The Political Family

CENTRAL LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY

DETERMINANTS IN ENCOURAGING RELATIVES TO SEEK ELECTIVE OFFICE

RUSSEL HAROLD PAGAY SIROT

An undergraduate thesis proposal submitted to the faculty of the Department of Social Sciences, College

of Arts and Sciences, Central Luzon State University, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija, Philippines

In partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of

BACHELOR OF ARTS IN SOCIAL SCIENCES

April 2015

Table of ContentsINTRODUCTION 1

Rationale 2

Statement of the problem 2

Objectives 3

Significance 3

Scope and Limitation……...…………………….………………………………………………………3

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 5

Definition of political dynasty 5

Nature of Barangay…………………………………………………………………………………….. 6

Nature of power of Barangay Chairman……………...………………………………………….….......8

Power of Appointment….........................................................................................................................9

Importance of Family in Politics……………….………………………………………………………10

Prevalence of Political Dynasties...…………………………………………………………………….10

Conclusion ..………..………………………………………………………………………………….11

METHODOLOGY ………..……………….……………………………………………………………12

Conceptual Framework……………….……………………………………………………………….12

Operational Definition of Terms………………………………..……………………………..………13

Data Gathering…………………………………………………………….………………….….…....15

Sampling ...……………………………………………………………………………………………15

Statistical Analysis ……………………………………………………………………………………15

Locale ………………………………………….……………………………………………….....….16

Results and Discussion ………………………………………………………………………………….17

Socio Demographic Characteristics...…………………………………………………………………18

Relationship of Barangay Official ………………...………………………………………………….20

Concept on Political Dynasty………………………..…………………………………………….......22

Determinants in encouraging relatives in politics………………….………………………………….25

Conclusion and Recommendation…….……………………………………………………………….30

References……………………………………………………………………………………………….33

Appendices………………………………………………………………………………………………36

Chapter I

Introduction

Background of the Study. Article II Section 1 of the Philippine Constitution states, “The Philippines is a

democratic and republican State. Sovereignty resides in the people and all government authority

emanates from them”, people choose their leaders by means of an election. In most democracies, political

dynasties are prevalent like Mexico, Argentina, India, Indonesia, and the Philippines. Querubin (2010)

stated in his paper that these dynasties exemplify a form of political elite persistence.

“Political dynasty” refers to the situation wherein members of the same family are occupying

elected positions either in sequence for the same position or simultaneously across different positions.

Analysts regard this situation as a signal of weak political competition, which can lead to poorer socio-

economic outcomes and chronic poverty. On the other hand, analysts also note that people may tend to

rely on patron-client relationships as a way to cope with their poverty, thus creating a demand for political

patrons in public office (Beja Jr., et al. 2013).

In Nueva Ecija, one of the prevalent political families are the Josons. Joson dynasty started when

Eduardo N. Joson Sr. became the governor of Nueva Ecija in 1959 followed by his son Tomas Joson. The

Josons ruled Nueva Ecija for 48 years until they faced a major setback Mariano Cristino Joson(Edno

Joson) was beaten by Aurelio Umali in 2007.

Another are Umalis especially Aurelio M. Umali who beat Edno Joson in the 2007 polls, Edward

Joson in 2010 and Josie Joson in 2013. The wife of the current governor of Nueva Ecija, Cherry Umali is

currently the representative of the first district of Nueva Ecija and brother was a former member of the

sangguniang panlalawigan.

Other political dynasties are the Violagos of San Jose, Lacuroms of Nampicuan, Botes of General

Tinio, and Alvarezes family of Science City of Muñoz.

1

Notable political families in Science City of Muñoz includes the Alvarezes. Their clan started

when Efren L. Alvarez became the Mayor in 1992-2001 and in 2001, he encourage his brother Nestor L.

Alvarez to run as Mayor and won. He ran for reelection in 2004 and 2007 and he won again as mayor. In

2010 his brother Efren L. Alvarez decided to run again as mayor, successfully won, in 2013 Nestor

Alvarez replaced him, and became the Mayor again, his daughter Tequila Alvarez successfully won as

Vice Mayor.

Political dynasties does not only exist in the Provinces, municipalities, and cities. In the Barangay

level, dynasties are also prevalent. There are barangays in which officials are relatives and ruled for a

longer period.

This study aims to identify the determinants in encouraging relatives to seek elective office and

the conceptual definition of political dynasties in the select barangays in Science City of Muñoz.

Rationale. Political dynasty is one of the major political issues currently however, no law defining

political dynasty thus is no prohibition in the Philippines. This study will be to gain a major

understanding on the issue of political dynasty. The study will explore political dynasty in the barangay

level and will determine the determinants in encouraging relative to seek elective office as well as the

concept of barangay officials regarding political dynasty.

Statement of the Problems. This study aims to answer what are the determinants in encouraging relatives

to seek public office that continuously promote political families in the barangay. This study will seek to

answer the following problems:

1. What are the socio-demographic characteristics of the respondent barangay officials?

2. What is the relationship of the socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents to the

determinants in encouraging relatives to seek public office?

2

3. What are their concept of political dynasty among the respondent barangay officials?

Objectives of the Study. The study was to determine the determinants in encouraging relatives seeking in

politics/public office. This study specifically aims to:

1. To know the socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents barangay officials.

2. To know relationship of the socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents to the determinants in

encouraging relatives to seek public office.

3. To know their concept of political dynasty among the respondent barangay officials.

Significance of the Study. This study will be significant for the policy makers; with this study, they will

determine the determinants on why political families encourage their relative to seek public office to the

point of creating dynasties of their own.

In addition, with this study, the public officials will be able develop a strategy on how to equally

distribute power among themselves without engaging into political dynasty.

Furthermore, the study can used as a future reference on studying the proliferation of political dynasties in

the grass root level.

Scope and Limitation. The study is limited to the determinants in encouraging relatives to seek elective

office using the three fundamentals of organizational behavior used by Andrew Dubrin. The 12 indicators

used in the determinants was developed by the researcher for illustrating and expounding the definition of

power, influence and organizational politics for better understanding of the respondents.

