The Precautionary Principle in Action

8/10/2019 The Precautionary Principle in Action

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THE PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE IN ACTION

A HANDBOOK First Edition

Written for the Science and Environ enta! Hea!th Net"or#

B$ %oe! Tic#ner & Lo"e!! Center for S'(taina)!e Prod'ction

Caro!$n Ra*en(+er,er & Science and Environ enta! Hea!th Net"or# and Nanc$ -$er(

CONTENTS

I. INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................1II. HISTORY OF THE PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE............................................................ 2III. COMPONENTS OF PRECAUTION..................................................................................3IV. METHODS OF PRECAUTION........................................................................................ 4V. E AMPLES OF PRECAUTIONARY ACTION................................................................ ..... !VI. TRI""ERIN" PRECAUTION# A PROCESS FLO$............................................................%VII. DIO IN# AN AR"UMENT FOR PRECAUTION................................................................1&VIII. UNDERSTANDIN" UNCERTAINTY.......................................................................... ..... 11I . RIS' ASSESSMENT OR THE PRECAUTIONARY PRINCIPLE(.........................................13. ANS$ERIN" THE CRITICS.........................................................................................1)I. *I*LIO"RAPHY..........................................................................................................1%II. APPENDI $in+s,r- d st t-/-nt0 -+is ti - nd tr- t n+ +-..........................15III. CONTACT INFORMATION...........................................................................................22

I. INTRODUCTION

6$7-n n 8ti it r is-s t7r- ts o9 7 r/ to 7 / n 7- t7 or t7- -n iron/-nt0,r-8 tion r /- s r-s s7o d :- t ;-n - -n i9 so/- 8 s-< nd8 .6 from the January 1998Wingspread Statement on the Precautionary Principle

For - rs0 t7- -n iron/-nt nd , : i8 7- t7 /o -/-nts 7 - :--n str ++ in+ to >nd? s to ,rot-8t 7- t7 nd t7- -n iron/-nt in t7- 9 8- o9 s8i-nti>8 n8-rt int :o t 8 s-nd -=-8t. T7- , : i8 7 s t ,i8 8 rri-d t7- : rd-n o9 ,ro in+ t7 t , rti8 r 8ti it ors :st n8- is d n+-ro s0 ?7i - t7os- nd-rt ;in+ ,ot-nti d n+-ro s 8ti iti-s nd t7-,rod 8ts o9 t7os- 8ti iti-s r- 8onsid-r-d inno8-nt nti ,ro -n + i t . C7-/i8 s0d n+-ro s ,r 8ti8-s0 nd 8o/, ni-s o9t-n s--/ to 7 - /or- ri+7ts t7 n 8iti@-ns nd t7--n iron/-nt.

The Precautionary P rinciple in Action Page 1


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T7is : rd-n o9 s8i-nti>8 ,roo9 7 s ,os-d /on /-nt : rri-r in t7- 8 /, i+n to ,rot-8t7- t7 nd t7- -n iron/-nt. A8tions to ,r- -nt 7 r/ r- s t ;-n on 9t-r si+ni>8 nt,roo9 o9 7 r/ is -st : is7-d0 t ?7i87 ,oint it / :- too t-. H @ rds r- +-n-rddr-ss-d : ind str nd +o -rn/-nt +-n8i-s on- t ti/-0 in t-r/s o9 sin+ - ,-sti8id-or 87-/i8 0 r t7-r t7 n s :ro d-r iss -s s 87 s t7- n--d to ,ro/ot- or+ ni8 +ri8 t r-nd nonto i8 ,rod 8ts or to ,7 s- o t ?7o - 8 ss-s o9 d n+-ro s 87-/i8 s. $7-n 8iti@-n

+ro ,s : s- t7-ir 8 s 9or sto, to , rti8 r 8ti it on - ,-ri-n8-0 o:s-r tion0 orn t7in+ -ss t7 n strin+-nt s8i-nti>8 ,roo90 t7- r- 88 s-d o9 :-in+ -/otion nd7 st-ri8 .

To o -r8o/- t7is : rri-r0 d o8 t-s n--d d-8ision8 ri+or. T7- ,r-8 tion r ,rin8i, -0 ?7i87 7 s :-8o/- 8riti8 s,-8t o9 -n iron/-nt +r--/-nts nd -n iron/-nt 8ti is/ t7ro +7o t t7- ?or d0 o=-rs t7-, : i8 nd d-8ision


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T7- ,r-8 tion r ,rin8i, - 7 s sin8- o ris7-d in int-rn tion st t-/-nts o9 ,o i8 G8on -ntions d- in+ ?it7 7i+7


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T7- >rst / Bor -=ort in t7- Unit-d St t-s to :rin+ t7- ,r-8 tion r ,rin8i, - to t7- - - o9d 8n8-rt int . So/- ?o d s t7- t7r- t-n-d 7 r/ / st :- s-rio s or irr- -rsi: -0 : t ot7-rs,oint o t t7 t t7is do-s not o? 9or t7- 8 / ti - -=-8ts o9 r- ti - s/ ins ts.

I9 t7-r- is 8-rt int :o t 8 s- nd -=-8t0 s in t7- 8 s- o9 - d nd 87i dr-n s 7- t70 t7-n8tin+ is no on+-r ,r-8 tion r 0 t7o +7 it /i+7t :- ,r- -nti -. In -ss-n8-0 t7-,r-8 tion r ,rin8i, - ,ro id-s r tion - 9or t ;in+ 8tion + inst ,r 8ti8- or s :st n8-in t7- :s-n8- o9 s8i-nti>8 8-rt int r t7-r t7 n 8ontin in+ t7- s s,-8t ,r 8ti8- ?7i - it isnd-r st d 0 or ?it7o t st d .

Inst- d o9 s;in+ ?7 t - - o9 7 r/ is 88-,t : -0 ,r-8 tion r ,,ro 87 s;s# Ho?/ 87 8ont /in tion 8 n :- oid-d( $7 t r- t7- t-rn ti -s to t7is ,rod 8t or 8ti it 0nd r- t7- s 9-r( Is t7is 8ti it - -n n-8-ss r ( T7- ,r-8 tion r ,rin8i, - 9o8 s-s ono,tions nd so tions r t7-r t7 n ris;. It 9or8-s t7- initi tor o9 n 8ti it to ddr-ss9 nd /-nt -stions o9 7o? to :-7 - in /or- -n iron/-nt s-nsiti - / nn-r. T7-,r-8 tion r ,rin8i, - so s-r -s s 6s,--d : /,6 to n-? t-87no o+ 0 -ns rin+ t7 td-8isions :o t n-? 8ti iti-s r- / d- t7o +7t9 nd in t7- i+7t o9 ,ot-nti8ons- -n8-s.

