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ABSTRACTS
The poetics of memory in Pliny’s “Heroines”
Stella ALEKOU (Cyprus)
This paper will examine the notion of literary, rhetorical and
legal memory in Pliny’s epistles with
regard to the illustration of female exempla. The interpretative
tools of intertextual analysis will be
used with focus on one of Pliny’s Augustan models in particular:
Ovid, the author of two epistolary
collections, namely, the Heroides and the Epistulae ex Ponto. At
a time when the boundaries between
prose and poetry are considerably less rigid and the genre of
epistolography is still of a fluid nature,
the Ovidian works, a part of the Plinian readers’ mental
encyclopaedia, seem to be both a valuable
source of intertextual memory and a generic exemplum. A careful
reading of clusters of letters in
Pliny’s collection and Ovid’s Heroides will demonstrate the
dynamics of a literary exchange that has
been constantly overshadowed and that could provide modest
answers to some of the most prominent
debates on Plinian literature.
Even though recent scholarship on Pliny has shifted its focus
from the social and historical context of
the epistles to its author’s self-representation, this paper
will not isolate the text from its extra-textual
reality; it will not treat the collection as a self-sufficient
literary artefact nor will it draw extensive
attention to its authoritative consciousness. Furthermore,
despite the current scholarly emphasis on
gendered readings of Plinian letters, it is not the aim of this
piece of work to shed light on Pliny’s view
on gender equality. Indeed, the author mentions over thirty
women by name, addresses letters to seven
of them and refers to more than forty other female individuals
that remain anonymous, but such a
focus seems here rather misleading, as it guides our reading
towards mere speculations of an
ambiguous nature that are deemed to remain unfounded.
In Pliny’s literary project, cultural redefinitions of female
exempla and renegotiations of their stylistic
representations are the result of critical re-readings of his
poetic precedents. Ovidian poetics offers
both a canon of style and a polemical target source that
activates a network of allusions. The
paradoxical resonances invite the Plinian reader to
collaboratively participate in the hermeneutics of
the text, by identifying the author’s ironic distance as
deliberate and by regarding Pliny not only as an
orator but also as “actor”, a historical person who discusses
contemporary facts through allusion to
past remembrances and reconstructs accordingly female portraits
of his time through imagines that are
well established in the readers’ intertextual memory. The paper
will strive to identity both the
fictionality in Pliny’s “real” illustration of women and the
historicity in Ovid’s mythological female
representations, in order to identify the limits of poetic
“vraisemblance”, rhetorical memoria and legal
recontextualisation of esthetics.
In reading Ovid to further understand Pliny, one may dare to no
longer see the Ovidian Heroines as
mere love letters but to finally situate them in their
historical context; most importantly, the
reconstruction of the Plinian “heroines” as mnemonic and
memorable illustrations may contribute to
the reception of Pliny’s work as a literary exemplum, to be
finally rewarded as genuine.
The Villas of Pliny and Statius
Christopher CHINN (Pomona College, CA)
Scholars have long remarked on the intertext between Pliny’s
villa letters (Epist. 2.17 and 5.6) and
Statius’ villa poems (Silv. 1.3 and 2.2). Some have found fairly
specific verbal echoes (see Myers
2005: 122 n .77 for bibl.) while others see a more generic
connection, with Statius establishing a
literary tradition of the long villa ekphrasis. Metaliterary
details connecting the villa descriptions of
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both writers to epic ekphrasis seem to underline this latter
point. In Silv. 1.3.81, Statius compares
Vopiscus’ villa with the estate of Alcinous in the Odyssey.
Hinds (2001: 237-55) notes that Silv.
2.2.76-82 turns the views of Pollius’ villa into a trip through
Vergilian literary history. Pliny, in his
famous metaliterary digression at Epist. 5.6.41-4, explicitly
compares his villa description to various
large-scale epic ekphrases such as the description of Achilles’
shield in Iliad 18 (on this passage see
Chinn 2007). Both writers thus figure their villa ekphrases as
literary topoi. Moreover, since they are
not part of a larger narrative, the ekphrases may also be
understood as tropes. But how do the
ekphrases act as figurative language? In the case of Statius’
Silvae scholars have seen ekphrasis as a
figure of praise (see Van Dam 1984: 6-7). The described houses
are like their owners (Silv. 1.3.20-3;
2.2.28-9; Myers 2005: 108-9) in that the houses reflect the
owners’ philosophical serenity. Scholars
see Pliny’s villa descriptions as a form of self-fashioning, and
hence a kind of self-praise. In Statius
part of the praise discourse is the interaction of nature and
art, and how control over nature embodied
in the houses described reflects the philosophical mastery of
the houses’ owners (see e.g. Cancik 1968
on Silv. 2.2). Control over nature is also a theme in Pliny’s
descriptions (Bek 1976: 162-3), but as far
as I know no one has fully explored how this theme integrates
into the overall project of self-
fashioning. I propose to argue that if we focus on the Statian
intertext then it follows that Pliny is not
attributing to himself a kind of mastery over nature through the
ekphrasis, but is rather directly
equating himself to nature itself. My argument is based on the
two passages in Epist. 5.6 where Pliny
invokes the nature-art distinction (sections 7 and 18), and on
the metaliterary digression where Pliny
claims to have "indulged" (indulsi) in epic-style ekphrasis
(41). I argue that the Statian echoes here
imply that Pliny has placed himself in the role of Statian
nature in the villa poems of the Silvae.
