The Progressive Era - MR. COLLINS CLASS WEBSITEmrcollinsclassroom.weebly.com/uploads/5/3/6/3/53636553/...goals of progressivism 2. Summarize progressive efforts to clean up government

MOD 4

Section 1: Objectives

■ By the end of this lesson, I will be able to:

■ 1. Explain the four goals of progressivism

■ 2. Summarize progressive efforts to clean up government

■ 3. Identify progressive efforts to reform state government, protect workers, and reform elections.

Section 1: The Origins of Progressivism:

■ Main Idea: Political, economic, and social change in the late 19th Century American led to broad progressive reforms.

■ Why it Matters Now: Progressive reforms in areas such as labor and voting rights reinforced democratic principles that continue to exist today.

■ Key Terms:

■ Progressive Movement

■ Prohibition

■ Muckracker

■ Initiative

■ Key Terms / Names:

■ Referendum

■ Recall

■ Seventeenth Amendment

Essential Question

Was the progressive movement successful?

Progressivism?

■ Progress

■ People vs. Evil Corporations■ Government + Businesses

■ Urbanization Problems

– Heavy toll on American Life■ Unsafe factories

– Conditions, Hours, Pollution

■ Triangle Shirtwaist Factory

■ Urban problems

– Over crowded, Unsanitary, Crime

Populists vs Progressives

▪Populists---rural ▪Progressives---cities

▪Populists were poor and uneducated▪Progressives were middle-class and educated.

▪Populists were too radical▪Progressives stayed political mainstream.

▪Populists failed▪Progressives succeeded

Four Goals of Progressivism

– Progressive Movement -■ Aimed to restore economic opportunities and correct the injustices in American life.■ Response to the vast changes after the Civil War and from Industrialization

1. Protect social welfare

2. Promote moral development

3. Secure economic reform

4. Foster efficiency

Protect Social Welfare■ Correct the harsh conditions of Industrialization

■ Monopolies– Corporations benefited from Government policy

■ Working conditions■ Benefits and vacations a rarity ■ Workers killed and employers rarely helped■ Child Labor

■ Workers Wages– $687 annually, worked 12-13 hr days

■ Living Conditions– Tenement Houses– Settlement Houses

– Social Gospel Movement■ Good works to improve America (Christians)

Social Reformers

– Improve America

■ Social Gospel Movement– Settlement Houses

■ Florence Kelley■ Improve lives of women and children

– Investigated the sweat shops

■ Campaigned for a federal Child-Labor Law

■ Illinois Factory Act in 1893

■ Prohibited child labor and limited hours women could work

■ Children work hours :

■ Work Monday –Saturday from 6 am – 9 pm

Moral Development:

■ Many reformers felt morality would change America– City offered many releases for middle class and lower class citizens

■ Nickelodeons, rail lines, amusement parks, Model T, Other Immoral acts■ Women’s Christian Temperance Union (WCTU)

Prohibition –the banning of alcoholic beverages. (18th Amendment)– Many groups fought this (saloons, and restaurants)

■ Saloons offered many things to Immigrants (cash checks, serve meals)

– Anti-Saloon League (ASL) 1895

■ Later in the 1920’s there would be a much bigger prohibition movement.

Economic Reform■ “Muckrakers,”

– Investigative Journalists– exposed corruption in business, terrible working conditions, living

conditions.

– McClure’s and Collier’s famous magazines■ Middle Class citizens in shock

– Today: 60 Minutes TV Program

– Ida Tarbell exposed Standard Oil Company’s cut-throat methods of eliminating competition. (vertical and horizontal integration)

■ Eugene V. Debs –– Organized labor– Socialist Party 1901 – uneven balance between big business and the laborers– Free Market Economy was hurting the workers

Regulating Big Business:

■ Many businesses were attacked by politicians for being “crooked”– Capitalists vs. Robber Barons

■ They aimed to reform:■ Shipping rates■ No free passes for business officials■ Same taxes for everyone ■ Limits on child labor

– 1907 – 30 states outlawed child labor■ National Child Labor Committee

■ Reduced work hours– Workers were well rested = more productivity

■ 1903 – Oregon Limited Women's work day to 10 hrs

Fostering Efficiency

■ Workplace more efficient

– scientific management

– Time and motion studies to improve efficiency

■ Manufacturing tasks into simpler parts

– Assembly Line

■ Product moves along a conveyor belt as workers perform a

specific task

■ Increase production

■ People worked like machines

– Injuries / fatigue

– Henry Ford - Model T

Protecting Working Children

■ National Child Labor Committee– Investigate harsh working conditions

■ Keating-Owen Act - prohibit the transportation across state lines of good produced by children