3

Collaterally, conceptual definition of political dynasty among the respondents is also determined

using thematic interpretation from the collective responses of the respondents in the open-ended

questions. The responses are in Filipino, however, for the purposes of analysis, the conceptual definition

of political dynasty was written in English.

However, due to lack of material time and the inability of the researcher to locate the respondents

in the barangay, the questionnaire was not subjected to a pre-test.

The locale of the study is limited to four barangays in the Science City of Munoz, which have the

highest frequency of barangay officials with the same surnames.

4

Chapter II

Review of Related Literature

The sections contains previous studies regarding political dynasties that includes undergraduate

and master’s thesis and dissertation. The section also contains articles in journals, newspaper, and in the

World Wide Web.

The researcher used a both quantitative and qualitative approach. A quantitative approach is one

in which the investigator primarily uses post positivist claims for developing knowledge (i.e., cause and

effect thinking, reduction to specific variables and hypotheses and questions, use of measurement and

observation, and the test of theories), employs strategies of inquiry such as experiments and surveys, and

collects data on predetermined instruments that yield statistical data (Cresswell 1994). Cresswell (1994)

defined qualitative approach as one in which the inquirer often makes knowledge claim based primarily

on constructivist perspectives (i.e… multiple meanings of individual experiences, meanings socially and

historically constructed with an intent of developing a theory or pattern) or advocacy/ participatory

perspectives (i.e… political, issue oriented, collaborative or change oriented) or both.

Definition of Political Dynasties. “Political dynasty” refers to the situation wherein members of the same

family are occupying elected positions either in sequence for the same position or simultaneously across

different positions. Analysts regard this situation as a signal of weak political competition, which can lead

to poorer socio-economic outcomes and chronic poverty. On the other hand, analysts also note that people

may tend to rely on patron-client relationships as a way to cope with their poverty, thus creating a demand

for political patrons in public office (Beja Jr., et al. 2013). Beja Et Al. (2013) states, “One definition of

political dynasties refers to members of the same family occupying elected positions either in sequence

for the same position, or simultaneously across different positions”.

5

Another term for political dynasty is political family as stated by Kurtz (1989) “A political family

exist when two or more relatives or have held in public office if two or more families are linked by

kinship, they are interlocked, forming a kinship network”.

In our country ruled by a political oligarchy of rich and powerful families, a political dynasty

refers to relatives who enjoy a monopoly of electoral political power to the disadvantage of rival leaders

and the general public. In this sense, we can cite many provinces and cities and the national government

ruled by political dynasties. Anarchy of families” says American historian, Alfred McCoy (Abueva

2013).

In the Merriam Webster Dictionary, dynasty defines as a succession of rulers of the same line of

descent; another definition was a powerful group or family that maintains it position for a considerable

period.

Political dynasties are also known as political families or political clans. These dynasties maintain

a monopoly of power over a longer period.

In the Philippine Constitution Article II Section 26 states, “The State shall guarantee equal

access to public service and prohibit political dynasty as may be defined by law”. There is no law in the

Philippines defining political dynasties. Yusingco (2012) states:

“It seems that such a law cannot be enacted because the majority of lawmakers are members of

traditional political families (at least 70% of Congress members belong to political dynasties). Indeed, it

is hard to imagine these legislators passing a law that will cost them their grip on political power.

Nevertheless, there are Anti-Political dynasty bills pending in the House of Representatives and in the

Senate”.

6

Nature of Barangay. The barangay is a basic administrative unit and key arena for democratic

engagement (Magno). In the section 384 of the local government code it states that “As the basic political

unit, the

6

barangay serves as the primary planning and implementing unit of government policies, plans, programs,

projects, and activities in the community, and as a forum wherein the collective views of the people may

be expressed, crystallized and considered, and where disputes may be amicably settled”. The barangay is

composed of the Punong Barangay, seven Sagguniang Barangay members, Sangguniang Kabataan

member, a Treasurer and Secretary and other appointed officials.

Valdeheusa (2010) states that a barangay is a small republic. It has territory, people,

government, and, though limited sovereignty. As the home of every sovereign Filipino, its voters provide

legitimacy to government and authority to public servants on all levels. Every precinct is located in it;

every vote cast in. He also states that like a municipal and upper level government, it has also three

branches of government, the executive headed by the barangay chairman, legislative composed of the

sagguniang barangay, and judicial headed by the lupon tagapamayapa but all three are headed by one and

the same official: the Barangay Chairman. Unlike the upper level governments, there is no separation of

powers in the barangay. It is a parliamentary form of government. This explains why its leader is called

“Chairman” (i.e. prime minister) – not “Kapitan” as in “little commander-in-chief” (head of state in the

presidential form of government}. He is a little prime minister, not a little president. Punong Barangay is

his formal title.

Appointed officials in the barangay include a barangay secretary and treasurer. In the local

government code the secretary and the treasurer is appointed by the barangay chairman with the

concurrence of the majority of all sangguniang members and shall not be subject to attestation by the

Civil Service Commission.

The fusion of the powers of the three branches of government in the barangay places this small

political unit a notch higher than the parliamentary system. In a parliamentary set-up, executive and

legislative functions are exercised simultaneously but barangay officials also have quasi-judicial powers

apart from the power to implement and enact laws (Lagman 2008

7

Valdehuesa (2010) pointed out that because a barangay is a parliamentary form of government it has a

parliament called the Barangay Assembly. This assembly is in fact the community’s supreme governing

body since it consists of all the voters within the jurisdiction, the residents. The Barangay Assembly has

power to discipline or recall the chaiman and kagawads for loss of confidence. It is supposed to hear and

pass upon the semestral report of the sangguniang barangay concerning its activities and finances. It can

a) initiate legislative processes by recommending measures for the welfare of the barangay and city or

municipality; and b) propose, enact, or amend ordinances passed by the Sanggunian through the process

of initiative or referendum.

Nature of Power of Barangay Chairman. In the Local Government Code section 389, the Punong

Barangay serves as the chief executive of the barangay, exercised such powers, and performs such duties

and functions as provided by the LGC and other laws.