III. CO-PONENTS O/ PRECAUTION

An nd-r in+ t7-/- o9 t7- ,rin8i, - is t7 t d-8ision8 on- B st s s t ;in+,r- -nti - 8tion ?o d :-.

A ,r-8 tion r ,,ro 87 to -n iron/-nt nd , : i8 7- t7 d-8ision8 8o/,on-nts#

Ta'ing precautionary action (efore scienti)c certainty of cause and e*ect+ Most o9 t7-int-rn tion tr- ti-s st tin+ t7- ,r-8 tion r ,rin8i, - in8or,or t- it s +-n-r d t onst t-s to 8t nd-r n8-rt int . T7is ,ro id-s /-87 nis/ o9 88o nt :i it 9or ,r- -ntin+7 r/. "-n-r d ti-s < o: i+ tions to 8t in 8-rt in ? - -n in t7- :s-n8- o9 s,-8i>8?s < r- not n8o//on in t7- Unit-d St t-s. For - /, -0 t7- O88 , tion S 9-t nd

H- t7 A8t d-/ nds t7 t n -/, o -r 69 rnis7 - 87 o9 7is -/, o --s -/, o /-nt nd , 8- o9 -/, o /-nt ?7i87 r- 9r-- 9ro/ r-8o+ni@-d 7 @ rds t7 t r- 8 sin+ or r- i;- to8 s- d- t7 or s-rio s ,7 si8 inB r .6

Setting goals+ T7- ,r-8 tion r ,rin8i, - -n8o r +-s , nnin+ : s-d on ?- n-d +o sr t7-r t7 n on 9 t r- s8-n rios nd ris; 8 8 tions t7 t / :- , + -d : -rror nd :i ss-- ris; ss-ss/-nt dis8 ssion :- o? . For - /, -0 S?-d-n 7 s s-t t7- +o o9 ,7 sin+o t ,-rsist-nt nd :io 88 / ti - s :st n8-s in ,rod 8ts : t7- - r 2&&%. T7-



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+o -rn/-nt is no? in o in+ ri-t o9 st ;-7o d-rs in d-t-r/inin+ 7o? to r- 87 t7 t +o .So/-ti/-s 8 -d 6: 8;8 stin+6 in 8ontr st to t7- /or- s 69or-8 stin+6 o9 n n8-rt in9 t r-0 t7is t ,- o9 , nnin+ 8r- t-s 9-?-r /is8 8 tions nd s, rs inno ti - so tions.

See'ing out and e aluating alternati es+ R t7-r t7 n s;in+ ?7 t - - o9 8ont /in tion iss 9- or -8ono/i8 o,ti/ 0 t7- ,r-8 tion r ,,ro 87 s;s 7o? to r-d 8- or - i/in t-

t7- 7 @ rd nd 8onsid-rs ,ossi: - /- ns o9 87i- in+ t7 t +o 0 in8 din+ 9or+oin+ t7-,ro,os-d 8ti it . N--d -ss to s 0 t-rn ti -s ,ro,os-d to ,ot-nti 7 @ rdo s 8ti it/ st :- s8r tini@-d s strin+-nt s t7- 8ti it its- 9.

Shifting (urdens of proof+ Pro,on-nts o9 n 8ti it s7o d ,ro - t7 t t7-ir 8ti it ?i not8 s- nd - 7 r/ to 7 / n 7- t7 or -8os st-/s. T7os- ?7o 7 - t7- ,o?-r0 8ontro 0 ndr-so r8-s to 8t nd ,r- -nt 7 r/ s7o d :- r t7 t r-s,onsi:i it . T7is r-s,onsi:i it 7 ss- -r 8o/,on-nts#

,inancial responsi(ility+ R-+ tions on- r- not i;- to s, r ,r-8 tion r:-7 ior on t7- , rt o9 +o -rn/-nts or t7os- ?7o r- ,ro,on-nts o9 -stion : -8ti it . Ho?- -r0 / r;-t in8-nti -s0 s 87 s r- irin+ :ond 9or t7- ?orst ,ossi: -8ons- -n8-s o9 n 8ti it or i :i it 9or d / +-s0 ?i -n8o r +- 8o/, ni-s tot7in; :o t 7o? to ,r- -nt i/, 8ts. S 87 ss r n8- :onds r- r- d s-d in8onstr 8tion ,roB-8ts s ?- s in A str i to /ini/i@- d / +- 9ro/ d- - o,/-nt,roB-8ts.

The duty to monitor- understand- in estigate- inform- and act+ Und-r ,r-8 tion rd-8ision8 tion 0in9or/ t7- , : i8 nd t7oriti-s ?7-n ,ot-nti i/, 8t is 9o nd0 nd 8t ,on t7 t;no? -d+-. I+nor n8- nd n8-rt int r- no on+-r - 8 s-s 9or ,ost,onin+ 8tionsto ,r- -nt 7 r/ s-- n8-rt int dis8 ssion :- o? .

.e eloping more democratic and thorough decision/ma'ing criteria and methods+ T7-,r-8 tion r ,rin8i, - r- ir-s n-? ? o9 t7in;in+ :o t d-8isions nd ?-i+7in+s8i-nti>8 nd ot7-r - id-n8- in t7- 9 8- o9 n8-rt int . T7is t ,- o9 ,r-8 tion r d-8ision8 8ti it . N /-ro stoo s 9or 8 rr in+ o t ,r-8 tion r ,o i8i-s 7 - :--n s-d t7ro +7o t t7- ?or d#

0ans and phase/outs+ A : n or ,7 s-


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in8 din+ 8 d/i / nd /-r8 r 0 r- no? :-in+ ,7 s-d o t in S?-d-n. T7- Int-rn tion oint Co//ission s-- t-r dis8 ssion r-8o//-nd-d ,7 s-


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0. E1A-PLES O/ PRECAUTIONARY ACTION

The Internationa! %oint Co i((ion

P-r7 ,s t7- /ost not-?ort7 ,, i8 tion o9 t7- ,r-8 tion r ,rin8i, - in t7- Unit-d St t-s7 s o88 rr-d in t7- "r- t L ;-s R-+ion. T7- "r- t L ;-s 7 - :--n t7r- t-n-d 9or - rs :t7- -/ission o9 ,-rsist-nt or+ ni8 8o/,o nds into t7-ir ? t-rs. In t7- t- 1 %&s0 t7- Unit-dSt t-s nd C n d si+n-d t7- "r- t L ;-s $ t-r it A+r--/-nt "L$ A ?7i87-st : is7-s t7- +o o9 irt - i/in tin+ dis87 r+-s o9 ,-rsist-nt 8o/,o nds 9ro/ t7-"r- t L ;-s. Und-r t7- "L$ A0 t7- Int-rn tion oint Co//ission I C 0 1&&< - r


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2esponsi(ility . $7i - t7- : rd-n is on t7- >r/ to id-nti9 t-rn ti -s nd n @- t7-ir87-/i8 i/, 8ts0 M ss 87 s-tts ,ro id-s s ,,ort nd in8-nti -s to -ns r- t7 t ,ro+r-ss is/ d- in r-d 8in+ to i8 87-/i8 s-.