■ Muller v. Oregon - women 10 hr work day

■ Bunting v. Oregon - 10 hr work day for men

Political Reform

■ Large Urban cities■ Ran by Political bosses – Kickbacks

– Change: cities more responsive to its citizens

■ Local Governments

– Established Council Members – people elected a city council to make laws.

– The council appointed a manager

– Officials take charge of certain areas in a city and certain issues

■ Galveston, TX and Dayton, OH– Both cities hit with a natural disaster

■ Galveston – Hurricane Dayton – Flood

State and Local Reforms

■ State–Robert M. La Follette “Fighting Bob”

■ Governor of Wisconsin 1900– Targeted RR companies– Regulate rates and abolished “free rides” to politicians

■ Mayor–Tom Johnson of Cleveland

■ Instituted progressivism into the city of Cleveland– Dismissed corrupt and greedy private owners of utilities

■ Gas, water,

■ Invited citizens to circus tents to discuss issues within the city (Town Hall Meetings

Election Reform:

■17th Amendment –– the people elect the senators of their state.

■ The people wanted a voice in politics– Secret Ballots – made it harder to rig elections

■ Hard to tell who you voted for

■ Initiatives – voters could create a bill rather than lawmakers– Voters instruct legislators

■ Referendums – Voters accepted or rejected the initiative– Express their views on a proposed measure

■ Recalls – Enabled voters to force out public officials by having them face another election– With a petition voters can remove a public official

Section 2Education Reform

■ The Big Idea– Reforms in public education led to a rise in national

literacy and the promotion of public education.

Why It Matters Now■ The public education system is a foundation of the

democratic ideals of American society.

Expanding Public Education

■ Education grows in importance■ Industrial Society post civil war

– Schooling late 1800’s■ Reading, Writing, Math■ 8-14 yrs old 12 to 16 weeks annually of school attendance

– Public Education■ Importance of Kindergarten + High School

Discrimination in Edu

■ Racial Discrimination– White Students

■ 1880 - 62% of students attended elementary

– African Americans■ 1880 - 34% of students attended elementary

■ 1890 - Less than 1% attended high school

■ 1910 - 3% attend HS– Bethune-Cookam College - Daytona, Florida

■ John D. Rockefeller + Eleanor Roosevelt were supporters

– Immigrants■ Encouraged to go to school “Americanize”

Booker T. Washington■ Most famous African American

leader during the 19th Century

– End racism through education and skills■ Proved economic value to

society – Manual work/skills

■ Gradual approach

■ W.E.B Du Bois– Niagara Movement– Emphasized higher education to end

racism

Section 3Segregation & Discrimination

The Big IdeaAfrican Americans led the fight against voting

restrictions and Jim Crow laws.

Why It Matters NowToday, African Americans have the legacy of a

century-long battle for civil rights.

Legal Discrimination

■ Post Civil War / Reconstruction (1877)– Racism / Violence / Discrimination

■ Voting Restriction– 15th Amendment - vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United

States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition

of servitude.

■ Poll Tax - annual tax to vote

– Poor couldn't afford to vote

■ Literacy Test - Literacy tests were used to keep people of color -- and,

sometimes, poor whites -- from voting, and they were administered at the discretion of the officials in charge of voter registration.

■ Grandfather Clause - grandfather or father voted before Jan 1, 1867.

■The following are examples of segregation and discrimination:

B. Voting Restrictions:

1. Literacy Tests: have to

be able to read to vote

2. Poll Tax: tax blacks had

to pay to be able to vote

* Grandfather Clause: if man was

eligible to vote prior to Jan. 1, 1867

pay no poll tax (free man vs. slave)

■The following are examples of segregation and discrimination:

C. Racial Laws:

1. Jim Crow Laws: racial

segregation laws in the

South which separated

white & black people in

public & private facilities

”

D. Plessy v. Ferguson:

1896 U.S. Supreme Court case which ruled that separation of the races in public facilities was legal

Impact:

- “separate but equal”

- allowed legal segregation

for next 60 years

Separate but……..truly “equal”?