According to Valdehuesa (2010) the barangay is a parliamentary form of government cause the

three branches of government was headed by the barangay chairman and in the barangay there is no such

thing as separation of powers. This explains why its leader is called “Chairman” (i.e. prime minister) –

not “Kapitan” as in “little commander-in-chief” (head of state in the presidential form of government}.

He is a little prime minister, not a little president. Punong Barangay is his formal title. It is wrong to

confuse the two terms, using them interchangeably. A chairman presides as “first among equals” over his

peers, while a captain commands troops (subordinate ranks). It would be ridiculous to have a commander

or dictator rule over the sovereign citizens of a democracy or a small republic like the barangay. Before

the Local Government Code was enacted in 1991, the barangay was not a full-fledged government but a

quasi-municipal entity with no significant powers or resources. He was called “Barrio Kapitan” – a title

derived from the Spanish Period when barrios were commanded by the captain of the Guardia Civil.

8

Lagman (2007) states “The trinity of governmental powers is vested in the Barangay Chairman.

He is the Chief Executive of the barangay; he is the Presiding Officer of the Sangguniang Barangay; and

he is the Chief Magistrate of the Lupong Tagapamayapa. In a manner of speaking, the Barangay

Chairman is President, Speaker and Chief Justice. Truly, he is the greatest functionary”.

According to Ifugao Rep. Teddy Baguilat:

“The barangay chairman is the mayor, Speaker of the House and Chief Justice of the barangay. He is the

engineer who monitors infrastructure projects, the budget secretary looking for fund sources from local

and national agencies, the chief social worker during calamities and disasters and the chief police who

supervise the Tanods. At times, he is also the guidance counselor who provides advice to warring

couples. And he is the ultimate spokesperson of the barangay. He has a lot of roles. Multi- faceted. And

he is quite powerful, that's why he's also the Numero Uno ward leader of politicians” (Fernandez 2013).

Power of Appointment. In the Local Government Code, appointed barangay officials include barangay

secretary and treasurer. Section 394 of the LGC states “The barangay secretary shall be appointed by

the punong barangay with the concurrence of the majority of all the sangguniang barangay members.

The appointment of the barangay secretary shall not be subject to attestation by the Civil Service

Commission”. While 395 states “The barangay treasurer shall be appointed by the punong barangay

with the concurrence of the majority of all the sangguniang barangay members. The appointment of the

barangay treasurer shall not be subject to attestation by the Civil Service Commission”. Other brangay

officials appointed by the Punong Barangay shall be governed by the provisions of LGC and other laws or

by barangay ordinances (Sec. 396).

Another appointing power of the barangay captain was to appoint barangay Tanod. The barangay

tanod as a whole is a community brigade composed of civilian volunteers appointed by the Punong

9

Barangay upon the recommendation of barangay kagawads acting as Barangay Peace and Order

Committee. The Local Government Code provides for a maximum of 20 tanods in each barangay;

however, villages may create more as necessary “in accordance with the needs of public service, and

subject to the budgetary limitations of the barangay”. The Punong Barangay can designate a “Chief

Tanod/Ex-O” to head the group. The tanods can also be organized in teams of two to four members in

each team headed by a Team Leader (Aquino).

Importance of Family in Politics. In the research conducted by Kurtz (1989) families in which politics is a

usual activity of the members, children undergo a socialization experience, which is different from

nonpolitical families. He also stated, “Families with a tradition of public service develop name

recognition, goodwill, and skills, all of which are components of the state or capital which can be

transferred from one member to another”.

Prevalence of Political Dynasties. In the studies conducted by Beja et al. (2013), they stated that the

increased income poverty does not create political dynasties but it contributes to the expansion of the

largest and strongest dynasty. According to Beja et al (2013):

“Given that the poor are most vulnerable to political patronage and manipulation as well as practical to

sell their votes, a worsening, if not unchanging, poverty would be beneficial to political dynasties. Since

the largest political dynasties would, in most situations, be the families that have cultivated the most

extensive networks of patronage, accumulated the most political and financial capital, and have the

access to the largest political machineries, they would also be in the best position to take advantage of

vulnerable economically disadvantaged voters.”

Querubin (2010) stated that members of these political dynasties have a great political power due

to various observed and unobserved characteristics of the family such as wealth, talent, popularity or

looks that correlate with political success and can be transmitted across generations.

10

Sunico (2013) pointed out that these political families have gathered enough wealth and resources

to ensure that they win any election whether through the strength of the family name or through more

"creative" electoral strategies.

(CenPeg) Center for People’s Empowerment and Governance (2010) stated that:

“The barangay is a microcosm of oligarchic politics, misallocation of resources, and corruption. It

serves as an extension of ruling political dynasties and as a base of future traditional politicians. Many

candidates for punong barangay (barangay captain) are the children or relatives of the local mayor or

councilors. It is also a stepping-stone for future municipal and congressional leaders. Many members of

Congress started their political career in the barangay. Candidates for barangay posts – totaling

336,200 – also receive backing from congressmen and other local politicians who seek to maintain their

power base particularly during elections”.

Exploitative political dynasties are thus the cause and consequence of our ineffective and

unaccountable patron-client democracy, and personalized parties plagued by misuse of power, corruption

and wastage of state resources, and of our rapid population growth and continuing underdevelopment. We

cannot begin to change our political system that breeds these ills without basic structural and institutional

reforms, as Charter change advocates and we critics keep saying and writing about (Abueva 2013).

Conclusion. There were many previous studies regarding political dynasties in general, however, there

were lack or wanting of studies regarding the subject in the barangay level. The previous studies showed

above is only limited on the prevalence and effects of political dynasties in the society and not on the

determinants that encourages relatives to seek elective office.

11

11

Chapter III

Methodology

Conceptual Framework . This study aims to determine the determinants in encouraging relatives to seek

elective office. The barangay official’s socio demographic served as the independent variables such as

age, civil status, educational attainment, years in public office, political background of the family, private

occupation, relatives serving in the barangay, relatives serving in the city were correlated to the

determinants in encouraging relatives to seek elective office.

In addition to this, the conceptual definition of political dynasties among the select barangay officials in

Science City of Muñoz will also be determined to give light to their choices of determinants in

encouraging relatives to seek elective office.