Fir/s r- not r- ir-d to nd-rt ;- n , rti8 r o,tion : t in / n 8 s-s t7- -8ono/i8

nd -n iron/-nt 0 7- t70 nd s 9-t :-n->ts ,ro id- -no +7 B sti>8 tion 9or 8tion. Costssso8i t-d ?it7 87-/i8 , r87 s-s0 tr 8;in+0 nd ? st- dis,os r- -r 7i+7. Fro/ 1 &to 1 )0 8o/, ni-s in M ss 87 s-tts r-d 8-d t7-ir to i8 87-/i8 -/issions : /or- t7 nt?ots + in-d t7ro +7 t7- ,ro+r /.

0I. TRI33ERIN3 PRECAUTION4 A PROCESS /LOW

T7is s-8tion d-s8ri:-s ,ro8-ss 9or ,, in+ t7- ,r-8 tion r ,rin8i, - to s,-8i>8,ro: -/. It in8 d-s 8 s- st di-s o9 t?o t ,-s0 on- ddr-ssin+ n-? or ,ro,os-d 8ti it 0t7- ot7-r ddr-ssin+ n - istin+ ,ro: -/. T7- ,,ro 87-s r- n- r id-nti8 0 : t ?it7

s :t - di=-r-n8-s. For n-? 8ti iti-s t7- -/,7 sis ?i :- on s7i9tin+ t7- : rd-n o9 ,roo9 to,ro,on-nts o9 ,ot-nti 7 r/9 8ti it . Pro,on-nts s7o d not on d-/onstr t- t7 tt7- 8ti it ?i not :- 7 r/9 0 : t so t7 t t7- 7 - 8onsid-r-d ?id- r n+- o9t-rn ti -s0 in8 din+ 9or+oin+ t7- -stion : - 8ti it . O9 8o rs-0 s 87 n s-s s7o dso :- ind-,-nd-nt -ri>-d. For - istin+ 8ti iti-s t7- /ost s-9 too is t7- 7- rt o9 t7-

,r-8 tion r ,rin8i, -# 8tion :-9or- ,roo9 o9 7 r/0 + in0 ?it7 t7- : rd-n on t7-,ro,on-nt.

T7is d-8ision tr-- ,ro id-s 8onsist-nt : sis 9or d o8 t-s to d->n-0 - /in-0 nd id-nti9t-rn ti -s to t7r- ts to 7- t7 nd t7- -n iron/-nt. Fo o?in+ t7-s- 8o//on .

Ste+ One4 Identif$ the +o((i)!e threat and characteri5e the +ro)!e

T7- , r,os- o9 t7is st-, is to + in :-tt-r nd-rst ndin+ o9 ?7 t /i+7t 7 ,,-n s7o d t7-8ti it 8ontin - nd to -ns r- t7 t o r- s;in+ t7- ri+7t -stions :o t t7is 8ti it .Poor so tions r- o9t-n r-s t o9 : d d->n-d ,ro: -/s. Id-nti9 :ot7 t7- i//-di t-,ro: -/ nd n ot7-r + o: iss -s t7 t /i+7t +o on+ ?it7 t7is t7r- t. H-r- r- -stionsto s;#

$7 is t7is ,ro: -/( Pr-s / : it 7 s t7- ,ot-nti to t7r- t-n , : i8 7- t7 or t7--n iron/-nt.



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$7 t is t7- ,ot-nti s, ti s8 - o9 t7- t7r- t < o8 0 st t-?id-0 r-+ion 0 n tion 0 + o: (

$7 t is t7- 9 r n+- o9 ,ot-nti i/, 8ts( To 7 / n 7- t70 -8os st-/s0 or :ot7( $i t7-r-:- i/, 8ts to s,-8i>8 s,-8i-s or oss o9 :iodi -rsit ( Ar- t7- i/, 8ts to ? t-r? s0 ir0 orsoi ( Do indir-8t i/, 8ts n--d to :- 8onsid-r-d s 87 s ,rod 8t s i9-8 8 -nin+ ,ro: -/ t 7 nd is -ss diJ8 t t7 n ,roB-8tin+,ro: -/s 9ro/ 9 t r- ,roB-8t. * t t7- >rst -stions r- si/i r# Is t7- ,ro: -/ o8,o tion 9ro/ , rti8 r 9 8i it or :ro d-r 8; o9 tt-ntion to ,o tion ,r- -ntion or:ot7( Is it 8 s-d : +o -rn/-nt 9 i r- or 8o/, n s n-+ i+-n8-( Is it s-rio s t7r- tor B st n - -sor-(

A. In t7- -ri s,r in+ 8 s-0 t7- t7r- t 8o d :- 87 r 8t-ri@-d s 7 / n nd-8os st-/ - ,os r- to ,-sti8id- dri9t0 s ?- s i/, 8ts on non 8 s-0 t7- ,ro: -/ is 8 s-d : 9 t in-r nd in d- t-ins,-8tion : to?n oJ8i s. T7- ,ro: -/ is i;- o8 i@-d : t i9 t7- - 87 t-r ns into s r9 8- ? t-r0 it /i+7t :- 8 rri-d on+ dist n8-s. T7- ,ro: -/ 8o d:- s7ort or on+ t-r/0 d-,-ndin+ on ?7 t is - ;in+ o t o9 t7- nd> -.+.07- /-t s or so -nts . T7- - ;in+ / dis,ro,ortion t- i/, 8t 8-rt in,o, tions i in+ ro nd t7- nd> .

Ste+ T"o4 Identif$ "hat i( #no"n and "hat i( not #no"n a)o't the threat.