■The following are examples of segregation and discrimination:

A. Racial etiquette: code of behavior that regulated

relationships between whites and blacks

• Blacks were expected to refer to white males in positions of authority as "Boss" or

"Cap'n"--a title of respect that replaced "Master" used in slave times.

• All black men, on the other hand, were called by their first names or were referred

to as "Boy," "Uncle," and "Old Man"--regardless of their age.

• Black women were addressed as "Auntie" or "girl." Under no circumstances would

the title "Miss." or "Mrs." be used

• White women never allowed blacks to call them by their first names but with the

word "Miss" attached as a modifier: "Miss Ann," "Miss Julie" or "Miss Scarlett”

• Black boys were not allowed to make eye contact with white women while passing

• When walking down the street, a black was expected to stop to allow the white

person the right of way

Discrimination in the USA

■ North–Opportunities for African Americans

■ Jobs, escape racism

–Segregation

■ De Facto segregation – separate by “fact” or practice not by law

■ Neighborhoods, jobs, pay

■ West–Mexican

■ Long hours/tough conditions/little pay (worked on farms)

■ Debt Peonage – laborers work to pay off debt.

–Chinese■ Separate schools and neighborhoods

■ United States v. Wong Kim Ark – citizenship for children of immigrants

Section 4Women in Public Life

Women in the Workforce / Education:

■ Women in the early 19th Century– Devote time to children and family

■ Poorer women forced to work

■ Opportunities for women increased especially in the cities. By 1900, one out of five women worked.– Unions excluded women

– The garment industry was popular as were office work, retail, and education

■ They made less $ per hour than men (for the same jobs!)– Men seemed to support families– Women also began to seek higher education

Women Lead Reform

■ Women started to form clubs

– Couldn’t vote (YET)

■ Push for reform– Working conditions, pay, long hours

– Triangle Shirtwaist Factory (1911)

– Women and higher education– Vassar College 1865

■ Higher education led to women independence

– “Social Housekeeping”■ Workplace reform, housing reform, education and food + drug

laws

Reform Organizations

■ NACW■ National Association of Colored Women 1896

■ NAWSA■ National American Woman Suffrage Association

– State by state movement to help women earn the right to vote

■ Major businesses feared women’s right to vote■ Progressivism help the women’s cause

■ Movement started in 1896

■ 1910 Wyoming, Utah, Colorado and Idaho

Susan B. Anthony:

■ Women also pushed for equal voting rights

■ Susan B. Anthony was a leading advocate of women’s Suffrage – the right to vote.

– Voted over 150 times in 10 different states– Supreme Court ruled Women are citizens 1875

■ Women still couldn’t vote

■ In 1869 Anthony and Cady Stanton founded the National Women Suffrage Association (NWSA)– a group committed to gaining women’s suffrage

– Tried to introduce a Amendment Bill to allow women to vote■ Later: President Roosevelt will support women’s suffrage

■ Many men feared the changing role of women in society. WHY?

A 3-Part Strategy For Suffrage:

1.Convincing state legislatures to adopt the vote.

1. Wyoming – 18692. 1890’s Utah, Colorado, Idaho

2.Pursuing court cases to test 14th

Amendment.1. Equal protection

1. Exclude Women’s right to vote

3.Pushing for national Constitutional amendment.

1. 19th Amendment :1920

Section 5Teddy Roosevelt

Square Deal

Teddy Roosevelt■ Born into a wealthy NY family

■ Athletic Teenager

– New York Politics■ New York State Assembly

■ NYC Police Commissioner

■ Assistant Secretary of the US Navy

– Rough Riders, Battle of San Juan Hill in Cuba

■ Governor of NYC

– Political Bosses didn’t like TR as their Governor

■ Political NY Bosses nominated TR to become VP

■ 1901 “Teddy” Roosevelt becomes Vice President– William McKinley President is Assassinated

■ 1901 Theodore Roosevelt becomes the 26th President■ 42 yrs old 1901-1909

■ He was a rough and tumble politician that spoke what was on his mind

The Square Deal:■ Roosevelt saw the presidency as a “bully pulpit”

– used his role as president to do what he wanted to do.– Platform to advocate an agenda

– Government should be responsive to injustice

– Did not wait for the legislative branch to act■ Executive decision.