Fig. 1: Conceptual Paradigm

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Concept of Political Dynasty

Operational Definition of Terms. Several terms were used in this research which might have a different

context in other researches or in its daily use. There are also terms which are not familiar to many people

because it requires specialization into a certain discipline. These terms are:

Barangays – the basic political unit of the Philippine government which serves as the primary planning

and implementing unit of government policies, plans, programs, projects, and activities in the community,

and as a forum wherein the collective views of the people may be expressed, crystallized and considered,

and where disputes may be amicably settled.

Barangay Officials – the respondents of the study which is composed of the following:

Barangay Chairman – the chief executive of the barangay and the presiding officer of the

Sangguniang Barangay mandated to enforce all ordnances enacted by the Sangguniang Barangay.

Barangay Kagawad – elected barangay officials, who serves as the legislative council of the

barangay and composes the Sangguniang Barangay tasked with making ordinances and

resolutions for the barangay.

Barangay Secretary – appointed barangay official that keep of all records of the sangguniang

barangay.

Barangay Treasurer - appointed barangay official that keeps the custody of barangay funds and

properties.

Determinants – reasons of the barangay officials in encouraging their relatives to seek elective positions

and divided by Andrew Dubrin into three categories: Power, Influence, and Organizational Politics.

Power – The potential ability to influence decisions and control resources.

Influence – Resembles power, but tends to be more subtle and indirect

13

Organizational Politics - the informal approaches to gaining power through means other than merit or

luck.

Concept of Political Dynasty – it refers to the understanding of barangay officials on what political

dynasty is which the researcher thematically interpreted.

Political dynasties – refers to members of the same family occupying elected positions either in sequence

for the same position, or simultaneously across different positions.

Family – a group of persons related by blood by consanguinity or affinity.

Relatives – a person connected with another by blood or affinity; a person who is kin with another.

Blood relative – one who shares an ancestor with another.

Collateral relative – a relative who is not in the direct line of descent, such as a cousin relative of the

half blood.

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Research Methods

Data Gathering. This study used both quantitative and qualitative data to the conceptual definition of

political dynasty in select barangays in Science City of Muñoz.

The questionnaire developed by the research have several parts; the first part was designed to

identify the socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents. The second part was formulated to

know the determinants in encouraging relatives to seek public office using the indicators listed by the

researcher on the questionnaire .The third part was a series of open-ended questions developed to

determine the conceptual definition of political dynasty in select barangays in Science City of Muñoz.

The researcher wrote the questionnaire in Filipino.

Sampling Procedure. The researcher used the multi stage sampling method in the study. The researcher

have chosen Science City of Muñoz because of the prevalence of political families in the city as

manifested by the blood relations of the chief executive and his vice mayor.

All of the Barangays chosen by the researcher are composed of barangay officials, which have

similar surnames with the other officials. The respondents were composed of 40 barangay officials either

elected in the case of chairman and kagawads or appointed in case of secretaries and treasurers. However,

the samples were supposed to be 40 but three of the respondents were unable to be reached by the

researcher despite diligent efforts and follow-ups.

Statistical Analysis. Data gathered were analyzed using the following statistical tools:

a. Frequency Count and percentage- These were used to analyze the socio demographic characteristics

such as age, civil status, gender, educational attainment, Profession besides of becoming a barangay

official, monthly income, family experienced in public service, relatives serving in the barangay.

15

b. Chi-Square- This was used to determine the relationship between the socio demographic characteristics

of the respondents to their concept of political dynasties.

Locale of the Study. The researcher conducted the study on the four barangays of Science City of Muñoz,

Nueva Ecija namely Cabisuculan, Matingkis, Naglabrahan and San Antonio. All of the barangays were

purposively chosen by the researcher for having at least four barangays officials which have similar

surnames or belongs to the same family.

Source: Science City of Munoz Website

Legend

Locale of the Study

Figure 2 Map of Science City of Muñoz

16

Chapter IV

Results and Discussion

Findings. This section presents the findings of the of the study. The corresponding interpretations were

discussed: socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents, relationship of the selected barangay

officials, the determinants in encouraging relatives to run in public service, and their concept of political

dynasties. The chapter is divided into several parts:

4.1 Socio Demographic Characteristics

4.2 Relationship of Barangay Officials

4.3 Concept of Political Dynasty

4.4 Determinants in Encouraging relatives to seek public office.

17

4.1 Socio Demographic Characteristics of the Respondents.

Table 1Descriptive Statistics of Socio-demographic Characteristics

Frequency PercentAge

31-40 4 11.241-60 30 83.361-75 2 5.6

StatusSingle 1 2.7Married 34 94.4Widow 3 8.1

GenderFemale 6 16.7Male 31 83.3

PositionBarangay Chairman 3 8.3Kagawad 27 73.0Secretary 4 10.8Treasurer 3 8.3

BarangayCabisuculan 10 27.0Matingkis 8 21.6Naglabrahan 9 24.3San Antonio 10 27.0

Length of Service in the barangay1 year and below 3 8.31-3 3 8.34-19 11 30.68-11 7 19.412-15 6 16.716-19 4 11.120-31 1 2.832-35 1 2.8

Educational attainmentElementary 1 2.8Elementary Graduate 3 8.3High school Level 5 13.9High School Graduate 8 22.2College Level 7 19.4College Graduate 6 16.7Vocational 6 16.7

Profession ABC President 1 2.78 Farmer 31 86.11 Security Guard 2 5.56 Tricycle Driver 1 2.78 None 3 8.33Monthly Income

5,000 and below 16 44.45,000-10,000 8 22.210,000-15,000 2 5.615,000-20,000 1 2.820,000-25, 000 2 5.625,000-30,000 1 2.8

Family experience in public service.Yes 19 52.8No 17 47.2

Relatives serving in the city Yes

No531

13.583.8

18

Most of the respondents were in the ages of 41-60 (83.3%) mainly because generally most of the

leaders in our country ranges from that age, 94.4% of the respondents were married mainly because

majority of them were in the ages 41-60.