T7- +o o9 t7is st-, is to + in :-tt-r ,i8t r- o9 t7- n8-rt int in o -d in nd-rst ndin+t7is t7r- t. S8i-ntists o9t-n 9o8 s on t7- ?7 t ?- ;no?0 : t it is - 0 nd ,-r7 ,s /or-0i/,ort nt to :- 8 - r :o t ?7 t ?- don t ;no?. T7-r- r- d-+r--s nd t ,-s o9 n8-rt int 0s t7- t-r dis8 ssion - , ins. R- - nt -stions#

C n t7- n8-rt int :- r-d 8-d : /orst d or d t ( I9 so0 nd i9 t7- t7r- t is not +r- t0 ,roB-8t ?it7 s :st nti :-n->ts /i+7t :- 8ontin -d.

Ar- ?- d- in+ ?it7 so/-t7in+ t7 t is n;no? : - or :o t ?7i87 ?- r- tot i+nor nt(Hi+7 n8-rt int :o t ,ossi: - 7 r/ is +ood r- son not to +o 7- d ?it7 ,roB-8t.



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$7 t is ;no?n :o t dditi - nd s n-r+isti8 -=-8ts 9ro/ - ,os r- to / ti, - str-ssorsnd 8 / ti - -=-8ts 9ro/ 8o/:in-d - ,os r-s to rio s str-ssors(

Do ind str nd +o -rn/-nt 8 i/s t7 t n 8ti it is s 9- /- n on t7 t it 7 s not -t:--n ,ro -n d n+-ro s(

Yo /i+7t ? nt to / ;- 87 rt istin+ ?7 t is ;no?n nd ?7 t is not ;no?n :o t t7-t7r- t to + in :-tt-r 8o/, r ti - ,i8t r- nd nd-rst nd + ,s in nd-rst ndin+.

A. In t7- 8 s- o9 t7- ,-sti8id-0 o ,ro: : do not ;no? t7- in-rt in+r-di-nts0?7i87 8onstit t- t7- / Borit o9 t7- 9or/ tion. Yo ,ro: : do not ;no?/ost 7 / n 7- t7 -=-8ts ot7-r t7 n n- roto i8it nd 8 r8ino+-ni8it . Yodo not ;no? :o t dri9t nd o ti i@ tion. Yo do not ;no? dditi - or8 / ti - -=-8ts to -8os st-/s or 7- t7. Yo do not ;no? t7- - ,os r-ro t-s drin;in+ ? t-r0 s7o?-rs0 -t8. or 7o? / 87 - ,os r- t7-r- ?i :-. Yodo not ;no? -=-8ts on :-n->8i ins-8ts nd ,o in tors. Yo do 7 - :-in9or/ tion s ?- s in9or/ tion on ?ind dir-8tion nd - o8it on t7- d,ro,os-d 9or s,r in+. P-r7 ,s t7-r- is so so/- /onitorin+ d t on dri9t.

*. In t7- 8 s- o9 t7- nd> o do not ;no? ?7 t / t-ri s r- in t7- nd> 0s t7- 8o/- 9ro/ / ti, - so r8-s. Yo so do not ;no? ?7 t r- 8tions /o88 r :-t?--n / t-ri s in t7- nd> . Yo 7 - so/- in9or/ tion on t7-7 dro o+ o9 t7- r- : t do not ;no? ?7-t7-r drin;in+ ? t-r ?i :- =-8t-dor o -r ?7 t ti/- 8o rs-.

Ste+ Three4 Refra e the +ro)!e to de(cri)e "hat need( to )e done

T7- +o o9 t7is st-, is to :-tt-r nd-rst nd ?7 t , r,os- t7- ,ro,os-d 8ti it s-r -s. For- /, -0 d- - o,/-nt ,ro id-s 7o sin+0 so -nt ,ro id-s d-+r- sin+0 ,-sti8id-,ro id-s ,-st / n +-/-nt0 9 8tor ,ro id-s Bo:s nd ,rod 8t 9or s,-8i>8 s-r i8-. T7-

,ro: -/ 8 n t7-n :- r-9r /-d in t-r/s o9 ?7 t n--ds to :- 87i- -d in ord-r to /or-r- di id-nti9 t-rn ti -s.

A. In t7- 8 s- o9 t7- ,-sti8id-0 r-9r /in+ t7- ,ro: -/ - ds to t7- /or-i/,ort nt iss - o9 / n +in+ ,-sts r t7-r t7 n s,r in+ ,-sti8id-s.

*. An - istin+ ,ro: -/ / or / not 8 9or r-9r /in+. In t7- nd>8 s-0 is it ti/- 9or t7- 8o// nit to r-8onsid-r 7o? it dis,os-s o9 ? st-(

Ste+ /o'r4 A((e(( a!ternative(.

Pro,os-d nd - istin+ 8ti iti-s r- ddr-ss-d so/-?7 t di=-r-nt in t7is st-,.

Proposed acti ities6 Int-+r to t7- ,r-8 tion r ,rin8i, - is 8o/,r-7-nsi -0 s st-/ ti8n sis o9 t-rn ti -s to t7r- t-nin+ 8ti iti-s. T7is r-9o8 s-s t7- -stions to :-8onsid-r-d : r-+ tor or 8o/, n 9ro/ 7o? / 87 ris; is 88-,t : - to ?7-t7-r t7-r- is s 9-r nd 8 - n-r ? to nd-rt ;- t7is 8ti it . Ass-ssin+ t-rn ti -s dri -s in+-n itnd inno tion. It is /or- diJ8 t to dis/iss ,ro,os s t7 t not on n /- ,ro: -/s : t s-t9ort7 t-rn ti -s0 or d-/ nd t7 t t7- :- 8onsid-r-d. T7- 6no 8tion6 t-rn ti - / st :-8onsid-r-d# ,-r7 ,s n 8ti it s7o d not ,ro8--d :-8 s- it ,os-s too / 87 o9 t7r- tnd or is not n--d-d.

The P recautionary P rinciple in Action Page 10


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r-s,onsi:i it 9or s 87 /onitorin+0 : t ?7-n ,ossi: - t7is s7o d :- 8ond 8t-d : nind-,-nd-nt so r8-. T7- in9or/ tion + t7-r-d /i+7t ? rr nt ddition or di=-r-nt 8o rs-so9 8tion.

In t7- ,-sti8id- - /, -0 i9 s,r in+ ,ro8--ds0 o /i+7t r- ir- 7- t7 t-stsnd -rt do8tors to 7- t7 8ons- -n8-s.

I9 , rts o9 t7- nd> r- 8 ,,-d0 r-+ r /onitorin+ ?o d -ns r- t7 t- 87in+ do-s not o88 r0 or t7 t ,ro/,t 8tion ?i :- t ;-n i9 it do-s.

