The Progressive Impulse Progressivism was an optimistic vision, an idea of progress, believed society was capable of improvement and that continued growth.

The Progressive ImpulseThe Progressive Impulse

Progressivism was an optimistic vision, Progressivism was an optimistic vision, an idea of progress, believed society an idea of progress, believed society was capable of improvement and that was capable of improvement and that continued growth and advancement continued growth and advancement were the nation's destiny, believed that were the nation's destiny, believed that direct, purposeful human intervention direct, purposeful human intervention in social and economic affairs was in social and economic affairs was essential to orderingessential to ordering and bettering and bettering societysociety


Antimonopoly was the fear of Antimonopoly was the fear of concentrated power and the urge to concentrated power and the urge to limit and disperse authority and limit and disperse authority and wealth, this appealed to workers, wealth, this appealed to workers, farmers, and to some middle class farmers, and to some middle class AmericansAmericans


Social Cohesion was the belief that Social Cohesion was the belief that individuals are not autonomous but individuals are not autonomous but part of a great web of social part of a great web of social relationships, the welfare of any relationships, the welfare of any single person is dependent on the single person is dependent on the welfare of society as a wholewelfare of society as a whole


Based on a deep faith in knowledge, Based on a deep faith in knowledge, social order was a result of intelligent social order was a result of intelligent social organization and rational social organization and rational procedures for guiding social and procedures for guiding social and economic lifeeconomic life


Role of Government – modernized Role of Government – modernized government must play an important government must play an important role in the process of improving and role in the process of improving and stabilizing societystabilizing society


Muckrakers – Muckrakers – crusading crusading journalists, journalists, committed to committed to exposing scandal, exposing scandal, corruption and corruption and injustice to public injustice to public viewview


Charles Francis Adams Jr- began to Charles Francis Adams Jr- began to uncover corruption among railroad uncover corruption among railroad baronsbarons


Ida Tarbell – most Ida Tarbell – most notable of railroad notable of railroad trust exposes, trust exposes, wrote an wrote an enormous and enormous and influential study of influential study of the Standard Oil the Standard Oil trusttrust


Lincoln Steffens wrote a portrait of Lincoln Steffens wrote a portrait of machine governments and boss rule, machine governments and boss rule, his tone studied moral outrage (The his tone studied moral outrage (The Shame of the Cities) - all helped Shame of the Cities) - all helped arouse sentiment for urban political arouse sentiment for urban political reformreform


Muckrakers investigated governments, Muckrakers investigated governments, labor unions, corporations; explored labor unions, corporations; explored the problems of child labor, immigrant the problems of child labor, immigrant ghettoes, prostitution, and family ghettoes, prostitution, and family disorganization; denounced the waste disorganization; denounced the waste of natural resources, subjugation of of natural resources, subjugation of women, and occasionally the women, and occasionally the oppression of blacks oppression of blacks


Muckrakers argued that people Muckrakers argued that people themselves must take greater themselves must take greater interest in public life by presenting interest in public life by presenting social problems to the public with social problems to the public with indignation and moral fervor they indignation and moral fervor they helped inspire other Americans to helped inspire other Americans to take actiontake action


Expressed basic progressive Expressed basic progressive impulses: opposition to monopoly, impulses: opposition to monopoly, belief in the need for social unity in belief in the need for social unity in the face of corruption and injusticethe face of corruption and injustice


Social Gospel – reformers committed Social Gospel – reformers committed to the pursuit of social justice, to the pursuit of social justice, powerful movement within American powerful movement within American Protestantism, chiefly concerned with Protestantism, chiefly concerned with redeeming nation's citiesredeeming nation's cities


Salvation Army- example of fusion of Salvation Army- example of fusion of religion with reform, offered both religion with reform, offered both material aid and spiritual service to material aid and spiritual service to the urban poorthe urban poor


Charles Sheldon wrote In His Steps Charles Sheldon wrote In His Steps about a young minister who about a young minister who abandoned comfortable life to work abandoned comfortable life to work among the needy, became the most among the needy, became the most successful novel of the erasuccessful novel of the era


Walter Rauschensbusch published a Walter Rauschensbusch published a series of influential discourse on the series of influential discourse on the possibilities for human salvation possibilities for human salvation through Christian reformthrough Christian reform

“One could hear human virtue cracking and crashing all around.”