Ars adeo latet arte sua:
On the Influence of Epigram on Pliny the Younger’s Letters
Thorsten FÖGEN (Durham)
The corpus of Pliny the Younger’s Letters contains a significant
amount of texts that comprise no
more than one or two paragraphs (see Fögen 2018). These short
pieces often resemble epigrams, both
in terms of structure and style. While this closeness has been
observed in passing by some scholars
such as Meister (1924: 33), Guillemin (1929: 150) or, more
recently, Wolff (2003: 85‒86, 89), a more
detailed study on this striking affinity is still a
desideratum.
Building upon my observations on Epist. 9.12 and on Pliny’s
concept of ‘artful artlessness’ (see Fögen
2017), I will focus on select short epistles that are
constructed like epigrams in several respects. I will
demonstrate that Lessing’s categories of Erwartung and
Aufschluß, originally used for the structural
analysis of epigrams, can also be applied to these letters.
Special attention will be given to Epist. 7.13
to Iulius Ferox, 4.18 to Arrius Antoninus (on Pliny’s Latin
translations of Arrius Antoninus’
epigrams), 5.2 to Calpurnius Flaccus, 6.1 to Calestrius Tiro,
8.7 to Tacitus, 9.29 to Rusticus, 9.32 to
Titianus, and 9.38 to Pompeius Saturninus.
I will argue that Pliny the Younger had a strong interest in the
cultivation of smaller literary forms
which included poetry as well as prose. His ‘epigrammatic’
letters are for the most part miniatures of
an unobtrusive elegance with which Pliny wanted to prove his
wide-ranging artistic talent.
References:
Fögen, Thorsten (2017): Gattungsvielfalt in den Briefen des
Jüngeren Plinius. Episteln im
Spannungsfeld von ethischer Unterweisung und literarischer
Pluridimensionalität. In:
Gymnasium 124, 21‒60.
Fögen, Thorsten (2018): Vom Epigramm zur Ekphrasis. Zum Topos
der brevitas in den Briefen des
Jüngeren Plinius. In: Gernot Michael Müller, Sabine Retsch &
Johanna Schenk (eds.), Adressat
und Adressant. Kommunikationsstrategien im antiken Brief, Berlin
& Boston (in press).
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Guillemin, Anne-Marie (1929): Pline et la vie littéraire de son
temps, Paris.
Meister, Richard (1924): Zur Frage des Kompositionsprinzips in
den Briefen des Plinius. In:
XAPIΣMA. Festgabe zur 25jährigen Stiftungsfeier des Vereines
klassischer Philologen in Wien,
Wien, 27‒33.
Wolff, Étienne (2003): Pline le Jeune ou le refus du pessimisme.
Essai sur sa correspondance,
Rennes.
Plinian Intertextuality in Epistles 6
Roy GIBSON (Manchester)
What does Plinian intertextuality look like when considered over
the course of a single book in the
aggregate, rather than in relation to single authors such as
Cicero or Tacitus? Are particular authors
privileged over others at certain points? Do references come in
clusters? Is there a pattern or coherence
to Pliny's allusions to earlier authors within a book? Do
certain types or subjects of letters attract
particular instances of intertextual reference? Book 6 of the
letters will be the main focus of
discussion. Help will be requested on what to make of the
apparent reference at Pliny Ep. 6.20.19 to
Petronius Sat. 115.6.
Pliny in Pliny: Some Remarks on the Rhetoric of Political
Writing and Self-promotion
Jacek HAJDUK (Krakow)
One of the most important writers of the early imperial era was
Pliny the Younger. His only oration
that now survives, the Panegyricus Traiani, is among the most
influential writings in the history of
political writing. This speech is important today not only as a
relevant document that reveals many
details about Trajan’s actions, and as a major pattern for all
later similar works written in an adulatory
and emphatic form in order to please the ruler, but also as a
kind of mirror for Pliny the Younger
himself, as an epistolographer and author of the Letters.
The Panegyricus Traiani was delivered in the Senate in year 100
and is a detailed description
of Caesar’s figure and actions. Pliny presented Trajan as the
best emperor in the history of Rome. It
was an unprecedented event, because it was the time when Trajan
was at the beginning of his career as
an emperor.
Recalling the speech in one of his letters, Pliny explains his
motives: „I hoped in the first place
to encourage our Emperor in his virtues by a sincere tribute
and, secondly, to show his successors
what path to follow to win the same renown, not by offering
instruction but by setting his example
before them. To proffer advice on an Emperor's duties might be a
noble enterprise, but it would be a
heavy responsibility verging on insolence, whereas to praise an
excellent ruler (optimum principem)
and thereby shine a beacon on the path posterity should follow
would be equally effective without
appearing presumptuous” (Ep. III. xviii).
Fortunately for Pliny, it turned out later that Trajan was
indeed worthy of this praise. At the
same time we find in the Panegyricus Traiani significant
paragraphs about Pliny himself and his
activities during the reign of emperors Domitian and Trajan.
Describing those two rulers and
contrasting them one to another, Pliny is subtly telling a
complex story about different ways of
participating (or not participating) in the politics. He
continues what he began in his youth (under the
volcano): he uses literature as a powerful form of
persuasion.