0II. DIO1IN4 AN AR3U-ENT /OR PRECAUTION

Dio in is on- o9 t7- /ost int-nsi - st di-d s :st n8-s - -r0 : t ?- r-/ in i+nor nt :o tt7- 9 r n+- o9 its i/, 8ts. "ro?in+ - id-n8- s ++-sts t7 t dio in is 7 r/9 to 7 / nsnd ot7-r i in+ t7in+s0 : t :so t- ,roo9 o9 7 r/ 7 s not :--n -st : is7-d. T7- dio inss-ss/-nt nd r- ss-ss/-nt ,ro8-ss insti+ t-d : t7- U.S. En iron/-nt Prot-8tionA+-n8 in t7- - r 1 &s0 is s--/in+ -nd -ss tt-/,t to r-d 8- t7- n8-rt inti-s :o tt7- i/, 8ts o9 t7is 87-/i8 . * t it ?i not sto, - ,os r- to dio in. Inst- d0 it is i;- to- d to /or- d-: t- :o t 8ontro in+ so r8-s o9 dio in nd :o t 7o? / 87 o9 t7-s :st n8- 8 n :- to -r t-d : 7 / ns nd t7- -8os st-/.

T7is 8 s- ,r-s-nts 8 ssi8 - /, - o9 ?7 nd 7o? t7- ,r-8 tion r ,rin8i, - s7o d :-,, i-d. First0 t7- r+ /-nt 9or ,r-8 tion#

E idence of harm . Dio in is - tr-/- to i8 in :or tor - ,-ri/-nts0 :ot7 8 t- nd87roni8 t -r o? dos-s. As r-s t o9 :or tor - id-n8- nd /-87 nisti8 - id-n8-0t7- /ost to i8 dio in0 TCDD0 7 s :--n id-nti>-d s 8 r8ino+-ni8 to 7 / ns : t7-Int-rn tion A+-n8 9or R-s- r87 on C n8-r. Dio in 7 s :--n sso8i t-d ?it7 rio s ot7-r-=-8ts s ?- 0 s 87 s 87 or 8n-0 nd / :- sso8i t-d ?it7 -ndo/-triosis nd ot7-rdis- s-s. T7-r- is so/- - id-n8- t7 t d -rs- -=-8ts o88 r t -r o? - - s0 n- r 8 rr-nt6: 8;+ro nd6 - - s.

Persistence and irre ersi(le harm . T7- ti/- nd s, ti s8 - o9 dio in 8ont /in tion is st.Dio in 7 s :--n /- s r-d t7ro +7o t t7- + o:- nd its ,-rsist-n8-0 :ot7 in 7 / ns nd t7--n iron/-nt0 /- ns t7 t 9 t r- +-n-r tions ?i :- - ,os-d to dio in ,rod 8-d tod . H r/8 s-d : dio in to 7 / ns nd -8os st-/s is i;- to :- irr- -rsi: -0 or r- -rsi: - ono -r d-8 d-s.

.i7culty of control and cleanup+ *-8 s- s/ ntiti-s / :- 7 r/9 0 8ontro in+ dio in-/issions0 -s,-8i 9ro/ o,-n so r8-s s 87 s : rnin+0 to t7- - t-nt t7 t ?o d ,rot-8t, : i8 7- t7 is irt i/,ossi: - nd - tr-/- 8ost . T7oro +7 8 - n , is so irti/,ossi: -.

Scienti)c uncertainty+ *-8 s- 8 n8-r0 on- r-s t o9 dio in - ,os r-0 8 n t ;- - rs to

/ ni9-st its- 90 it is o9t-n i/,ossi: - to in; - ,os r- nd dis- s-. T7- 8onn-8ti it o9i/, 8ts0 /i t r-s o9 dio ins ?it7 ot7-r ,-rsist-nt or+ ni8 87-/i8 s nd ot7-r str-ssors0 isso r- ti - n;no?n. For - /, -0 7o? /i+7t ?or;


13/26

"urrent measures are insu7cient+ $7i - so/- d t s ++-st t7 t - - s o9 dio in 7 - 9 -n0,ossi: :-8 s- o d in8in-r tors 7 - :--n s7 t do?n or r-tro>tt-d nd ,o tion 8ontrond t-87no o+i-s 7 - 87 n+-d0 t7- ,ro: -/ is not so -d. L- - s o9 dio in / in8r- s- int7- 9 t r-0 9or - /, -0 s /or- PVC ,rod 8ts r- in8in-r t-d or : rn-d in 88id-nt >r-s.

A ,r-8 tion r ,,ro 87 to dio in ?o d no do :t s-t +o o9 @-ro - ,os r-0 ?7i87 ?o d

,ro: : /- n @-ro -/issions. * t t7-r- r- d-+r--s o9 ,r-8 tion.A /od-r t- ,r-8 tion r ,,ro 87 ?o d >rst oo; t r-d 8in+ or - i/in tin+ t7- r+-stso r8-s o9 dio in0 ?7i87 ?- ;no? to :- / ni8i, nd /-di8 ? st- in8in-r tion0 s ?- s, , nd , ,-r ,rod 8tion0 iron nd st-- ,rod 8tion0 7 @ rdo s ? st- in8in-r tion0 ndo,-n : rnin+. * t t7is ,,ro 87 /i+7t /- n t7 t / t-ri s ,rod 8in+ dio in ?o d :-tr ns9-rr-d - s-?7-r-0 ,-r7 ,s to nd> s ?7-r- t7- /i+7t 8 t87 >r- nd : rn ?it7o t8ontro s0 or to T7ird $or d 8o ntri-s.

A stron+-r -rsion o9 ,r-8 tion0 / t-ri s ,,ro 870 ?o d tt-/,t to ddr-ss t7- / inso r8-s o9 87 orin-0 t7- ti/ t- so r8- o9 dio in. T7- 9o8 s ?o d :- on 87 orin t-d,-sti8id-s nd so -nts0 , , nd , ,-r ,rod 8tion0 nd ,o in 87 orid- , sti8s. P7 sin+o t PVCs0 : 9 r t7- r+-st s-rs o9 87 orin-0 ?o d no do :t +r- t r-d 8- dio in-/issions. * t ?- ?o d t7-n 7 - to s; ?7 t t7- t-rn ti -s r- to PVCs0 ?7-t7-r t7-r- s 9-r0 nd ?7-t7-r t7- in o - 87 orin-. $- ?o d so 7 - to s; ?7-t7-r 87 orin-no? ,rod 8-d 9or PVCs ?o d :- 87 nn- -d into ot7-r ,rod 8ts.

