The Protestant Reformation

The Protestant Reformation

What is the role of the church coming out of the Middle Ages?http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ra2t3S8jp

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Church Organization

PopeCardinals

ArchbishopsBishops

(head of diocese, 2,800 diocese in world)Priests

(413,00 in world!)Monks/NunsCongregation

The Protestant ReformationA series of events in the 1500s that

led to a new form of Christianity known as Protestantism.Nearly ¼ of all Christians in the world today are Protestants.

Most of the churches right here in Morehead are Protestant.

BELLWORK: ½ sheet of paperName 3 immoral practices Catholic leaders were accused of committing in the 15th/16th centuries.

Causes of the Reformation1.) Renaissance attitude of secularism (worldiness)

-spirit of curiosity, questioning things, and self- improvement was valued.

2.) Resentment of Church power and wealth-Political power, taxes, land ownership

3.) Church abuses (corruption)-misuse of money (lavish lifestyles)-fornication, gambling, drunkenness-pluralism and absenteeismneglecting spiritual duties -

inadequate education, illiteracy

Jan Hus—an early reformerWhy was he excommunicated?

What is one argument he made regarding changing the church?

•He is called to a council in 1414. What happens?

Martin Luther1483-1546

From Germany, son of a copper minerLightning storm!!1505- entered a monastery1507- became an ordained priest1512- became a professor of theology at the

University of Wittenberg.Struggled with anxiety over his salvation

“He who through faith is righteous shall live”Began to disagree with Catholic Church

teachings

Luther writes the 95 ThesesWhat prompted him?

The sale of indulgences (pardons for sins) Remission, after death, of all or part of the punishment for sin Replaced traditional act of penance (fasting, prayer, etc…)

Johann Tetzel – “As soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs” (collecting $ for rebuilding the church in Rome)

Luther’s protests: Unfair to the poor Gave people false sense of salvation Disagreed that salvation could come from good deeds (like

donating $)

95 ThesesOct. 31, 1517: Luther nailed the 95 Theses on

the door of the Church.Wanted reform, not to break from the church.Quickly reprinted in the vernacular ; spread

quickly due to the printing press.Luther’s ideas were so popular because of

the environment of backlash that already existed.

His popularity and followers make him a huge threat in the eyes of the Church.

Luther’s Teachings-What Luther wanted to change:

No IndulgencesNo ConfessionNo PilgrimagesNo Prayers to saintsSimplify ritual of the mass, instead focus on

sermonClergy should be able to marry

LutherChurch officials asked him to recant; he

refusedSummoned to appear at the Diet of Worms Excommunicated and declared an outlawProtected by Frederic the Wise Translated the New Testament into German

during his year of hiding.Some of his teachings had already been put

into action = Lutherans – the first Protestant church.

Other ReformersUlrich Zwingli

John Calvin

Anabaptists

The Impact of the Printing Presshttp://www.biography.com/people/johannes-g

utenberg-9323828/videos/johannes-gutenberg-the-printing-press-26300995752

Johannes GutenbergUsing technology from China and Korea, he

cast the letters of the alphabet into a wooden press.

Text could be quickly printed on both sides of paper.

Result: books and printed material produced faster and cheaper, available to more people.

1st publication: a 1,282 page BiblePrinters spread rapidly; within 35 years, a

press was as far as Constantinople.“30 buyers rise up for each volume…tearing

one another’s eyes out to get ahold of them.”Rapid access to new ideas.Easier access to books=more people learned

to read, more books printed.Renaissance and Reformation ideas spread

quickly!

How are the Renaissance, Reformation and Printing Press connected?Renaissance: a time of learning and

questioning, seeking answersReformers, disgusted with church, find

answers in reading the Bible for themselvesThe printing press allows for the Bible (and

95 Theses) to be read (in the common language!) by many.

Therefore, reformation, or change, spreads.

By 1560, seehow religious beliefshave spread!

The Counter (or Catholic) Reformation: what’s a church to do??Catholics want to turn the tide of the

Protestant Reformation:The Council of Trent: over the course of

20 years, it meets to revise problems in the church.

Took steps to end abuses, educate clergy; reaffirmed doctrines and beliefs and the power of the pope.

The InquisitionA church court to root out hereticsOutlaws books (especially Protestant and

humanist books)Index of Forbidden Books (includes Luther &

Calvin)

Short excerpt:http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aUwzaaU27

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JesuitsFounded by Ignatius of Loyola to defend and

spread the Catholic faithSet up schools

Later in U.S.: Loyola, Creighton, Gonzaga, Xavier, Georgetown, Boston College

Travel to “new worlds” as missionaries=lots of new Catholic converts

These attempts work; the majority of Europe is still Catholic, reform helps clean up abuses and the image of the church.

BUT…Protestantism still remained, had a number of followers.

“ReligionOverthrowingHatred &Heresy”

What does thismean?

Witch Hunts50,000-80,000 killed through the inquisition/trials,

but Protestants feared them too.A combination of religious and magical beliefs that

led people to believe these people (usually women) could perform witchcraft.Causes: jealousies, natural disasters and disease,

superstitions, threat to male powerDeath: ducking, pricking, torture for confessions,

burning at the stake, hangingsDeclined by 1640’s; last in Europe in 1793; still

practiced today

Persecution of JewsSpain expelled them in 1492Italy began creating “ghettos” in 1516Many restrictions on JewsEven Luther called for them to be expelled

for not convertingSynagogues burnedMany flee to the North and to the Ottoman

Empire (mideast)

End Result:Europe would remain divided between Catholics and Protestants for centuries, leading to many bloody conflicts.