Having in mind Pliny’s career, his political letters (private
and official) and the Panegyricus
Traiani, I’d like to discuss nuances of his (and his friends)
theoretical and practical engagement with
politics of that time, as well as intertextual and intergeneric
relations between the Letters and the
oration.
Who was Pliny: a politician or a writer, an epistolographer
giving speeches or an orator
writing letters? What were his goals: literary or political?
What can we say about the ethics of his
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works (and life)? What does he think (say) about his own career
– in political letters and in the speech?
Was he consistent in constructing his own portrait?
What can we say about Pliny the Younger as a literary
character?
Pliny’s Seneca and the Intertextuality of Grief
Michael HANAGHAN (Cork):
This paper analyses how Pliny alludes to two of Seneca’s
epistles (98 and 99) that treat death. It
extends Tzounakas’ analysis of the intertextual link between
Pliny’s Ep. 1.12 and Seneca’s Ep. 85 by
arguing that Ep. 98 also looms behind Corellius’ decision to
die, and argues that Regulus’ display of
grief following the death of his son (4.2) echoes Seneca’s
condemnation of improper mourning
practice in Ep. 99.
Pliny presents Corellius Rufus’ suicide as a philosophical
decision by using an abundance of Stoic
terms (Méthy, Tzounakas). At the end of the letter Pliny begs
Calestrius Tiro for words of consolation
that he has not already heard or read, and so invites
consideration of what texts have influenced the
contents of his epistle (Tzounakas). Clear parallels may be
found between Pliny’s Ep. 1.12 and
Seneca’s Ep. 98. Seneca treats the themes of suicide and pain
management, and acknowledges that
grief can be selfish. A specific verbal connection links the two
epistles. Pliny’s description of
Corellius’ determination “securus liberque moriturus” is
supported by Seneca’s use of the phrase
‘nec taedio doloris libenter moritur.’ Corellius presents as
Seneca’s hypothetical sufferer; who does
not die simply to free himself from his pain, which he has
already defeated and broken (Tzounakas,
Pliny. Ep. 1.12.5). At the end of his epistle Seneca
acknowledges his attitude towards his friend’s
death “Sed securus de illo sum: de nostro damno agitur, quibus
senex egregius eripitur.”
Pliny’s phrase ‘securus liberque moriturus’ is focalised through
Corellius Rufus, and so may explain
the contempt for philosophy and the reading of philosophy that
Pliny shows at the end of the epistle
(Ep. 1.12.13), if Corellius Rufus was influenced in his decision
by Seneca’s philosophical reflection
on when suicide is suitable.
The death of Regulus’ son sent him into public mourning. He had
innumerable likenesses of his son
depicted in art, wrote a memoir of his son and paid for it to be
read throughout the empire, and even
gathered all his son’s animals and immolated them on a pyre.
Pliny remained unconvinced (Ep. 4.2)
“Nec dolor erat ille, sed ostentatio doloris”
The phrase ostentatio doloris alludes to Seneca’s Ep. 99, which
includes (within the epistle to
Lucilius) a letter that Seneca sent to Marullus on the death of
his son, in which he distinguishes
between real grief and the display of grief (ostentatio
doloris). The allusion is substantiated by the
phrase ostentatio doloris, which only occurs in extant Latin
literature prior to Pliny in that epistle of
Seneca, and the shared experience of Regulus and Marullus both
of whom were mourning a dead son.
By alluding to Seneca’s letter Pliny co-opts Seneca’s
philosophical condemnation of incorrect
mourning to attack Regulus’ bizarre behaviour.
Pliny’s allusions to Seneca’s consolation letters show that he
knew and could apply philosophical
concepts to express his own grief or criticise other’s.
References
Griffin, M. (2007) “The Younger Pliny’s Debt to Moral
Philosophy,” Harvard Studies in Classical
Philology 103, 451-481.
Méthy, N. (2007) Les lettres de Pline le Jeune: Une
représentation de l’homme, Paris.
Tzounakas, S. (2011) “Seneca’s Presence in Pliny’s Epistle
1.12,” Philologus 155.2, 346-360.
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The Elder Pliny as source of inspiration: Pliny the Younger’s
reception of the Naturalis Historia and his uncle’s lifestyle
Judith HINDERMANN (Basel)
Pliny’s letters have been studied so far mostly as a source for
life and work of the Elder Pliny,
especially the famous letters of the eruption of mount Vesuvius
and Pliny the Elder’s death (Ep.
6.16 und 6.20) and the list of his literary works (Ep. 3.5).*
The paper at hand will look into the
relation between the two Plinys from a different angle by
studying how the Younger integrates
subjects known from the Elder’s Naturalis Historia in his
letters. The Younger Pliny not only
adapts the descriptions of natural phenomena into the literary
genus of a letter-collection, e.g.
miraculous stories of dolphins and men and magic lakes (epp.
4,30; 8,20; 9,33). He also reflects
his uncle’s pose of writing at night (lucubratio)** and serving
the emperor during the day by
combining the demands of otium and negotium in his own way.
*
U. Eco, “A Portrait of the Elder as a Young Pliny”, in: R.
Gibson/Ch. Whitton (eds.) The
Epistles of Pliny, Oxford 2016. 185-200.