■ The Square Deal – The term is used to describe the various progressive reforms sponsored by the Roosevelt administration.

– The Square Deal – labor and management,

– consumer

– business,

– Environment

– Government should use its resources to help the country socially and economically

Using Federal Power: Trust busting:

■ By 1900, Trusts – legal bodies created to hold stock in many companies – controlled 80% of U.S. industries.– Many Companies formed into a Monopoly (Standard Oil)

■ Sold their prices far lower than their competitors

■ “Trust Buster”– “We don’t wish to destroy corporations, but we do wish to make them…

serve the public good.”

■ Sherman Anti-Trust Act– 1890’, outlawed Trusts/Monopolies in America

■ Initial law left it hard to enforce

– Roosevelt filed 44 antitrust suits under the Sherman Anti-Trust Act

■ The goal was to break up unfair business practices.– Northern Securities Company

■ Controlled RR’s in the Northwest■ Supreme Court broke up the company

– Standard Oil

1902 Coal Miners Strike

■ UMW – United Mine Workers Union

– Called for a strike– 140,000 Miners

– Shorter work day, better pay, right to organize in a union

■ Workers struck for 5 months– Theodore Roosevelt had to intervene

■ Coal powered 90% of the nation

– Called both sides to the White House to negotiate

■ Government intervened in the business worldEnding Laissez-Faire

Regulating the Railroads

■ Interstate Commerce Act 1887– Prohibit fixing of high prices in certain areas

■ Hepburn ACT of 1906 – Interstate Commerce Commission

■ Set maximum railroad rates

■ Inspected Railroad companies■ Free RR passes to politicians

■ Government – Laissez Faire to… hands on

Roosevelt Changes the

Relationship Between Government

and Business

Health

■ Upton Sinclair wrote The Jungle in 1906.■ The book focused on the sickening conditions of the

meatpacking industry.

■ Meat Inspection Act – reformed meatpacking conditions (1906)

■ Pure Food and Drug Act– Truth in labeling– Provided accurate information

■ Expiration dates were also included on canned food.

Roosevelt’s Environmental Accomplishments:

■ Roosevelt first conservation President– Carefully manage America’s

Natural resources■ Only the national Government had the

resources to preserve America’s Nature– Originally states handled their natural resources

■ Conservation – some wilderness areas would be preserved, while others would be developed for the common good.– 150 new natural forests

■ 5 National Parks, 18 National Monuments

– Later presidents and advisors would aim to open this land for business

Yellowstone National Park - Wyoming

Section 6Progressivism &

Taft

After Roosevelt:

■ Teddy Roosevelt Legacy– Naturalists emerged, Girls Scouts– Roosevelt was president for 8 years and accomplished a lot. – Some of Roosevelt’s policies came under scrutiny from various

organizations.

■ Gifford Pinchot head of the US Forest Service came under fire for conserving so much land for preservation.– Public enjoyment vs. Private Development

■ Others were starting to see the land as a great opportunity for development and growth (Taft)

■ Now William Howard Taft would have his chance at the presidency

William Howard Taft

■ Taft 1909■ TR decided not to run again

– Hand selected and endorsed Taft

■ Taft would support many progressive reforms– 16th +17th Amendments

■ 16th = income tax■ 17th = direct election of Senators

■ But Taft did not run the country the way Roosevelt thought he would

■ Taft proposed higher tariffs. ■ Became much more conservative

Taft Stumbles

■ Did not increase Roosevelt’s Progressive Reform Policies

– Taft did want to lower tariffs– Payne Bill

■ Lower taxes on imports

■ Payne Aldrich Tariff– Moderated the high rates of the Aldrich bill (proposed

by the senate)

■ Richard Ballinger■ Secretary of interior – removed 1 million acres of

forest ■ Anti conservationist action

The Republican Party Splits:

■ As time went on, Taft couldn’t hold the two wings (conservatives and reformers) of the Republican Party together.

■ Voters started to blame Taft for the rising costs of living and loss of conservation of land

–More democrats gained seats in congress

■ Roosevelt is going to make a come back!!