Most of the respondents were males (83.3%) reason for this is that men dominate Philippine

politics. Overall the study were consist of 37 positions in the barangay, most of the respondents were

Barangay kagawad (73%) cause in each barangay the council are composed of 7 kagawads, 1 chairman,

and the treasurer and secretary. The sample of the study were supposed to compose of 40 respondents but

the respondents was unable to reach three of them. The study was lack of one barangay captain, one

kagawad, and treasurer mainly because of their business engagement and other important matters.

Seventy-seven and eight percent (77.8%) of the respondents serve the barangay from 4-19 years,

many of them were reelected and able complete their terms others started from a small position then

pursue a much higher position, others stated that they start being a kagawad then run for barangay

chairman, other started as a barangay chairman then became a kagawad, some started as youth leader.

Most of the respondents were High School graduates (22.2%) reason for this is that the officials

belongs to second and third class families. while 16.7% of the respondents were college graduates which

can be considered significant because instead of pursuing a high paying job or position they instead to

choose to serve the barangay.

Majority of the respondents were farmers mainly because barangays are situated mostly in rural

areas while 8.33% of the respondents were full time barangay officials. Most of the respondents earned a

monthly income of 5,000 and below, reason for this is that the honorarium of the barangay officials

ranges from 2000-5000.

Fifty-two and eight percent(52.8) of the respondents family has experienced in public service,

stated that they have relatives that serve in the barangay as Barangay Chairman, kagawad, treasurer others

said that their family was joining activities in the barangay

19

4.2 Relationship of Barangay Officials. This part shows the relationship of the barangay officials with the

other officials serving in the barangay.

Table 2

Relationship of Barangay Officials

Frequency Percent Relatives serving in the barangay

Yes 28 77.8

No 8 22.2

Relationships with the barangay officials

Missing 2 5.56

None 8 22.22

Brother in Law 2 5.56

Sister in Law 1 2.78

Cousin 17 47.22

Nephew/Niece 3 8.33

Sibling 4 11.11

Auntie/Uncle 4 11.11

Spouse 2 5.56

Table 2 shows the degree of relationship of the respondent barangay officials and to the elected

barangay and city officials and employees.

The researcher was able to trace their relationship for possessing the same surnames. In Barangay

Matingkis, most of the barangay officials there were cousins, the Barangay Chairman and one of the

kagawad with similar surnames were cousins, while two of the kagawads that has similar surnames were

cousins.

The result showed that majority of the barangay officials have relatives serving also in the

barangay it means that a large percentage of barangay officials in the locale of the study are relatives in

various degree of consanguinity and affinity.

20

Almost ¾ of the respondents are blood relatives stating that their relationship with the barangay

officials where in the 2nd degree or siblings to 4th degree or cousins. Some barangay officials are related

by affinity being related with other officials for being brothers and sisters in law.

Only less than a quarter of the respondents are in any manner related with other barangay

officials.

In Barangay San Antonio the Barangay Captain has a similar surname with one of the kagawad;

the kagawad was the sister of law of the barangay captain while two of the kagawad has also have similar

surname, their relationship were Uncle and Nephew.

In Barangay Cabisuculan, two of the kagawad has similar surnames. Their relationship were

brother and sister in Law.

In Barangay Naglabrahan, the barangay captain and one of the kagawad, which has similar

surnames, were siblings and the treasurer and secretary that has similar surnames has a relationship of

uncle and nephew

21

3.3 Concept on Political Dynasties. This section contains the conceptual definition of the barangay

officials on their concept of political dynasties.

Table 3.1Responses of the Barangay Officials on their concept of political dynasty

Response F %

Family Rule

Ang political dynasty ay ang pamumuno ng isang pamilya o magkakamaganak sa isang lugar tulad ng barangay lungsod at probinsya.

Tuloy tuloy na pamumuno ng isang angkan

Ang pagbibigay kapahintulutan ng nakaupong politiko sa isang kamaganak na tumakbo sa anumang posisyon sa gobyerno habang siya nakaupo din.

Ang buong pamilya o angkan na ayaw bitawan ang politika sa kanilang lugar.

Ang pagkakaisa ng magkakamaganak namumuno sa isang lugar o barangay

Sunod sunod na pamamahala ng magkakamaganakAng pagkakaisa ng magkakamaganak na namumuno.

Pagsunod sa yapak nang kanilang mga ninuno sa pulitika.

Magkamaganak sa pulitika at magkakampi sa isang partido

.

Public Service

Tuloy tuloy na pagtulong.

Kagustuhan maglingkod sa kabarangay

Nagkakaisa ang mga kamaganak sa mga adhikain sa barangay yung iba corrupt.Maglingkod sa mga mamamayan.

Isang pulitiko na may plano sa kabarangay.

Ok lang naman sakin, kasi nakakatulong naman sila

Depende naman yan sa namumuno, lalo na kung nakakatulong sila.

Kung Minsan maganda, dahil kung minsan nakakatulong

Power

Manipulasyon ng kapangyarihan

Pamilyang ayaw bitawan ang kapangyarihan

Sakim sa kapangyarihan, May sariling interes

19 61.3

8 25.8

4 12.9

22

Table 3 shows the various responses of the respondent on the open-ended question regarding their

concept of political dynasty. The researcher descriptively interpreted the responses to arrive at three

categories namely family rule, public service and power.

More than half of the respondents stated that political dynasty is a form of family rule. The

respondents conceptualized political dynasty as a family or group of persons related by blood or

affiliation that hold various public offices simultaneously or successively.

The first situation occurs when a family member simultaneously seek elective office and won on

the same election under one ticket or group while the second situation occurs when a family member

follows the footsteps of their ascendants in politics with the permission to run in an elective position and

in the process transferring their power and influence to the said relative.

One of the respondents cited the case of the Alvarezes in Science City of Munoz in transferring

power the members of the family.

One out of four respondent perceived that political dynasty positively by looking into it as a form

of public service. They state that political dynasty is a continuum in public service of a family member

that is restricted by the term of office prescribed by law and necessary to continue serving their

constituents under one platform of development.

12.9% of the respondents conceptualize political dynasty as necessary evil to maintain power

within the family. They perceived political dynasty negatively because it promotes self-interest, greed,

and monopoly of power.