R.K. Gibson, “Elder and Better: The Naturalis Historia and the
Letters of the Younger Pliny”, in R.K. Gibson/R. Morello (eds.) P
liny the Elder: Themes and Contexts,
Leiden/Boston 2011, 187-205.
J. Henderson, “Knowing Someone through their Books: Pliny on
Uncle Pliny (Epistles
3.5)”, CPh 97, 2002, 265-84.
E. Lefèvre, “Plinius-Studien V: Vom Römertum zum Ästhetizismus.
Die Würdigungen des älteren Plinius (3,5), Silius Italicus (3,7)
und Martial (3,21)”, Gymnasium 96, 1989, 113–
128.
E. Lefèvre, “Plinius-Studien VI: Der große und der kleine
Plinius. Die Vesuv-Briefe (6,16;
6,20)”, Gymnasium 103, 1996, 193–215.
O. Schönberger, “Die Vesuv-Briefe des jüngeren Plinius (VI 16
und 20)”, Gymnasium 97, 1990, 526–548.
**
J. Ker, “Nocturnal writers in imperial Rome: the culture of
lucubratio”, CPh 99, 2004, 209-
42.
R. Morello, “Pliny and the encyclopaedic addressee”, in R.K.
Gibson/R. Morello (eds.) Pliny the Elder: Themes and Contexts,
Leiden/Boston 2011, 147-165.
Heus tu! Promittis ad cenam, nec venis? Dicitur ius!
The Relationship between Pliny Ep. 1.15 and several carmina
Catulli
Boris HOGENMÜLLER (Frankfurt/Würzburg)
That Catullus is one of many authors whose works Pliny the
Younger preferred to read, and to which
he often referred in his letters, has been shown in various
studies – most recently by Peter Schenk,
Formen von Intertextualität im Briefcorpus des Jüngeren Plinius,
in: Philologus 143,1, 1999, 114–134,
and Katrin Schwerdtner, Plinius und seine Klassiker: Studien zur
literarischen Zitation in den
Pliniusbriefen, Berlin 2015 – and even by Pliny's own
testimonies (ep.1.16.5: praeterea facit versus,
quales Catullus meus et Calvus).
In addition to the frequently observed direct references – e. g.
in ep. 4.14, Pliny cites literally Cat. c.
16.5-8 – there are, however, sometimes indirect allusions and
reminiscences which cannot be
identified at first sight. These references are located on the
meta-level of intertextuality and are less
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likely to be directly borrowed from words and phrases, as they
are manifested by thematic allusions
concerning structure and intention of the referred work. This
kind of a hidden game concerning the
underlying texts of the admired predecessors (like the
Hellenistic models such as Callimachus and
Parthenius in the sense of hypertextuality) can especially be
seen in several poems of Catullus, as I
have shown in different studies.
In my opinion, this kind of hidden intertextuality, which
Catullus often shows in his poems, is also
mentioned in the composition of Pliny’s ep. 1.15, in which the
author refers to three poems: c. 13, the
literary play of an invitation to dinner addressed to Fabullus,
c. 50, the reflection of a night spent with
the friend Calvus, and c. 30, which is addressed to Catullus’
friend Alfenus on behalf of his disloyalty.
In Pliny’s ep. 1.15, it is reported that a certain Septicius had
been invited by Pliny for dinner, but had
been absent without apology. The author complains bitterly about
this, and tells the friend what he
missed, wants him to pay for the costs of the dinner, and
threats him punishment for his 'offense'
against the host. Besides the good food, Septicius especially
missed all sorts of ‘pleasures’ (lusisses),
which could have happened at this evening.
In my opinion, it is obvious that Pliny relates on the specific
contents and motifs deriving from Cat. c.
13, c. 50 and c. 30, on which the addressee of the letter should
easily have been reminded while
reading. I think that Catullus’ poems are the underlying
(respectively superordinate) hypertexts Pliny
referred to while composing the letter – a thesis, which I would
like to elucidate and finally try to
prove.