–“New Nationalism”■Restore government’s trust busting power

■ Returned from a hunting trip in Africa

The Bull Moose Party: 1912 Election

■ Republicans split in 1912 between Taft and Roosevelt – Republicans wanted Roosevelt, but Taft had

momentum■ Republican progressives formed a third party

■ Roosevelt called his progressive party the Bull Moose Party – “I’m as strong as a Bull Moose”– TR is running for a 3rd term

■ Democrats seize an opportunity

– The Democrats put forward a reform-minded governor, Woodrow Wilson. (who would later win the presidency)

What did the Bull Moose Party support?

■ The Bull Moose Party supported:

■ 1. Women’s suffrage

■ 2. Worker’s compensation

■ 3. An 8-hr. work day

■ 4. A minimum wage for women

■ 5. A federal law against child labor

■ 6. A federal trade commission to regulate business.

So, How Did Wilson Win?

■ The split between Taft and Roosevelt turned nasty. (name calling) – they divided themselves.

■ Roosevelt = egotist■ Taft = fathead , brain of a guinea pig

■ Woodrow Wilson endorsed a progressive platform called the “New Freedom”, it demanded:

■ 1. Stronger Antitrust legislation■ 2. Banking reform■ 3. Reduced Tariffs■ Wilson won with a 42% popular vote.

Section 7Wilson’s New Freedom

Wilson Wins Financial Reforms:

■ Woodrow Wilson■ Grew up in the south

– Professor then President at Princeton

■ Governor of New Jersey – 1910

■ Supported Progressive Reforms

– was a progressive president■ “New Freedom”

– Triple Attack – Trusts, tariffs, high finances

– Attacked Big Businesses

– He aimed to give greater power to average citizens

■ He grew up in the South, which affected his ability to use federal power to help civil rights.

Clayton Antitrust Act

■ Legal approach to strengthen the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890.

■ Spelled out a series of illegal practices– Selling at a lass to undercut competitors

– prohibited corporations from acquiring stock of another if doings so would create a monopoly

– Labor unions and farm organizations could legally form

– Cannot charge strikers unless they caused damage

Federal Trade Commission

■ Federal Trade commission

– Administrative approach to attack businesses

– “Watchdog” agency

■ Power to investigate possible violations of regulatory statutes to

■ require periodic reports from corporations

■ End number of unfair business practices

■ FTC investigated over 400 companies

Tax Systems

■ Underwood Act (Underwood-Simmons Tariff)– Lower tariffs

■ Tariff – tax on imports

■ House quickly passed the bill, Senate eventually passed the bill with revisions

■ Now called the Underwood-Simmons Tariff)

– Federal Income Tax■ 16th Amendment

– Legalized federal income tax

■ Graduated Income Rates

■ Higher earnings = higher taxes

■ Lower earnings = lower taxes

Federal Reserve System:■ Now financial reform was on the table

– Currency and Banking Reform– Credit and money supply had to keep pace with the

economy.

■ Federal Reserve Act of 1913– Wilson’s greatest piece of legislation

■ The Federal Reserve System was put into action.

– It created a network of banks ■ 12 sections Regional Banks ■ Issue currency in emergency situations■ provide loans to private banks

■ This system still serves as the basis of our nation’s banking system.

Federal Reserve Building

How the War Helped:

■ America became involved in WW I.■ Patriotic women headed committees

– Carrie Catt – NAWSA President■ Peaceful, political organizations

– Lucy Burns – picked around the White House – Alice Paul – formed radical suffrage organizations

■ Women’s War Efforts■ They knitted socks for soldiers■ Sold liberty bonds

■ In 1919, Congress finally passed the 19th

Amendment – granted women the right to vote.

■ It had only taken 72 yrs (Seneca Falls Convention of 1848 was when they first tried)

Limits of Progressivism:■ Wilson created a lot of reform policies

– Failed to create enough social reforms■ African American reform

– Disappointed supporters throughout America

– Wilson placed segregationists in the federal government

■ Like Roosevelt and Taft, Wilson retreated on Civil Rights when he entered office.

■ Did not favor anti lynching laws or segregation laws

■ “state issue”

– Navy – do away with common drinking fountains and towels

■ Segregated facilities were just

■ “the colored men who voted and worked for you in the belief that their status as African citizens was safe in your hands are deeply cast down

The KKK reached a membership of 4.5 million in the 1920s

End of Progressive Movement

■ WWI on the horizon■ “there’s no chance of progress and reform

in an administration in with war plays the principal part.”

– WWI 1914

– US gets involved in WWI April 2 1917