P7 sin+ o t 87 orin- is t7- on ? to irt - i/in t- dio in0 -s,-8i in ind stri,ro8-ss-s nd ,rod 8ts. Ot7-r?is-0 ?- ?i ? s :- 87 sin+ so r8-s0 d-: tin+ 7o? / 87dio in is s 9-0 nd tt-/,tin+ to /- s r- t7- -/issions 9ro/ - 87 so r8-. Mor- s8i-n8- is8riti8 to ,r-8 tion r 8tion0 to /onitor nd /- s r- so r8-s nd - ,os r-0 to n8o -r,ossi: - n-? so r8-s o9 - ,os r-0 to r-s- r87 t-rn ti -s to 87 orin-0 nd to / ;- s r- t7 tt7-s- t-rn ti -s do not ,os- s-rio s ,ro: -/s o9 t7-ir o?n. * t t7is ,ro8-ss s7o d not9or-st 8tion to r-d 8- nd - i/in t- dio in -/issions nd - ,os r-. Pr-8 tion / st :-t ;-n t on8-.

0III. UNDERSTANDIN3 UNCERTAINTY

In t7- o,-n0 d n /i8 -n iron/-nts in ?7i87 7 / ns i - nd o,-r t-0 ;no? -d+- o9t-n 7 si/its0 nd s8i-nti>8 8-rt int is diJ8 t to tt in. Un8-rt int its- 9 8o/-s in / n ri-ti-s0nons8i-nti>8 s ?- s s8i-nti>8. So/- ;inds o9 n8-rt int 8 n :- ddr-ss-d nd r-d 8-dGot7-rs 8 nnot. $7-n ?- / ;- B d+/-nts =-8tin+ t7- -n iron/-nt nd , : i8 7- t70nd-rst ndin+ ?7 t ?- do not ;no?0 nd ?7 0 is s i/,ort nt s ,innin+ do?n 9 8ts.

Un8-rt inti-s 8 n :- , 8-d in t7- 9o o?in+ 8 t-+ori-s#

Parameter uncertainty r-9-rs to /issin+ or /:i+ o s in9or/ tion in s,-8i>8 in9or/ tion8o/,on-nts o9 n n sis. P r /-t-r n8-rt int 8 n o9t-n :- r-d 8-d : + t7-rin+ /or-in9or/ tion or sin+ :-tt-r t-87ni -s to + t7-r nd n @- it. Ho?- -r0 i9 it is d - tori :i it 0 t7is / not :- t7- 8 s-. In -n iron/-nt r- - s-s0 indi id s not on r-8-i -rio s - ,os r-sG t7- so r in t7-ir s s8-,ti:i it to 7 r/. Att-/,ts to /- s r- nd

8ontro - ,os r- to 7 @ rds / in d- t- ,rot-8t / n in t7- ,o, tion.

5odel uncertainty r-9-rs to + ,s in s8i-nti>8 t7-or or i/,r-8ision in t7- /od- s s-d to:rid+- in9or/ tion + ,s0 9or - /, -0 in dos-


14/26


15/26

Parameter uncertainty - ists in t7- 8; o9 d t on 7 / n - ,os r- nd rio s r-s ts o9to i8it 0 in8 din+ 7o? s,-8i>8 to i8 87-/i8 s =-8t d- - o,in+ 9-t s-s nd n-?:orns.

T7- 8; o9 d t - ds to model uncertainty .

Systemic uncertainty - ists :-8 s- s8i-n8- 7 s on :-+ n to st d t7- int-r 8tions o9

to i8 87-/i8 s in t7- -n iron/-nt nd t7-ir 8 / ti - -=-8ts.Ind str s 9 i r- to 8ond 8t or r-,ort on t-stin+ nd tt-/,ts to 9o8 s dis8 ssions on ot7-r9 8tors /-87 nis/s o9 8tion o9 dis- s-0 di-t nd +-n-ti8s0 nd 6n t r 6 8 r8ino+-nsr-,r-s-nts 9or/ o9 smo'escreen uncertainty . For - /, -0 ?7-n t7- EPA o=-r-dt-/,or r -ni-n8 to ind str to s :/it noti>8 tions o9 s :st nti 87-/i8 ris;0 t7-+-n8 r-8-i -d so/- 110&&& noti>8 tions in s7ort ,-riod.

Politically induced uncertainty o88 rs ?7-n +o -rn/-nt +-n8i-s do not -n9or8- or r- ir-87-/i8 t-stin+0 nd ?7-n t7- d-t-r/in- to st d on- 87-/i8 r t7-r t7 n not7-r.

Tr dition r-s- r87 s8i-n8- tt-/,ts to + t7-r n- r 8o/, -t- nd ,-r9-8t s ,,orti -in9or/ tion :-9or- 8 i/in+ 8 s-< nd


16/26


17/26

so/- s nt7-ti8 s :st n8-s to disr ,t t7- 7or/on- s st-/ in 7 / ns is s7o?in+ t7 t o?dos-s r t7-r t7 n 7i+7 dos-s / - d to t7-s- -=-8ts.

2is' assessment allo:s dangerous acti ities to continue under the guise of accepta(leris'+ Ris; ss-ss/-nt ,ro id-s n ir o9 ntit ti -0 t-87ni8 so,7isti8 tion to in- 8t0ss /,tion< d-n0 nd ,o iti8 dri -n s8i-n8-. It o?s t7- 8ontin tion o9 8ti iti-s t7 t

- d to +r- t-r ,o tion nd d-+r d tion o9 7- t7 nd-r t7- ,r-/is- t7 t it is -it7-r s 9- or88-,t : - to t7os- ?7o r- - ,os-d. It st -s o= r-+ tion nd 8tion in t7- 9 8- o9n8-rt int nd ins J8i-nt - id-n8-.

2is' assessment is costly and time/consuming+ A sin+ - ris; ss-ss/-nt / t ;- , to > -,-rson< - rs to 8o/, -t-. It ti-s , i/it-d r-so r8-s in tr in+ to nti9 nd r n; ris;s?7-n t7- -=-8ts o9 - ,os r-s / r- d :- o: io s s-- dio in n sis :o - . Ris;ss-ss/-nts t ;- r-so r8-s ? 9ro/ ,r- -ntionnit / to id-nti9 in+ s 9-r t-rn ti -s to ,ot-ntid n+-ro s 8ti iti-s.