The Poetics of Fame: ‘Writing’, ‘Reading’ and Imagines in Ovid,
Martial and Pliny
Despina KERAMIDA (Cyprus)
The impact of the preceding tradition on Pliny, as well as the
dialogue between his letters and the
poetic collections of Catullus, Ovid (primarily his exilic work)
and Martial, amongst others, is
nowadays a common focus of scholarly discussion. Pliny’s
exploration of certain poetic themes within
the epistolary genre creates an intertextual connection, either
explicit or implicit, to his literary
predecessors, that his educated readers would be able to
acknowledge. This paper will examine Pliny’s
perception of what constitutes ‘the poetics of fame’ through a
comparative ‘reading’ of Pliny in
relation to Ovid and Martial in particular. Despite the fact
that Pliny’s letters are part of his private
correspondence, they offer an insight into his perception, as
well as appreciation of ‘poetic
composition’. Throughout his epistolary work, he inserts letters
that focus on the concept of ‘writing’
and ‘reading’ not just private letters but poetic compositions,
as well as the evaluation of the
aforementioned compositions that might lead to either poetic
fame or criticism. As this paper will
demonstrate, Pliny’s letters offer an ‘internal’ commentary
regarding his perception of ‘writing’ and
‘reading’, by focusing on selected epistles that explore the
concept of poetic composition and the fame
or criticism that might or might not accompany it, in relation
to poetic approaches of the same themes
by Ovid (both in his earlier works and his later works) and
Martial. All three adopt and ‘defend’ the
Callimachean doctrina of poetics throughout their corpus, which
is often interconnected with an
acknowledgement of their literary predecessors, highlighting
their authorial self-awareness. What is
more, the focus of the discussion will fall not only on the
epistolographer’s and the poets’ perception
of ‘writing’ and ‘reading’ but also on their visualization of
imagines, either of literary figurae or of
statues. Imago, intertwined with its ‘perception’ and the
‘poetics of fame’, becomes an interesting
component of Pliny’s private letters. As the epistolographer
implies (in 1.17) statues are associated
with establishing one’s fame. The concept of imago is also
central for the Ovidian corpus; the poet
often displays the figurae of his heroes and heroines as works
of art (namely as statues), as spectators
or as artists. Imagery is equally important for Martial’s
poetics; the poet, clearly influenced not only
by his literary predecessors but also by the cultural
environment of his time, offers descriptions of
statues that have not simply a literary but also a cultural
significance. Similarly, Pliny’s incorporation
of poetic themes and imagery, within the boundaries of his
private letters, underlines not only the
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importance of literary tradition, but also its cultural
significance. The poetics of fame, thus, illuminate
Pliny’s perception of ‘writing’, ‘reading’ and imagery.
Discourses of Authority in Pliny Epistles 10
Alice KÖNIG (St Andrews)
Scholarship on Pliny’s tenth book of letters has not kept pace
with the research being done on Books
1-9; and yet is has not been entirely left behind either. Since
a trio of publications in 2006-7 (Stadter
2006; Woolf 2006; Noreña 2007), increasing attention has been
paid to the book’s ideological,
rhetorical and ‘literary’ features. Gone is the notion that its
contents are purely administrative, that it
constitutes a simple archive of ‘real’, unadulterated
administrative correspondence. And yet attempts
to drag it into meaningful dialogue with books 1-9 and other
equally ‘literary’ texts have been both
illuminating and distorting in almost equal measure. Epistles 10
remains something of a misfit, a
hermeneutic puzzle which confounds both historical and literary
analysis. Next year will see the
publication of two ground-breaking articles (by Myles Lavan and
Jill Harries1) which suggest new
ways of looking at Epistles 10 in interaction with other letter
collections (Imperial correspondence, in
Lavan’s case; and legal letters, in Harries’ article). My paper
will build on this work and on the wider
‘Literary Interactions’ project from which it emerged (a project
I established in 2012: https://arts.st-
andrews.ac.uk/literaryinteractions/) to consider how a range of
intertextual discourses help to shape
both the interiority of Epistles 10 and its construction of new
kinds of administrative and imperial
authority – issues which in turn can shed fresh light on the
study of Pliny’s wider epistolary corpus.
A central aim of my ‘Literary Interactions’ project has been to
broaden the parameters of
intertextuality studies. Moving beyond discussions of close
lexical overlaps, discernible allusions,
evocative echoes and suggestive re-workings, my collaborators
and I have promoted the study of (for
example) ‘clouds of allusion’ (Ilaria Marchesi), socio-literary
interactions (Alice König, Sigrid
Mratschek), extratextuality (Rebecca Langlands), and gaps in
interaction (James Uden, Roy Gibson)
as equally significant aspects of ‘intertextuality’. Extending
analysis of intertextuality in this way is
particularly productive for the reading of prose texts, and it
has proved especially illuminating when
applied to ‘sub-literary’/technical/administrative kinds of
writing. A readthrough of Epistles 10 in
search of conventional markers of allusion and intertextuality
will yield very little; indeed, as my
paper will argue, the almost bland, formulaic, generic style of
Pliny’s missives and Trajan’s replies
creates an interior world within the collection that feels cut
off from external influences. However, a
broader analysis that works with wider conceptions of textual
interaction opens up new lines of
inquiry. In particular, I will look at the ways in which Pliny’s
letters interact with (and distance
themselves from) tropes of technical writing to construct models
of authority that set themselves apart
from the kinds of expertise we find in other Imperial
knowledge-ordering texts. Pliny was clearly
familiar with a range of architectural, hydraulic and
administrative treatises, and also with
encyclopaedic writing and paradoxography. Working out from
Epistle 10.56 (where Pliny’s
correspondence with Trajan faintly intersects with ways in which
his uncle addressed Titus in the
preface to the Natural History), I will look especially at
10.23-4, 10.37-9, 10.90-91 and 10.108-9 to
explore both Pliny’s engagement with discourses that recur in
other genres (philosophy and rhetoric as
well as technical writing) and the distance he maintains from
them. My discussion will reveal new
things about the literary layers and interiority of Epistles 10,
at the same time as scrutinising gaps in
transmission/ interaction between certain genres and discourses.
More broadly, my paper will continue
the work of my wider project to prompt further reflection on and
explore new methodologies for the
ongoing study of (especially prose) intertextuality. Indeed, it
is my view that Epistles 10 (as a liminal
kind of text, with connections to a range of literary and less
literary worlds) offers a particularly
stimulating laboratory for methodological and theoretical
reflections of this kind.