Walter Rauschenbusch


Catholic liberal Father John A. Ryan Catholic liberal Father John A. Ryan worked to expand the scope of worked to expand the scope of Catholic social welfare system Catholic social welfare system


Critics of Social Gospel saw it as Critics of Social Gospel saw it as irrelevant moralization, William irrelevant moralization, William Graham Sumner argued that Graham Sumner argued that people's fortunes reflected their people's fortunes reflected their inherent "fitness" for survival, many inherent "fitness" for survival, many progressive theorists disagreed: progressive theorists disagreed: ignorance, poverty and criminality ignorance, poverty and criminality were not result of genetic failings- were not result of genetic failings- effects of unhealthy environmenteffects of unhealthy environment


Jacob Riis exposed Jacob Riis exposed the crowded the crowded immigrant immigrant neighborhoods of neighborhoods of the American cities the American cities through through photographs and photographs and lurid descriptions lurid descriptions


Jane Adams established the Hull House Jane Adams established the Hull House which became a model for more than 400 which became a model for more than 400 similar institutions, sought to help similar institutions, sought to help immigrant families adapt to the language immigrant families adapt to the language and customs of their new country, training and customs of their new country, training ground for future female leaders, spawned ground for future female leaders, spawned the profession of social work where the profession of social work where women played a vital role, produced women played a vital role, produced elaborate surveys, reports and collected elaborate surveys, reports and collected statisticsstatistics


Women played an important role in Women played an important role in social work where they produced social work where they produced elaborate surveys and reports, elaborate surveys and reports, collected statistics, and published collected statistics, and published scholarly tracts on the need for scholarly tracts on the need for urban reformurban reform


Many reforms came to believe that Many reforms came to believe that only enlightened experts and well-only enlightened experts and well-designed bureaucracies could create designed bureaucracies could create stability and orderstability and order


Thorstein Veblen was one of the Thorstein Veblen was one of the most influential social scientists, most influential social scientists, critical of the "leisure class" critical of the "leisure class" (industrial tycoons), proposed new (industrial tycoons), proposed new economic system in which power economic system in which power would reside in the hands of highly would reside in the hands of highly trained engineerstrained engineers


Taylorism: impulse toward expertise Taylorism: impulse toward expertise and organization, encouraged and organization, encouraged development of mass production development of mass production techniques, assembly line, new techniques, assembly line, new organization, resulted in a dramatic organization, resulted in a dramatic expansion in number of Americans expansion in number of Americans engaged in administrative and engaged in administrative and professional tasks, the new Middle professional tasks, the new Middle Class placed high value on educationClass placed high value on education


Doctors who considered themselves Doctors who considered themselves trained professionals began forming trained professionals began forming local associations and societies- local associations and societies- American Medical Association American Medical Association reorganized into a national reorganized into a national professional societyprofessional society


Johns Hopkins compared favorably Johns Hopkins compared favorably with the leading medical schools in with the leading medical schools in Europe, and doctors there such as Europe, and doctors there such as William H. Welch taught by moving William H. Welch taught by moving the students out of the classrooms the students out of the classrooms and into laboratories and clinicsand into laboratories and clinics


By 1916 lawyers in 48 states had By 1916 lawyers in 48 states had established professional bar established professional bar associationsassociations

The Progressive ImpulseThe Progressive Impulse Business administration created the Business administration created the

National Association of Manufactures National Association of Manufactures and the United States Commerceand the United States Commerce


Admission requirements into newly Admission requirements into newly formed professions effort to defend formed professions effort to defend the professions from the untrained the professions from the untrained and incompetent, women found and incompetent, women found themselves excluded from most of themselves excluded from most of the emerging professions, most the emerging professions, most important job for women was important job for women was teaching – 90% of all professional teaching – 90% of all professional women were teacherswomen were teachers


Women's Professions had much in Women's Professions had much in common with other professions, common with other professions, value placed on training and value placed on training and expertise, creation of professional expertise, creation of professional organizations and professional organizations and professional identity – usually helping professions identity – usually helping professions like nursing and librarians like nursing and librarians

Women and ReformWomen and Reform

New Woman – house work was less New Woman – house work was less onerous, occupies only a small part onerous, occupies only a small part of the day, began looking for of the day, began looking for activities outside the home, declining activities outside the home, declining family size, lived longer, single family size, lived longer, single women were among the most women were among the most prominent female reformers, high prominent female reformers, high levels of education became available levels of education became available


The divorce rate rose quickly in the The divorce rate rose quickly in the late 19late 19thth century from one divorce in century from one divorce in 21 to one in 9 by 1916.21 to one in 9 by 1916.