23

Table 3.2Descriptive Statistics on their stand on Political Dynasty

Frequency PercentNakakabuti ba ang political dynasty sa inyong barangay? Ou

Hindi1714

45.937.8

Dapat ba ibagbawal ang political dynasty? Oo 18 50.0Hindi 15 41.7

Saang level dapat ipagbawal ang political dynasty? Lahat maliban sa Brgy.Lungsod/BayanNasyonalProbinsya

12132

2.85.636.15.6

After the researcher got the concept of the respondents, the determines their stands on the issue of

political dynasty on whether it brought goodness in their barangay, it should be prohibited, and in what

level should it be prohibited.

Table 3.2 showed that most of the respondents agreed that political dynasties brought goodness to

their barangay (45.9%), respondents states that leaders in their barangay were able to serve the residents

regardless if they belong to a political dynasty others states that it is difficult to socialize with other

officials which is not a relative. Respondents that said no got 37.8%, respondents states that the priorities

of the barangay officials were in their cronies others said that it would not lead to development and others

said it is better if the officials were composed of different backgrounds and families and also to avoid

conspiracy, other said it will left an image to people . There were respondents that did not answer the last

part of the questionnaire so there were missing data. Fifty percent of the respondents wants to prohibit

political dynasties; most of the respondents responds that the skills of others must be shown; there were

Barangay officials in which have similar surnames with the other officials in the barangay that wants to

prohibit political dynasties. Forty- one and seven percent (41.7%) do not want to prohibit mainly because

Philippines is a democratic country it is the people who choose their leaders and they were elected in a

democratic and legal manner. Other respondents stated that it should not be prohibited especially if the

leaders were able to fulfill their duties and to provide equal access to public service. Some of the

respondents were not able to answer to answer this part.

24

From the 50% percent of the respondents that wants to prohibit political dynasties 36.15% wanted

to prohibit it in the national level mainly because others were not given the chance to lead the

barangay.and to avoid extreme corruption, followed by province and city (5.6%) that one of the

respondents stated that it is prone to dynasty, and all level except the barangay mainly because there are

barangays in which most of all the residents there are mostly relatives and belongs to one clan (2.8%)

4.3 Determinants in encouraging relatives to run in politics. The results in this section indicated that the

work of Dubrin (2002) could be used to know the determinants in encouraging relatives to run in politics.

Dubrin distinguishes on how a person can gain power, influence, and used organizational politics.

25

Table 4.1Descriptive Statistics for the Determinants in Encouraging Relatives to seek Public Office.

Determinants Indicators Strongly

DisagreeDisagree Depends on

the situationAgree Strongly

Agree

Power

1. Hinihikayat ang mga kamag-anak tumakbo para sa puder sa barangay.

FrequencyPercent

Frequency

719.4

8

38.3

4

9 25.0

18

1336.1

5

411.1

1Percent 22.2 11.1 48.6 13.5 2.7

2. Hinihikayat ang mga kamag-anak tumakbo para baguhin ang barangay

Frequency 6 10 8 6 7Percent 16.7 27.0 22.6 16.2 18.9

3. Hinihikayat ang mga kamag-anak tumakbo para maipagpatuloy ang mga plano sa barangay.


4. Hinihikayat ang mga kamag-anak tumakbo para baguhin ang katayuan ng mga kabarangay.

Influence

Frequency 8 6 7 9 6Percent

FrequencyPercent

21.6

513.0

16.2

719.4

18.9

8 22.2

24.3

1233.3

16.2

411.1

5. Hinihikayat ang mga kamag-anak tumakbo para hikayatin ang mga tao sa paniniwalang pulitikal.

Frequency 9 9 16 3 0Percent 24.3 24.3 43.2 8.1 .0

6. Hinihikayat ang mga kamag-anak para matutong mamuno.


7. Hinihikayat ang mga kamag-anak para sa respeto.


8 Hinihikayat ang mga kamaganak tumakbo para bigyan inspirasyon ang mga taga barangay...


Organizational Politics

9. Hinihikayat ang mga kamag-anak na tumakbo para sa pabor ng nanunungkulan sa munisipyo..

FrequencyPercent

Frequency

1013.9

9

519.4

9

1438.9

13

411.3

3

38.3

1Percent 24.3 24.3 35.1 8.1 2.7

10. Hinihikayat ang mga kamag-anak tumakbo para lumawak ang koneksyong pulitikal.


11. Hinihikayat ang mga kamag-anak tumakbo mapalapit sa tao.


12. Hinihikayat ang mga kamag-anak na tumakbo upang maihanda ang sarili sa pagtakbo sa mga susunod na eleksyon.

Frequency 11 6 12 5 2

Percent 29.7 16.2 32.4 13.5 5.4

Table 3 shows the determinant indicators in encouraging relatives to seek elective office. The

researcher grouped the following determinants based on the work of Andrew Dubrin into three: Power,

Influence, and Organizational Politics.

26

For better understanding, the three determinants where given particular descriptions by the

researcher. Statements 1-4 are descriptives of the use of power that pertains to the strengthening of

authority in the barangay. Items 5-8 are descriptives of influence or the ability to encourage others even

the person is not vested with power. Items 9-12 are descriptives of organizational politics that pertains to

acquisition of mass base for purposes of soliciting future votes.

In first statement(encouraging to gain power) majority of the respondents cannot decide whether

they agree or disagree, since their decision is based on the situation, if their relatives has the skills they

might encouraged but if not they’ll not encourage it. In the second statement (encouraging to change the

barangay) most of the people disagree, reason for this is that that respondents can change or develop the

barangay alone, most of the respondents strongly agree in the third statement encouraging relatives to

continue plans for the barangay reason for this is that elective positions in the barangay is limited only to

three terms.

Twenty-four and three percent (24.3%) of the respondents agree on statement 4(to encourage

relatives to change the quality of life living in the barangay), reason for this is that they cannot do it all

alone and they will look for someone, which they can trust to do it.