1 In A. König & C. Whitton (2018) Roman Literature under
Nerva, Trajan and Hadrian: Literary Interactions,
AD 96-138, Cambridge.
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Pliny’s Calpurnia: Filiation, Imitation, Allusion
Ilaria MARCHESI (Hofstra University)
My presentation consists in an inter-and intratextual reading of
Pliny's Ep 4.19 as a text haunted by
questions of paternity. It starts with a review of a micro-cycle
of 'orbative' letters in the corpus,
detailing the diverging strategies of iterative and exemplary
commemoration that Regulus and
Spurinna deployed to mourn their sons, and moves to explore the
intertextual connection that Pliny
actively establishes (or passively undergoes) with Martial's Ep.
6.38 by transferring to his wife and
potential mother of his children the charged language Martial
had deployed for Regulus' wife and
child. At all junctures, the focus will be on issues of failed
or potential reproduction, cultural and
biological imitation, and cross-generational representation,
examined across the dynamics of literary
allusion and the interplay of gender- and social
determinants.
Regulus and Verres: Complicit Communities
Matthew MORDUE (Roehampton)
Regulus was Pliny's chief oratorical rival and is a striking
character in the Epistles, with five letters
dedicated to him. This 'Regulus cycle' is a popular topic in
scholarship and many scholars have
analysed Pliny's negative portrait of his nemesis (Hoffer 1999:
55-92; Méthy 2007: 142-51; Lefèvre
2009: 50–60 and 106-9; Gibson and Morello 2012: 68-73; Ash
2013). However, while Pliny initially
focuses on Regulus’ immoral behaviour, I argue that he gradually
becomes critical of his community
of social elites for supporting his nemesis’ behaviour as the
‘Regulus cycle’ progresses. It is this
criticism of his wider community, an aspect overlooked by
scholars, which becomes a prominent and
significant theme in the cycle. In this paper, I will argue that
Pliny's initial criticism of his community
in the 'Regulus cycle' is accentuated through intertextual
allusions to Demosthenes’ On the Crown and
Cicero’s Verrine Orations. I believe these intertextualities
emphasise that Pliny's criticism of his
community is particularly significant and that his fellow social
elite's directly support immorality in
society.
In Epistles 2.20, a letter dedicated to Regulus' stealing of
inheritances, Pliny explicitly criticises his
community for rewarding immoral men: Ἀλλὰ τί διατείνομαιin ea
civitate, in qua iam pridem non minora praemia, immo maiora
nequitia et improbitas quam pudor et virtus habent? (2.20.12) This
is
Pliny's first hint that his community are complicit in his
rival’s actions. Yet the line is even more
remarkable because it contains two intertextual allusions.
Firstly, Pliny’s use of Classical Greek is an
allusion to Demosthenes’ On the Crown: τί οὖν ταῦτ᾽ἐπήραμαι καὶ
διετεινάμην οὑτωσὶ σφοδρῶς
(142). Whitton claims Pliny employs this intertextuality to
align his epistolary skill with Demosthenes’
oratorical genius as he concludes Book 2 (Whitton 2013: 279).
However, it is important to recognise
that this letter’s conclusion, and so the closing of Book 2,
also draws attention to Pliny’s criticism of
his own community. This intertextuality to Demosthenes
emphasises that the community’s role in
supporting Regulus is a particularly significant aspect of the
Regulus narrative and worth highlighting
as Pliny closes Book 2.
Pliny's intertextual allusion to Cicero's Verrine Orations is
clear: quod ad tuam ipsius amicitiam ceterorumque hominum magnorum
atque nobilium faciliorem aditum istius habet nequitia et
audacia
quam cuiusquam nostrum virtus et integritas? (2.3.7) As Whitton
has argued, Pliny alludes to Cicero
to show that he too is a lone fighter against immoral men and
the corrupt society (Whitton 2013:
279).Yet despite being one of the very few scholars to address
this intertextuality, Whitton does not
explore its wider implications. While Regulus and Verres
(corrupt governor of Sicily) are both
immoral, the main significance of this intertexuality is to
highlight the community’s support of both
men. While Cicero criticises high ranking men such as Hortensius
(Verres’ defendant) for being more
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likely to support unprincipled men such as Verres rather than
good men, Pliny similarly complains that
his community rewards immoral men such as Regulus. This
intertexuality is therefore explicit in
emphasising that Pliny’s own community supports immorality in
society.