Boston Marriages – women lived Boston Marriages – women lived together, sometimes romanticallytogether, sometimes romantically


Women's Clubs were a large network Women's Clubs were a large network of organizations to provide an outlet of organizations to provide an outlet for intellectual energies, General for intellectual energies, General Federation of Women's Clubs had Federation of Women's Clubs had over 1 million members by 1917, over 1 million members by 1917, became more concerned with social became more concerned with social betterment, most excluded blacks betterment, most excluded blacks who formed their own clubswho formed their own clubs


National Association of Colored Women: National Association of Colored Women: some crusaded against lynching, protested some crusaded against lynching, protested aspects of segregationaspects of segregation


Charlotte Perkins Gilman in her book Charlotte Perkins Gilman in her book Woman and Economics argued that Woman and Economics argued that the traditional definition of gender the traditional definition of gender roles was obsoleteroles was obsolete


Accomplishments of Clubs – Accomplishments of Clubs – supported schools, libraries, supported schools, libraries, settlement houses, built hospitals, settlement houses, built hospitals, important force in winning passage important force in winning passage of state laws that regulated of state laws that regulated conditions of women and child labor, conditions of women and child labor, outlawed the manufacture and sale outlawed the manufacture and sale of alcoholof alcohol


Mother's Pensions – some state Mother's Pensions – some state legislatures provided pensions to legislatures provided pensions to widowed or abandoned mothers with widowed or abandoned mothers with small children, became part of the small children, became part of the Social Security systemSocial Security system


Children’s Bureau in the Labor Children’s Bureau in the Labor Department directed to develop Department directed to develop policies to protect childrenpolicies to protect children


Women’s Trade Union League Women’s Trade Union League persuaded women to join unions, the persuaded women to join unions, the WTUL raised money to support WTUL raised money to support strikers on picket lines and bail strikers on picket lines and bail strikers out of jailstrikers out of jail


Suffrage seemed a very radical Suffrage seemed a very radical demand, women presented their demand, women presented their views in terms of "natural rights", views in terms of "natural rights", Elizabeth Cady Stanton believed that Elizabeth Cady Stanton believed that a woman is the arbiter of her own a woman is the arbiter of her own destinydestiny


Powerful anti suffrage movement Powerful anti suffrage movement emerged: defended existing social emerged: defended existing social norms, posed a threat to "natural norms, posed a threat to "natural order", suffrage associated with order", suffrage associated with divorce, promiscuity, looseness and divorce, promiscuity, looseness and neglect of childrenneglect of children


Anna Howard Shaw and Carrie Anna Howard Shaw and Carrie Chapman Catt were a Boston social Chapman Catt were a Boston social worker and journalist, thanks to them worker and journalist, thanks to them membership in the National membership in the National American Woman Suffrage American Woman Suffrage Association grew to over 2 million, Association grew to over 2 million, argued enfranchisement would help argued enfranchisement would help temperance movement.temperance movement.


National American Woman Suffrage National American Woman Suffrage Association believed war would Association believed war would become a thing of the past, promised become a thing of the past, promised to reshape the role of women and to reshape the role of women and reform social order, separation of the reform social order, separation of the suffrage movement from more radical suffrage movement from more radical feminist goals and its associations feminist goals and its associations with other reform causes of concern with other reform causes of concern helped it gain widespread supporthelped it gain widespread support


Some suffrage advocates claimed Some suffrage advocates claimed that once women could vote war that once women could vote war would stop, one reason why WW1 would stop, one reason why WW1 gave a decisive push for suffragegave a decisive push for suffrage


Florence Kelley helped organize Florence Kelley helped organize NAACP, was a prominent social NAACP, was a prominent social reformerreformer


In 1910, Washington became the first In 1910, Washington became the first state in 14 years to extend suffrage state in 14 years to extend suffrage to women, California followed a year to women, California followed a year later, strength of suffrage in western later, strength of suffrage in western states result of an absence of large states result of an absence of large Catholic communities, suffrage fight Catholic communities, suffrage fight rarely intersected with other, more rarely intersected with other, more divisive issuesdivisive issues


By 1919, 39 states has given women the By 1919, 39 states has given women the right to vote, in 1920 ratification of the right to vote, in 1920 ratification of the 19th amendment guaranteed political 19th amendment guaranteed political rights to women, Alice Paul was the head rights to women, Alice Paul was the head of the militant National Woman's Party of the militant National Woman's Party and argued women needed a and argued women needed a constitutional amendment that would constitutional amendment that would provide clear legal protection for their provide clear legal protection for their rights, prohibit discrimination on the rights, prohibit discrimination on the basis of sex- Equal Rights Amendmentbasis of sex- Equal Rights Amendment