2is' assessment poses a false dichotomy (et:een economic de elopment anden ironmental protection+ R-+ tor +-n8i-s o9t-n tt-/,t to ti- t7- 6s8i-nti>86 ,ro8-sso9 ris; ss-ss/-nt to 8ostt n sis0 in;in+ s8i-n8- nd -8ono/i8 ,o i8 in-n iron/-nt d-8isionts. Mor-o -r0 t7- -8ono/i8 :-n->ts o9 ,o tion,r- -ntion nd to i8s s- r-d 8tion str t-+i-s 7 - :--n 8 - r d-/onstr t-d. Ani/,ort nt 8onsid-r tion is t7 t t7- 8ost o9 nd-r


18/26

? ?- ,-r/it nd r-stri8t 7 @ rds. So/- o9 t7-s- 87 -n+-s ?i ,os- r+- t7r- ts to+o -rn/-nt +-n8i-s nd ,o t-rs nd r- i;- to - d to ,o?-r9 r-sist n8-. It isi/,ort nt to nti8i, t- 8riti8s o9 ,r-8 tion nd to ;no? 7o? to r-s,ond to t7-ir 8o//-nts.

The precautionary principle is not (ased on sound science+

So nd s8i-n8- is / tt-r o9 d->nition. Con -ntion nd-rst ndin+ o9 6so nd s8i-n8-6-/,7 si@-s ris; ss-ss/-nt nd 8ostt n sis. T7-s- r- -< d-n ,,ro 87-s0r- irin+ n /-ro s ss /,tions :o t 7o? 7 @ rds o88 r0 7o? ,-o, - r- - ,os-d tot7-/0 nd so8i-t s ?i in+n-ss to to -r t- 7 @ rd. In 9 8t0 :-8 s- o9 +r- t n8-rt inti-s:o t 8 s- nd -=-8t0 d-8isions :o t 7 / n 7- t7 nd t7- -n iron/-nt r- -8 n8-rt int .En ironment 34# 12


21/26

1II. APPENDI1

Win,(+read State ent on the Preca'tionar$ Princi+!e %an'ar$ 7889

T7- r- - s- nd s- o9 to i8 s :st n8-s0 t7- - , oit tion o9 r-so r8-s0 nd ,7 si8

t-r tions o9 t7- -n iron/-nt 7 - 7 d s :st nti nint-nd-d 8ons- -n8-s =-8tin+7 / n 7- t7 nd t7- -n iron/-nt. So/- o9 t7-s- 8on8-rns r- 7i+7 r t-s o9 - rnin+d->8i-n8i-s0 st7/ 0 8 n8-r0 :irt7 d-9-8ts nd s,-8i-s - tin8tionsG on+ ?it7 + o: 8 i/ t-87 n+-0 str tos,7-ri8 o@on- d-, -tion nd ?or d?id- 8ont /in tion ?it7 to i8 s :st n8-snd n 8 - r / t-ri s.

$- :- i- - - istin+ -n iron/-nt r-+ tions nd ot7-r d-8isions0 , rti8 r t7os- : s-don ris; ss-ss/-nt0 7 - 9 i -d to ,rot-8t d- t- 7 / n 7- t7 nd t7- -n iron/-nt0t7- r+-r s st-/ o9 ?7i87 7 / ns r- : t , rt.

$- :- i- - t7-r- is 8o/,- in+ - id-n8- t7 t d / +- to 7 / ns nd t7- ?or d?id--n iron/-nt is o9 s 87 / +nit d- nd s-rio sn-ss t7 t n-? ,rin8i, -s 9or 8ond 8tin+7 / n 8ti iti-s r- n-8-ss r .

$7i - ?- r- i@- t7 t 7 / n 8ti iti-s / in o - 7 @ rds0 ,-o, - / st ,ro8--d /or-8 r-9 t7 n 7 s :--n t7- 8 s- in r-8-nt 7istor . Cor,or tions0 +o -rn/-nt -ntiti-s0or+ ni@ tions0 8o// niti-s0 s8i-ntists nd ot7-r indi id s / st do,t ,r-8 tion r,,ro 87 to 7 / n -nd- ors.

T7-r-9or-0 it is n-8-ss r to i/, -/-nt t7- Pr-8 tion r Prin8i, -# $7-n n 8ti it r is-st7r- ts o9 7 r/ to 7 / n 7- t7 or t7- -n iron/-nt0 ,r-8 tion r /- s r-s s7o d :-t ;-n - -n i9 so/- 8 s- nd -=-8t r- tions7i,s r- not 9 -st : is7-d s8i-nti>8 .

In t7is 8ont- t t7- ,ro,on-nt o9 n 8ti it 0 r t7-r t7 n t7- , : i80 s7o d :- r t7- : rd-n o9 ,roo9.

T7- ,ro8-ss o9 ,, in+ t7- Pr-8 tion r Prin8i, - / st :- o,-n0 in9or/-d nd d-/o8r ti8nd / st in8 d- ,ot-nti =-8t-d , rti-s. It / st so in o - n - /in tion o9 t7- 9r n+- o9 t-rn ti -s0 in8 din+ no 8tion.

Wingspread Participants6

AJ i tions r- not-d 9or id-nti>8 tion , r,os-s on .

Dr. Ni87o s As79ord0 M ss 87 s-tts Instit t- o9 T-87no o+' t7-rin- * rr-tt0 Uni -rsit o9 *ritis7 Co /:iAnit *-rnst-in0 C7i8 +o


22/26

Dr. Mi87 - M "oni+ -0 Uni -rsit o9 Vi8tori 0 *ritis7 Co /:i 0 C n dDr. P-t-r Mont + -0 En iron/-nt R-s- r87 Fo nd tionDr. o7n P-t-rson M -rs0 $. A ton on-s Fo nd tionDr. M r O *ri-n0 -n iron/-nt 8ons t ntDr. D id O@ono=0 *oston Uni -rsitC ro n R =-ns,-r+-r0 S8i-n8- nd En iron/-nt H- t7 N-t?or;

Hon. P /- R-sor0 M ss 87 s-tts Ho s- o9 R-,r-s-nt ti -sF or-n8- Ro:inson0 Lo isi n En iron/-nt N-t?or;Dr. T-d S87-tt -r0 P7 si8i ns 9or So8i R-s,onsi:i it

T-d S/it70 Si i8on V - To i8s Co itionDr. ' s8 8-rt int s7 not :-s-d s r- son 9or ,ost,onin+ 8ost8 nd so8io-8ono/i8 r-s- r87 in ord-r to87i- - n i/,ro -d nd-rst ndin+ on ?7i87 to : s- on+