Risus et indignatio: Scoptic Elements in Pliny’s Letters
Margot NEGER (Salzburg)
According to ancient epistolary theory, letters are a
conversation between friends and a means to keep
the friendship alive between individuals. Pliny the Younger’s
collection of private letters conforms to
this idea in multiple respects. Nevertheless, we also encounter
letters with scoptic elements where the
epistolary speaker alludes to literary predecessors from the
iambic and scoptic tradition or even shows
his hostility against certain individuals. This is mainly the
case in political, forensic and literary
contexts. Already the beginning of Book 1 evokes the tradition
of iambic χολή when Pliny paints a
negative portrait of M. Aquilius Regulus in Epist. 1.5 and in
this context refers to his ira against the
former delator (irascebar). The same letter quotes mutual
invectives between Regulus and members of
the so-called Stoic opposition: Whereas Regulus called Arulenus
Rusticus Stoicorum simiam and
Vitelliana cicatrice stigmosum, Mettius Modestus mocked him as
omnium bipedum nequissimus in a
letter. In the following letter (1.6), Tacitus is imagined as
laughing (1: ridebis, et licet rideas), a
reaction not only elicited by the topic of the same letter but
maybe also by the scoptic content of the
previous letter 1.5. Another individual whom Pliny disparages is
Pallas, the libertus a rationibus under
the emperor Claudius. Pliny expects risus and indignatio as
appropriate reactions to the letters about
the inscription on Pallas’ tombstone and the senatus consultum
according to which Pallas was to be
honoured with 15 million sesterces and the insignia praetoris
(7.29; 8.6). Another instance where
Pliny presents himself as indignant is Epist. 4.25 on the
inappropriate behaviour of a Roman senator
during a secret election. By showing himself as dicax et urbanus
et bellus the anonymous senator
reminds us of the poet Suffenus whom Catullus mocks in c. 22. A
more playful variation of the iambic
idea can be found in letter 5.10 to Suetonius, where the
epistolographer summons his addressee to
finally publish his writings which had already been announced in
Pliny’s hendecasyllabi. By jestingly
threatening Suetonius that he would use invective in case his
flattering hendecasyllabi were
ineffective, Pliny alludes to Catullus’ c. 42 by both reversing
the poem’s line of thought and
suppressing its obscene elements. Pliny, it seems, does not
exclude himself from satirical attacks: In
letter 9.34 he describes himself as lacking talent when it comes
to reciting his poems (1: audio me
male legere) and thus provides an epistolary version of scoptic
epigrams on recitations (Mart. 1.38.2:
sed male cum recites; cf. 2.88; 8.76). As apparent from letter
4.14, Pliny’s poems too contained
scoptic elements (3: his iocamur, ludimus…irascimur) but, in
contrast to Catullus and Martial, did not
make use of verba nuda (4: quae nos refugimus). Consequently,
the quotation from Catullus’ c. 16 in
the same letter is deliberately stripped off its obscene
lines.
By discussing these and other examples, the paper wants to show
how Pliny alludes to the scoptic
tradition and adapts the invective and satirical potential of
his models to the conventions of the
epistolary genre.
Putting Pallas out of Context: Pliny on the Roman Senate Voting
Honours to a Freedman (Epist. 7.29; 8.6)
Jakub PIGON (Wroclaw)
In these two letters addressed to a certain Montanus, Pliny’s
focus is on the once powerful imperial
freedman Pallas. Pliny accidentally came across Pallas’ tomb
inscription and, intrigued by what he has
read (7.29), he took the trouble to trace a senatorial decree
referred to in the titulus (8.6). The second
and much longer letter is, in fact, a sentence-by-sentence
commentary on the decree which the senators
voted to express their utmost praise of the freedman’s
singularis fides and industria. Pliny voices his
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indignation at the senators’ debasement but, crucially, does not
give any details about the reasons and
circumstances of honouring Pallas. The whole story reads like a
once-upon-a-time parable, and even
‘Caesar’ (who is mentioned several times in the letter) is not
identified as the emperor Claudius.
Evidently, Pliny did not deem it advisable to consult his
uncle’s historical work in order to learn more
about the context of the decree (it is highly probable that
Pliny the Elder discussed the matter: see HN
35.201). My aim in this paper is to try to explain Pliny’s
treatment of the decree; the possibility is
considered that Pliny’s reticence about the historical context
of the senate’s action is somehow
connected with Tacitus’ historiographical project (the historian
is the addressee of the very next letter
in Book 8).
Corinthian Bronzes and Vases from Pliny the Elder to Pliny the
Younger:
Private and Public Luxury and Models of Behaviour in the Light
of a Passage by Cicero.
Stefano ROCCHI (Munich)
Using the example of the Corinthian bronzes, the paper aims at
investigating how the encyclopaedist
and the epistolographer dealt with luxury items. I analyse two
famous passages from the Naturalis
historia on the Corinthian bronzes (34.6-7 and 48) and two
references to the same material in Pliny the
Younger’s third book (3.1.9 and 3.6) and discuss the treatment
of the topic within the frame of the
Roman debate on private and public luxury. After proposing a new
interpretation of one of Pliny the
Elder’s passages (esp. 34.7), I discuss possible intertextual
references made by both the Flavian
authors to Cicero’s speech de signis against Verres (II 4.98).
At the end I show how Cicero’s
moralistic remarks on dealing with luxury items such as bronze
statues and vessels propound a model
of behaviour to Pliny the Younger as a donor of a bronze statue
to his home town, Comum.
The epistolary echo chamber:
Aspects of intertextuality and quotation in the correspondence
of Pliny with Trajan
Meike RÜHL (Osnabrück)
This paper adopts a rather unusual approach to intertextuality,
for it is not about literary allusion or
intertext, but about what, at first, only appears to be a
pragmatic form of intertextual relationship:
Book 10 of Pliny’s letters is one of the few examples preserved
in Latin literature, where both sides of
an epistolary communication exist and where each of Trajan’s
letters is built upon a preceding letter
written by Pliny.
However, until now the main focus concerning book 10 has been on
the imperial and Flavian ideology
supported, on provincial and administrative matters discussed or
on the question as to whether this
book of letters was intentionally published and by whom.
