The Protestant Reformation

The Protestant Reformation

Chapter 13Section 3The Protestant ReformationCorrupt ChurchPopes were living a rich and luxurious lifestyle

Popes were also hiring painters and sculptors to beautify churches

To finance these projects, the Church increased fees for marriages and baptisms

Need More $$$The Church still needed more money

Decided to sell indulgences

IndulgencesWere believed to lessen the time a persons soul would have to spend in purgatory

They used to only be granted for good deeds, such as fighting in the Crusades

Martin Luther1517Did not approve of the sale of indulgences

Not this Martin LutherJust so there is no confusion.

Luthers ProtestIn 1517, Johann Tetzel set up a pulpit on the outskirts of Wittenburg

Sold indulgences to anyone who Contributed money towards the rebuilding of St. Peters Cathedral in Rome

Tetzels IndulgencesTetzel made big claims about his indulgences

He claimed that the purchase of these indulgences would assume entry into heaven not only for the purchasers but for their dead relatives as well.

Dont you hear the voices of your dead parents and other relatives crying out?

95 ThesesWritten by Luther

Posted it on Church door

95 ThesesHe argued that indulgences had no basis in the Bible, that the Pope had no authority to release souls from purgatory, and that Christians could be saved only through faith

Luther vs. The ChurchAlmost overnight, copies of the 95 Theses were printed and distributed across Europe

The Church wanted Luther to recant or give up his views

Luther RefusesLuther would refuse and began urging Christians to reject the authority of Rome

Luther would be excommunicated by 1521

Diet of WormsOrdered to attend by Holy Roman Emperor Charles VLuther went expecting to defend his writings, but the emperor simply ordered him to give them up

Luther is Found GuiltyLuther was declared an outlaw, making it a crime for anyone in the empire to give him food or shelter

Luther had powerful supporters and hid out in castles

Remained in hiding for nearly a year and thousands saw him as a hero

Luthers TeachingsRejected the Church doctrine that good deeds were necessary for salvation

Upheld the Bible as the sole source of religious truth

Rejected the idea that priests and the Church hierarchy had special powers

Teachings ContinuedRejected five of the seven sacraments because the Bible did not mention them

Banned indulgences, confession, pilgrimages, and prayers to saints

Simplified the ritual of mass and instead emphasized the sermon

A Few MorePermitted clergy to marry

These became the foundation of the Lutheran Church

Spread of Lutheran IdeasFollowers of Luther were called Protestants

Those who protested papal authority

Who Supported Him?Many clergy saw Luthers reforms as the answer to Church corruption

Others supported him on the basis of national loyalty, they were tired of German money going to support churches and clergy in Italy

Peace of AugsburgSigned in 1555, allowed each prince to decide which religion, Catholic, or Lutheran, would be followed in his lands. Most northern German states chose Lutheranism, the south remained largely Catholic

CalvinismIn 1541, Protestants in Geneva asked Calvin to lead their community

CalvinBelieved salvation was through faith alone

Preached predestination the idea that God had long ago determined who would gain salvation

Calvinists believed the world was divided into two kinds of people, saints and sinners

Calvins GovernmentHe set up a theocracy government run by church leaders

Saw themselves as the chosen people

LifestyleCitizens faced fines or other harsher punishments for offenses such as fighting, swearing, laughing in church, or dancing

Believed in religious education for both boys and girls

Women should read the Bible in private, allowed them to sing in church

Spread of CalvinismGermany, France, Netherlands, England, and Scotland

Faced opposition from Catholics and Lutherans

Wars raged between French Calvinsits, called Hugenots, and Catholics

Field PreachersTo avoid persecution, field preachers gave sermons in the countryside, away from the eyes of town authorities

John Knox, a Calvinist preacher in Scotland led a religious rebellion

Scottish Protestants overthrew the Catholic queen and set up Scottish Presbyterian Church