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The process of [social research• theory/model/framework
• conceptual relationships
• hypotheses
• working hypotheses and measurement
• research design
• data collection
• data analysis
• interpretation of results given hypotheses
• revision of theory
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Measure concepts in order to:
• describe attributes, patterns, variation (univariate analysis)
• determine existence of relationships (association, causal)
• determine nature of the relationship(s) (direction, linear, non-linear, bivariate, multivariate, etc.)
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population
processes characteristics
fertility sizemortality growthmobility composition
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population
processes characteristics
fertility sizemortality growthmobility composition
SO
CIE
TY
EN
VIR
ON
ME
NT
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population
processes characteristics
fertility sizemortality growthmobility composition
SO
CIE
TY
EN
VIR
ON
ME
NT
SO
CIE
TY
EN
VIR
ON
ME
NT
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Units of analysis:
• individuals
• groups/communities
• organizations
• artifacts (technology, texts)
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primary data collection or field studies
• observation/participant observation
• interviews
• survey research
• self-administered (mail)
• face-to face administered
• phone
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secondary data collection
• tabulations
• archives
• other “texts”
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public use data files; micro-data analysis:
analysis of raw data collected by others straddles primary and secondary data analysis
combination of primary and secondary data analysis
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Categories of population attributeswith implications for data collection
• Stock– size
– growth
– composition
– distribution
• Flow– components of
change• fertility
• mortality
• mobility
• boundary change
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Primary sources of population data:
• Censuses– Coverage error
• reliability
– Measurement of error• Post enumeration surveys
• Dual system estimation
• Demographic analysis
– Content error• Validity and reliability
• Surveys
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U.S. Bureau of the Census
• Decennial census– Content
• Short form
• Long form
• Current Population Survey
• American Community Survey
• Business Surveys
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Geographic Hierarchy
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Census Regions and Divisions of the United States
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Metropolitan Areas
• Defined by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB)
• Made up of a county or counties (or equivalent entities)
• Contain large population nucleus
• High socioeconomic integration
• MSA, CMSA, PMSA
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Urbanized Areas• Densely settled areas with population of at
least 50,000
• Geographic core of block groups or blocks that have a population density of at least 1,000 people per square mile – Urban Cluster
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Counties
• Counties in 48 States• Independent Cities in 4 States• Parishes in Louisiana• Cities and Boroughs in Alaska
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Small-Area Geography Overview
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Census Tracts
• For the first time for Census 2000: Cover the nation
• Relatively homogenous population characteristics
• 65,000 Census tracts across U.S.
• Size: optimally 4,000 people, range between 1,000 and 8,000
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Blocks
• Smallest units of data tabulation
• Cover the entire nation
• Do not cross census tracts or counties
• Generally bounded by visible features and legal boundaries
• Block numbers completely different from 1990
• Size: average about 100 people
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Block Groups
• Groups of blocks sharing the same first digit
• Smallest areas for which sample data available
• Size: optimally 1,500 people, range between 300 to 3,000
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Primary sources of event data:
• Registration of demographic events (vital statistics– Vital registration systems– Population registration systems
• US: – National Center for Health Statistics
• County registration of vital events• National Health Surveys
– prevalence– Centers for Disease Control
• Reporting of disease – Incidence
• New York State Department of Health
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RatesEvents per population at risk of event
Usually standardized (per k population)k = 1,000, or 10,000, or 100,000
Ratios
Comparison of values
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Crude Death Rate (CDR):
CDR = deaths during year
per mid-year population ( x 1,000)
CDR = (d / P ) x 1,000
where
d = deaths occurring during the year
P = mid-year population
Age Standardized rates