The Assault on the PartiesThe Assault on the Parties

Only government could effectively Only government could effectively counter the many powerful private counter the many powerful private interests that threatened the nationinterests that threatened the nation


Before they could reform society Before they could reform society effectively they would have to reform effectively they would have to reform government- considered parties government- considered parties corrupt, undemocratic and corrupt, undemocratic and reactionaryreactionary


Former Mugwumps (Independent Former Mugwumps (Independent Republicans) became important Republicans) became important supporters of progressive political supporters of progressive political reform reform


States adopted secret ballot- helped chip States adopted secret ballot- helped chip away at the power of the parties over the away at the power of the parties over the votersvoters


Party Rule could be broken: by Party Rule could be broken: by increasing the power of the people increasing the power of the people and by permitting them to and by permitting them to circumvent partisan institutions and circumvent partisan institutions and express their will directly at the polls express their will directly at the polls or by placing more power in the or by placing more power in the hands of nonpartisan officialshands of nonpartisan officials


By the end of the century a new By the end of the century a new generation of activists were taking a generation of activists were taking a growing interest in government no growing interest in government no longer "vulgar" activitylonger "vulgar" activity


Opponents: city bosses, large group Opponents: city bosses, large group of special interests, saloon owners, of special interests, saloon owners, businessmen who established businessmen who established lucrative relationships with the urban lucrative relationships with the urban machines, influential newspapers machines, influential newspapers ridiculed reforms as naive do goodersridiculed reforms as naive do gooders


Galveston, Texas: after a devastating Galveston, Texas: after a devastating tidal wave the reformers won tidal wave the reformers won approval of a new city charter mayor approval of a new city charter mayor and council replaces by an elected and council replaces by an elected nonpartisan commissionnonpartisan commission


City-manager-Plan: another approach City-manager-Plan: another approach to municipal reform, elected officials to municipal reform, elected officials hired an outside expert to take hired an outside expert to take charge of the governmentcharge of the government


Tom Johnson: celebrated reform Tom Johnson: celebrated reform mayor of Cleveland- waged a long mayor of Cleveland- waged a long and difficult war against powerful and difficult war against powerful streetcar interests.streetcar interests.

Cleveland came to be known as the Cleveland came to be known as the best-governed city in Americabest-governed city in America


State-level progressives: considered State-level progressives: considered existing state government unfit to existing state government unfit to answer society's needsanswer society's needs


Initiative: allowed reformers to Initiative: allowed reformers to circumvent state legislatures circumvent state legislatures altogether by submitting new altogether by submitting new legislation directly to voters in legislation directly to voters in general electionsgeneral elections


Referendum: provided a method by Referendum: provided a method by which actions of legislature could be which actions of legislature could be returned to the electorate for returned to the electorate for approval. approval.


Direct primary: attempt to take Direct primary: attempt to take selection of candidates away from selection of candidates away from the bosses and give it to the people- the bosses and give it to the people- effort to limit black votingeffort to limit black voting


Recall: gave voters the right to Recall: gave voters the right to remove a public official from office at remove a public official from office at a special electiona special election


Robert M La Follette: helped turn the Robert M La Follette: helped turn the state of Wisconsin into a "laboratory state of Wisconsin into a "laboratory of progressivism" regulated railroads of progressivism" regulated railroads and utilities, referendums, primaries, and utilities, referendums, primaries, initiatives, compensation for laborers initiatives, compensation for laborers injured on the jobinjured on the job


Decline in voter Decline in voter turnout and turnout and political parties, political parties, 1900 73% of the 1900 73% of the electoral voted electoral voted while by 1920 it while by 1920 it declined to 49% declined to 49%


Interest groups: new organizations Interest groups: new organizations outside the party system, designed outside the party system, designed to pressure government to do their to pressure government to do their member's biddingmember's bidding


New pattern of politics: many New pattern of politics: many individual interests organized to individual interests organized to influence government directly rather influence government directly rather than through party structurethan through party structure

Sources of Progressive ReformSources of Progressive Reform

Middle class reformers mainly from Middle class reformers mainly from the east dominated the public image the east dominated the public image of progressivism, but working class of progressivism, but working class Americans, African Americans, Americans, African Americans, westerners, and even party bosses westerners, and even party bosses played important roles in reforms of played important roles in reforms of the erathe era


