathology of Crime. New York: Academic Press.
• Raine, A. & Dunkin, J. (1990). The genetic and psychophysiological basis of antisocial behaviour: Implications for counseling and therapy. Journal of Counseling & Development, 68, 637-644.
• Raine, A. & Sanmartin, J. (Eds.) (2001). Violence and Psychopathy. New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.