23/26

U(e( of the Preca'tionar$ Princi+!e in Internationa! Treatie( and A,ree ent(

#zone @ayer Protocol

P rti-s to t7is ,roto8o . . . d-t-r/in-d to ,rot-8t t7- o@on- -r : t ;in+ ,r-8 tion r/- s r-s to 8ontro - it : tot + o: -/issions o9 s :st n8-s t7 t d-, -t- it0 ?it7 t7-ti/ t- o:B-8ti - o9 t7-ir - i/in tion on t7- : sis o9 d- - o,/-nts in s8i-nti>8 ;no? -d+-0

t ;in+ into 88o nt t-87ni8 nd -8ono/i8 8onsid-r tions. . . . Proto8o on S :st n8-s t7 tD-, -t- t7- O@on- L -r0 S-,t. 1!0 1 5%0 2! ILM 1)41

Second North Sea .eclaration

In ord-r to ,rot-8t t7- Nort7 S- 9ro/ ,ossi: d / +in+ -=-8ts o9 t7- /ost d n+-ro ss :st n8-s... ,r-8 tion r ,,ro 87 is ddr-ss-d ?7i87 / r- ir- 8tion to 8ontroin, ts o9 s 87 s :st n8-s - -n :-9or- 8 s in; 7 s :--n -st : is7-d : :so t- 8 - rs8i-nti>8 - id-n8-. Minist-ri D-8 r tion C in+ 9or R-d 8tion o9 Po tion0 No . 2)0 1 5%02% ILM 53).

?nited Nations En ironment Programme

R-8o//-nds t7 t "o -rn/-nts do,t 6t7- ,rin8i, - o9 ,r-8 tion r 8tion6 s t7- : siso9 t7-ir ,o i8 ?it7 r-+ rd to t7- ,r- -ntion nd - i/in tion o9 / rin- ,o tion. R-,ort o9t7- "o -rnin+ Co n8i on t7- $or; o9 its Fi9t--nt7 S-ssion0 Unit-d N tions En iron/-ntPro+r //-0 UN "AOR0 44t7 S-ss. S ,, No 2)0 12t7 /t+ t 1)30 UN DOC A44 2) 1 5 .

Nordic "ouncil>s "onference

And t ;in+ into 88o nt....t7- n--d 9or n -=-8ti - ,r-8 tion r ,,ro 870 ?it7 t7 ti/,ort nt ,rin8i, - int-nd-d to s 9-+ rd t7- / rin- -8os st-/ : 0 /on+ ot7-r t7in+s0- i/in tin+ nd ,r- -ntin+ ,o tion -/issions ?7-r- t7-r- is r- son to :- i- - t7 t d / +-

or 7 r/9 -=-8ts r- i;- to :- 8 s-d0 - -n ?7-r- t7-r- is in d- t- or in8on8 si -s8i-nti>8 - id-n8- to ,ro - 8 s in; :-t?--n -/issions nd -=-8ts. Nordi8 Co n8i sInt-rn tion Con9-r-n8- on Po tion o9 t7- S- s# Fin Do8 /-nt A+r--d to O8t. 150 1 5 0in Nordi8 A8tion P n on Po tion o9 t7- S- s0 ,,. V 1 &

P!2"#5 2ecommendation 89A1 / BB June- 1989

T7- Contr 8tin+ Prti-s to t7- P ris Con -ntion 9or t7- Pr- -ntion o9 M rin- Po tion 9ro/L nd8 - id-n8- to ,ro - 8 s in; :-t?--n -/issions nd -=-8tst7- ,rin8i, - o9 ,r-8 tion r 8tion .

Third North Sea "onference

T7- , rti8i, nts...?i 8ontin - to ,, t7- ,r-8 tion r ,rin8i, -0 t7 t is to t ;- 8tion tooid ,ot-nti d / +in+ i/, 8ts o9 s :st n8-s t7 t r- ,-rsist-nt0 to i80 nd i : - to

The P recautionary P rinciple in Action Page 23


24/26

:io 88 / t- - -n ?7-r- t7-r- is no s8i-nti>8 - id-n8- to ,ro - 8 s in; :-t?--n-/issions nd -=-8ts Fin D-8 r tion o9 t7- T7ird Int-rn tion Con9-r-n8- on Prot-8tion o9 t7- Nort7 S- 0 M r. %8 8-rt int s7o d not:- s-d s r- sons 9or ,ost,onin+ 8ost


25/26

T7- ,r-8 tion r ,rin8i, -0 : irt - o9 ?7i87 8tion to oid t7- ,ot-nti tr ns:o nd ri/, 8t o9 t7- r- - s- o9 7 @ rdo s s :st n8-s s7 not :- ,ost,on-d on t7- +ro nd t7 ts8i-nti>8 r-s- r87 7 s not 9 ,ro -d 8 s in; :-t?--n t7os- s :st n8-s0 on t7- on-7 nd0 nd t7- ,ot-nti tr ns:o nd r i/, 8t0 on t7- ot7-r 7 nd. Con -ntion on t7-Prot-8tion nd Us- o9 Tr ns:o nd r $ t-r8o rs-s nd Int-rn tion L ;-s0 M r. 1%0 1 2031 ILM 1312.

The 2io .eclaration on En ironment and .e elopment

In ord-r to ,rot-8t t7- -n iron/-nt0 t7- ,r-8 tion r ,,ro 87 s7 :- ?id- ,, i-d :St t-s 88ordin+ to t7-ir 8 , :i iti-s. $7-r- t7-r- r- t7r- ts o9 s-rio s or irr- -rsi: -d / +-0 8; o9 9 s8i-nti>8 8-rt int s7 not :- s-d s r- son 9or ,ost,onin+ 8osts "ouncil on Sustaina(le .e elopment

T7-r- r- 8-rt in :- i-9s t7 t ?- s Co n8i /-/:-rs s7 r- t7 t nd-r i- o9 o r+r--/-nts. $- :- i- -# n /:-r 12 - -n in t7- 9 8- o9 s8i-nti>8 n8-rt int 0 so8i-ts7o d t ;- r- son : - 8tions to -rt ris;s ?7-r- t7- ,ot-nti 7 r/ to 7 / n 7- t7 or

t7- -n iron/-nt is t7o +7t to :- s-rio s or irr-, r : -. Pr-sid-nt s Co n8i on S st in : -D- - o,/-nt. S st in : - A/-ri8 # A N-? Cons-ns s0 1 !

1I0. CONTACT IN/OR-ATION

S8i-n8- nd En iron/-nt H- t7 N-t?or;C ro n R =-ns,-r+-rE

On- Uni -rsit A -. Lo?- 0 MA &15)4

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