California passed a child labor law, California passed a child labor law, women’s compensation law and a women’s compensation law and a limitation on working hours for limitation on working hours for womenwomen


Tammany Hall: leader Charles Tammany Hall: leader Charles Francis Murphy, used political power Francis Murphy, used political power on behalf of legislation to improve on behalf of legislation to improve working conditions, protect child working conditions, protect child laborers and eliminate the worst laborers and eliminate the worst abuses of industrial economyabuses of industrial economy

Sources of Progressive ReformSources of Progressive Reform Triangle Shirtwaist Triangle Shirtwaist

Company Fire killed Company Fire killed 146 workers mostly 146 workers mostly women, many of women, many of them died because them died because the management the management had locked the had locked the emergency exits to emergency exits to keep malingering: keep malingering: resulted in reports resulted in reports calling for major calling for major reforms in the reforms in the conditions of conditions of modern labormodern labor


Most effective supporter were two Most effective supporter were two Tammany Democrats- Wagner and Tammany Democrats- Wagner and Smith- steered through a series of Smith- steered through a series of pioneering labor laws that imposed pioneering labor laws that imposed strict regulations on factory owners strict regulations on factory owners and established effective and established effective mechanisms of enforcementmechanisms of enforcement


Western state reformers: important Western state reformers: important target was the federal government- target was the federal government- authority over the land rested in authority over the land rested in federal bureaucracies- could move federal bureaucracies- could move quickly and decisively to embrace quickly and decisively to embrace reforms. Question of who had the reforms. Question of who had the rights to the waters of the Colorado rights to the waters of the Colorado RiverRiver


Most of the growth of the west was a Most of the growth of the west was a result of federally funded dams and result of federally funded dams and water projectswater projects


Booker T. Booker T. Washington: to work Washington: to work for immediate self-for immediate self-improvement rather improvement rather than long- range than long- range social changesocial change


W.E.B Du Bois: The Souls of Black Folk W.E.B Du Bois: The Souls of Black Folk rather than content themselves with rather than content themselves with education at trade and agricultural schools education at trade and agricultural schools advocated talented blacks should accept advocated talented blacks should accept nothing less than a full university education, nothing less than a full university education, fight for immediate restoration of their civil fight for immediate restoration of their civil rights- not simply wait for them to be rights- not simply wait for them to be grantedgranted“Is it possible and probable that nine millions of

men can make effective progress in economic lines if they are deprived of political rights, made a servile caste, and allowed only the most meager chance for developing their exceptional men?”

W. E. B. Du Bois


Niagara Movement: formed the Niagara Movement: formed the NAACP, led the drive for equal rights NAACP, led the drive for equal rights

NAACP one of the nation’s leading NAACP one of the nation’s leading black organizations, stressed the black organizations, stressed the opportunity for exceptional blacks to opportunity for exceptional blacks to gain positions of full equality gain positions of full equality

The Crusade for Social ReformThe Crusade for Social Reform

Women saw alcohol as a source of Women saw alcohol as a source of some of the greatest problems of some of the greatest problems of working-class wives and mothers, working-class wives and mothers, hoped through temperance to reform hoped through temperance to reform male behavior and thus improve male behavior and thus improve women's liveswomen's lives


Political reformers saw an attack on Political reformers saw an attack on drinking as an attack on the city drinking as an attack on the city bossesbosses


1873 temperance advocates formed 1873 temperance advocates formed the Women's Christian Temperance the Women's Christian Temperance Union: led by Frances Willard, Union: led by Frances Willard, publicized the evils of alcohol and publicized the evils of alcohol and the connection between drunkenness the connection between drunkenness and family violence, unemployment, and family violence, unemployment, poverty and diseasepoverty and disease


Anti-Saloon League joined with the Anti-Saloon League joined with the WCTU and began to press for legal WCTU and began to press for legal abolition of saloonsabolition of saloons


America’s entry into World War 1 and America’s entry into World War 1 and the moral fervor it unleashes the moral fervor it unleashes provided last push to advocates of provided last push to advocates of prohibitionprohibition


1920: 18th amendment became a 1920: 18th amendment became a law- Rhode Island and Connecticut law- Rhode Island and Connecticut last to ratifylast to ratify


Some progressives argued that the Some progressives argued that the introduction of immigrants was introduction of immigrants was polluting the nations' racial stock.polluting the nations' racial stock.