Majority of the respondents were undecided if whether they will encourage relatives to run for

their political ideologies, reason for this is that their ideologies is different from their relatives. Most of

the respondents agree on the statement encouraging relatives to learn how to govern the residents in the

barangay reason for this is that there preparing their relatives to become leaders. In statements, seven and

eight most of the respondents agreed gaining 35.1 percent mainly because in becoming a politician more

people will pay more respect while in statement 8 if the relatives of the politician are highly successful,

surely they will give inspiration to the residents. In statement, nine most of the respondents were

undecided while in statement, 10 (Encouraging relatives to widen political connection) and 11(to get

27

closer to people) most of the respondents strongly disagree and in statement, 12(prepare myself for the

next election) most were undecided.

The researcher grouped overall the statements and it shows that, the barangay officials, agreed

that they encourage relatives in terms of power; most of these were in the statement encouraging relatives

to continue the plans for the barangay, in terms of influence 33.3% agree they’ll encourage relatives to

seek in elective office more of these were in the state encouraging relatives to gain respect and giving

inspiration for the residents, in terms of organizational politics majority of the respondents were

undecided most of these were in the statement to gain favors from the city and to prepare himself for the

next election. If we will look overall at the determinants, most of the respondents were on the degree of

undecided or depends on the situation mainly because of the circumstances in which they might decide to

encourage their relatives to run.

Table 4.2

Correlation between Encouraging Reasons for Power, Influence and Organizational Policies vs. SDC of Monthly Allowance,

Family that has an experienced in public service, Relatives that serving in the barangay and Relatives that serving in the city.

Monthly IncomeMy family has an

experienced in public service.

I have relatives serving in the

barangay

I have relatives serving in the city

Corr p-value Corr p-value Corr p-value Corr p-valuePower .110 .561 .206 .229 .180 .293 -.437** .008

Influence -.039 .836 .290 .086 .073 .673 -.383* .021Organizational

Politics.001 .995 .403* .015 .057 .741 -.408* .014

The above table shows that among the various indicators used in the socio-demographic characteristics,

there is a significant relationship between the socio demographic characteristics and the determinants in


First, data shows a trend that the respondents that answers that they have no relatives in the city has a

strong agreement in the three determinants. This significant relationship means that those barangay

officials without an elective official relative in the higher position are much motivated to encourage their

28

other relatives to seek elective positions other than those with known relatives. This shows that since they

have no influence or power in the higher officials, they opt to concentrate in their own barangays in

increasing their power and influence as well as widen their political base.

This situation is associated with the importance of barangay officials in local elections, with more power,

influence and organization in the barangay level; this will give them the bargaining power that is

necessary to secure grass root level votes.

Second, respondents with family that has experience in public service has a strong agreement with the

indicators in the organizational politics determinant. This significant relationship reveals a trend that

having exposure in public service gives more motivation to barangay officials to encourage their relatives.

This might be for the purpose of either gaining favors from the city officials and widening of political

connection in preparation to their future political bid.

This trend is associated with the Filipino culture that those who are nearer the kitchen receive more favors

than the others do.

29

Chapter V

Conclusions and Recommendations.

This chapter contains conclusions and recommendations of the researcher on the conceptual

definition of political dynasty.

Based on the results of this study most of the respondents were married and with ages ranging

from 41-60. Their professions are mostly farmers, because the locale of the study is a farming village,

earning a monthly income of 10,000 below since plurality of them are high school graduates, most served

the barangay from 4-19 years and their families have experienced in public service.

The study reveals that these indicators show no significant relationship with the determinants


Most of the barangay officials have relatives serving also in the barangay and their relationship

were mostly cousins.

The study reveals the various responses of the barangay officials regarding their concept of

political dynasty, which was thematically interpreted by the researcher into three categories namely

family rule, public service and power.

Respondents that stated political dynasty as a form of family rule conceptualized political dynasty

as a family or group of persons related by blood or affiliation that hold various public offices

simultaneously or successively. Others perceived political dynasties as a form of public service stated that

political dynasty is a continuum in public service of a family member that is restricted by the term of

office prescribed by law and necessary to continue serving their constituents under one platform of

development. While other respondents conceptualize political dynasty as necessary evil to maintain

power within the family. They perceived political dynasty negatively because it promotes self-interest,

greed, and monopoly of power.

30

After the researcher got the concept of respondents barangay officials, he determines their stand

on the issue of political dynasty, most of the respondents’ states that political dynasties brought goodness

in their barangay especially if the leaders can fulfill their duties and having unity to serve. When it comes

to the prohibition of political dynasties most of the respondents agreed to prohibit political dynasties

significantly some of them has similar surname with the other officials stating that political dynasties

brought extreme corruption, conspiracy, self-interest and manipulation of power. From the respondents

that wanted to prohibit dynasties half of them wanted to prohibit it on the national level to give chance to

others and for the development of the country.

The study reveals that the various indicators used in the determinants in encouraging relatives to

seek elective office has a significant relationship between the socio demographic characteristics in terms

of having relatives in the city and family experienced in public office.

Having no relatives in the city has a strong agreement in the three determinants, the significant

relationship means that those barangay officials without an elective official relative in the higher position

are much motivated to encourage their other relatives to seek elective positions other than those with

known relatives since they have no influence or power in the higher officials, they opt to concentrate in

their own barangays in increasing their power and influence as well as widen their political base. With

more power, influence and organization in the barangay level; this will give them the bargaining power

that is necessary to secure grass root level votes.

While respondents with family that has, experience in public service has a strong agreement with

the indicators in the organizational politics determinant. This significant relationship reveals a trend that

having exposure in public service gives more motivation to barangay officials to encourage their relatives.

This might be for the purpose of either gaining favors from the city officials and widening of political

31

connection in preparation to their future political bid. This trend is associated with the Filipino culture

that those who are nearer the kitchen receive more favors than the others do.

Recommendations

1. The future study is recommended which has more respondents’ barangays other than four respondent

barangays.

2. Future studies should develop a 4-likert point scale to measure the reasons for encouraging relatives to

seek elective office.

3. Future studies should let the respondents define the various indicators on the determinants for

encouraging relatives to seek in public office.

4. The prevalence of political dynasty in the grassroots level call for the legislation to define and prohibit

political dynasty.