Eugenics: the science of altering the Eugenics: the science of altering the reproductive processes of plants and reproductive processes of plants and animals to produce new hybrids and animals to produce new hybrids and breedsbreeds


When applied to people: an effort to When applied to people: an effort to grade races and ethnic groups grade races and ethnic groups according to their genetic qualities, according to their genetic qualities, advocated forced sterilization of the advocated forced sterilization of the mentally retarded, criminals and mentally retarded, criminals and othersothers


Madison Grant: The Passing of the Madison Grant: The Passing of the Great Race- nations most effective Great Race- nations most effective nativist, warned of the dangers of nativist, warned of the dangers of racial mongrelization and importance racial mongrelization and importance of keeping Anglo-Saxon pureof keeping Anglo-Saxon pure


The Dillingham The Dillingham Report: argued that Report: argued that the new immigrant the new immigrant groups had proven groups had proven themselves less themselves less assimilatableassimilatable than than earlier immigrants- earlier immigrants- immigration should be immigration should be restricted by restricted by nationalitynationality

Challenging the Capitalist OrderChallenging the Capitalist Order

Issue that overshadowed and helped Issue that overshadowed and helped to shape all others in the minds of to shape all others in the minds of reformers was the characterreformers was the character of the of the dramatically growing modern dramatically growing modern industrial economy- corruption and industrial economy- corruption and growing influence of corporate growing influence of corporate AmericaAmerica


Socialist Party of America: grew Socialist Party of America: grew during the progressive eraduring the progressive era

Socialist Presidential Candidate Socialist Presidential Candidate 1912: Eugene Debs1912: Eugene Debs

Strongest following: in urban Strongest following: in urban immigrant communities, Germans immigrant communities, Germans and Jews, Protestant farmers in the and Jews, Protestant farmers in the South and MidwestSouth and Midwest


Supporters: Lincoln Steffens, crusader Supporters: Lincoln Steffens, crusader against municipal corruption, Walter against municipal corruption, Walter Lipman brilliant social critic, Florence Lipman brilliant social critic, Florence Kelley, Frances WillardKelley, Frances Willard

Beliefs: need for basic structural Beliefs: need for basic structural changes in the economy, some endorsed changes in the economy, some endorsed radical goals of European Marxists, other radical goals of European Marxists, other envisioned a more moderate reform that envisioned a more moderate reform that would allow small-scale private would allow small-scale private enterprise to surviveenterprise to survive


Industrial Workers of the World: Industrial Workers of the World: (Wobblies) radical labor union, under (Wobblies) radical labor union, under leadership of William (big Bill) leadership of William (big Bill) Haywood- advocated single union for Haywood- advocated single union for all workers and abolition of the all workers and abolition of the "wage slave" system, rejected "wage slave" system, rejected political action in favor of strikes, political action in favor of strikes, dynamiting of railroads lines and dynamiting of railroads lines and power stationspower stations


1917 strike by IWW timber workers in 1917 strike by IWW timber workers in Washington and Idaho virtually shut Washington and Idaho virtually shut down production in the industry- down production in the industry- federal authorities imprisoned the federal authorities imprisoned the leaders of the unionleaders of the union


Reformers argued that the federal Reformers argued that the federal government should work to break up government should work to break up the largest combinations and enforce the largest combinations and enforce a balance between the need for big a balance between the need for big business and the need for business and the need for competitioncompetition


Louis D Brandeis: brilliant lawyer and Louis D Brandeis: brilliant lawyer and later justice of the Supreme court- later justice of the Supreme court- spoke about the "curse of bigness", spoke about the "curse of bigness", threat not just to efficiency but to threat not just to efficiency but to freedomfreedom


Government should distinguish Government should distinguish between good and bad trusts- between good and bad trusts- continued oversight by strong continued oversight by strong centralized government was centralized government was essentialessential


Herbert Croly: The Promise of Herbert Croly: The Promise of American Life became one of the American Life became one of the most influential progressive most influential progressive documents, "nationalist" position, documents, "nationalist" position, focused on some form of focused on some form of coordination of the industrial coordination of the industrial economyeconomy


Theodore Roosevelt was one who Theodore Roosevelt was one who endorsed the notion of the endorsed the notion of the government playing a more active government playing a more active role in regulating and planning role in regulating and planning economic life economic life

The Progressive Impulse Progressivism was an optimistic vision, an idea of progress, believed society was capable of improvement and that continued growth.

Documents

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