32

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poverty: Resolving the “chicken or the egg” question”. Aim Working Paper 13-017. Asian

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Bolong, Leilani E., Rouselle F Lavado, Allan S. Layug, Ida Marie T. Pantig. 2010. “Do Barangays Really

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democracy-or-clan-politics (December 26, 2014).

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APPENDICES

36

RUSSEL HAROLD P. SIROTMananaliksik

Panuto: Punan ang mga sumusunod na tanong.

I. SOSYO- DEMOGRAPIKONG KATANGIAN

1. Pangalan: ______________________________________________________________________

2. Edad: ______ 3. Barangay: ________________________

4. Kasarian ( ) Lalake ( ) Babae

5. Estadong Sibil: ( ) Walang Asawa ( ) May Asawa Iba pa: ____________

6. Posisyon sa Barangay: ________________________

7. Tagal ng paglilingkod Barangay: ____________

8. Antas ng Edukasyon:

( ) Elementarya ( ) Kolehiyo

( ) Nagtapos ng Elementarya ( ) Nagtapos ng Kolehiyo

( ) Hayskul ( ) Vocational course

( ) Nagtapos ng Hayskul Iba pa: ____________

9. Hanapbuhay bukod sa pagiging barangay official: ________________________

10. Tinatayang Buwanang Kita: ________________________

11. May karanasan ang aking pamilya sa paglilingkod:

( ) Meron ( ) Wala

Kung meron, ano ang karanasan: ______________________

12. May mga kamaganak akong naglilingkod sa barangay:

( ) Meron ( ) Wala

Kung Meron ano ang relasyon mo sa kanila? ________________________

13. May mga kamaganak akong naglilingkod sa lungsod:

( ) Meron ( ) Wala

Kung Meron ano ang relasyon mo sa kanila? ____________________

37

II. MGA DAHILAN SA PAGHIKAYAT SA MGA KAMAGANAK NA TUMAKBO SA PULITIKA

Panuto: Basahin mabuti ang mga sumusunod na pangungusap at lagyan ng tsek ang napiling sagot gamit ang mga sumusunod na panukat.

5- Lubos na Sumasangayon 3 – Depende 1- Lubos na Hindi Sumasangayon

4 - Sang- ayon 2- Hindi Sumasangayon

Indicators 1 2 3 4 51. Hinihikayat ang mga kamag-anak tumakbo para sa puder sa barangay.2. Hinihikayat ang mga kamag-anak tumakbo para baguhin ang barangay.3. Hinihikayat ang mga kamag-anak tumakbo para maipagpatuloy ang mga plano sa barangay.4. Hinihikayat ang mga kamag-anak tumakbo para baguhin ang katayuan ng mga kabarangay.5. Hinihikayat ang mga kamag-anak tumakbo para hikayatin ang mga tao sa paniniwalang pulitikal.6. Hinihikayat ang mga kamag-anak para matutong mamuno.7. Hinihikayat ang mga kamag-anak para sa respeto.8. Hinihikayat ang mga kamaganak tumakbo para bigyan inspirasyon ang mga taga barangay.9. Hinihikayat ang mga kamag-anak na tumakbo para sa pabor ng nanunungkulan sa munisipyo.10. Hinihikayat ang mga kamag-anak tumakbo para lumawak ang koneksyong pulitikal11. Hinihikayat ang mga kamag-anak tumakbo mapalapit sa tao.12. Hinihikayat ang mga kamag-anak na tumakbo upang maihanda ang sarili sa pagtakbo sa mga susunod na eleksyon.

Iba pa?

___________________________________________________________________________

38

III. KONSEPTO SA POLITICAL DYNASTY

1. Para sayo ano apakahulugan political dynasty?

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

2. Nakakabuti ba ang political dynasty sa inyong barangay? ( ) Oo ( ) Hindi

Bakit?

___________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________________________________

3. Dapat ba ipagbawal ang political dynasty? ( ) Oo ( ) Hindi

Bakit?

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

4. Kung dapat ipagbabawal, saang lebel ng gobyern?

Barangay ( ) Probinsya ( )

Lungsod/Bayan( ) Nasyonal ( )

Bakit?

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________

39

Republic of the Philippines


College of Arts and Sciences

Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija

February 14, 2015

Mr. Jerry Fulgencio

Barangay Chairman

Cabisuculan, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija

Sir:

Greetings!

I am a senior student of Central Luzon State University taking up Bachelor of Arts in Social Sciences. As part of my course requirements for this degree, I am conducting my undergraduate thesis entitled Conceptual Definition of Political Dynasties (Determinants in encouraging relatives to seek elective office).

This study aims to know the concept of Political Dynasties among the select barangay officials. The participants of the study are the barangay officials which includes elected and appointed officials.

In this regard, I am requesting your office to allow me to conduct data gathering in your barangay as the locale of the study. Your support will ensure the accomplishment of our paper.

Thank you in advance.

Respectfully yours,

RUSSEL HAROLD P. SIROT

Student

Noted by

GIAN CARLO E. BUMANLAG

Adviser

40





February 14, 2015

Mr. Carlito Cacho

Barangay Chairman

Matingkis, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija

Sir:

Greetings!





Respectfully yours,


Student

Noted by


Advis

41





February 14, 2015

Mr. Eduardo Juico

Barangay Chairman

San Antonio, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija

Sir:

Greetings!

I am a senior student of Central Luzon State University taking up Bachelor of Arts in Social Sciences. As part of my course requirements for this degree, I am conducting my undergraduate thesis entitled Conceptual Definition of Political Dynasties (Determinants in encouraging relatives to seek elective office)..

This study aims to know the concept of Political Dynasties among the select barangay officials. The participants of the study are the barangay officials which includes the elected and appointed officials.



Respectfully yours,


Student

Noted by


Adviser

42





February 14, 2015

Mr. Mario Ulpindo

Barangay Chairman

Naglabrahan, Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija

Sir:

Greetings!





Respectfully yours,


Student

Noted by


Adviser

43

43

The Political Family

Documents

political patrons

joson dynasty

prevalent political

district of nueva ecija

edward joson

josie joson

son tomas joson

aurelio umali