Instead, my paper will draw attention to the specific items of
an epistolary exchange: Due to the fact
that these letters seemed to be part of the official
correspondence between the provincial governor and
the emperor over a very long spatial and temporal distance,
Trajan’s answers generally repeat parts of
Pliny’s letters (sometimes word by word, sometimes rather
summarily). He originally did so, to be
sure, for practical purposes, that Pliny could easily remember
what he asked for and the problem on
which the actual letter focuses. Yet, when the ongoing
correspondence was published as a collection,
these simple reminders turned into a form of intertextual
relationship. – Nowadays, the reader can
have a look at both letters at the same time. Therefore, the
main purpose of my paper is to consider the
effects this kind of intertextuality generates:
First of all, I would like to concentrate on the images formed
by the governor asking and the emperor
answering (why it is always in this sequence and not Trajan
demanding and Pliny obeying?), to what
degree Trajan quotes Pliny and how is this connected with the
kind of answer (positive or negative) he
gives.
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Second, my paper will address items which arise a second or
third time in Pliny’s enquiries and
requests and which form another type of intertextuality within
the book.
‘Pliny: a reverse Ovid?’
Emilia SAVVA (Oxford)
The paper will address the (unexplored, as of yet)
intertextuality between Ovid’s exile poetry and
Pliny’s Epistles, especially (however not limited to) book 10.
Pliny’s debt to Ovid, or at least his
engagement with the content and context of Ovid’s Ex Ponto can
be already traced in Pliny’s
demonstrated choice of the arrangement of the epistles within
his epistolary corpus: his bold statement
in 1.1 for the casual disposition of his letters may be read as
an allusion to Ovid’s similar claim in
Pont. 3.9.51-4. This alleged informality can be regarded as an
audacious step on behalf of Pliny:
Ovid’s poetic nugae have, in a way, been transformed into
prosaic nugae (with a quasi poetic
approach); Pliny had just applied to his Epistles one of the
fundamental principles of the neoteric book
design. Pliny’s entanglement in Ovid’s exile poetry can also be
seen in the shared content of Tristia 1
and Pliny’s Ep. 10.15-18: upon careful examination, the latter
are an abbreviated counterpart to the
former. There is a shared context in both Ovid’s exilic poetry
and Pliny’s Epistles: that is, the
environment which forms the literary inspiration, i.e. the Black
Sea area: Pliny’s journey eastwards
and Ovid’s exile to Tomis virtually define a common ground;
however, the tone of Pliny’s Epistles is
utterly different. There is a marked difference in the way Pliny
colours his report of his journey to the
Black Sea, if compared with Ovid’s account. There is no longing
of Rome, or even news from Rome,
but a mere focus on the tasks at hand instead. Pliny’s
relationship with Trajan is also worth exploring:
over the course of books 1-9, there is no address to the
emperor; we only reach book 10 for a direct
epistolary interchange between Trajan and Pliny; there, Pliny
demonstrates himself as ‘the successful
agent of a friendly emperor’. On the contrary, Augustus’
presence in Ovid’s Ex Ponto is highly
indirect; sustained yet cryptic allusions to his imperial
persecutors, the princeps and the imperial
family, mark Ovid’s poetic map of exile. I will attempt to
follow the complexities of this apparently
fascinating intertextual relationship between Pliny and
Ovid.
A busy day in Rome. Pliny meets Horace
Ábel TAMÁS (Budapest)
In my presentation, I aim to discuss Pliny’s Ep. 1.9 as an
intertextual recycling of Horace’s Sat. 1.9. In
this epistle, as I will argue, Pliny makes use of the numerology
encoded in the numbering of his letters
(as he does in Ep. 1.3, alluding to Hor. Ep. 1.3, see Marchesi,
The Art of Plinys Letters, 33), and in his
1.9, he gives us a ‘new Sat. 1.9’ in epistolary form.
The question ‘quid agis?’ of the interlocutor, who destroys the
day of the Horatian satiric ego
walking on the Via Sacra, here changes into the question ‘quid
egisti?’ posed by the Plinian addressee
or implied reader, imagined as listening to Pliny’s complaints
on his busy day in the city and his
praises of the rustic otium. Accordingly, we can read the
satire-as-epistle as echoing the Horatian
narrative with Pliny as Horace and the Addressee as ‘the Pest’
(or vice versa, as I will argue based on
the Plinian use of the second-person singular), and thus
representing the inanis discursus of the
metropolis itself, where you disturb others and are disturbed by
them at the same time. This can be
understood as an ‘intertextual intrusion’ into Horace’s (urban)
tranquillity, problematizing the cast of
characters in Sat. 1.9 retroactively by posing the implied
question: ‘Horace, haven’t you been a Pest
for the Pest?’
While Horace’s Sat. 1.9 is based on the paradox that, in order
to be a true satirist, ‘Horace’ has
to immerge himself in the city life which, simultaneously,
violates his autonomy both as a person and
as a poet, Pliny is in the comfortable position of being able to
separate his life into urban negotium and
rustic otium. His letter-writing activity, as part of the
latter, is thus strongly divided from his busy
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day(s) in Rome, and, therefore, his Ep. 1.9 suggests that Sat.
1.9’s Horace has been a victim of the
satiric genre; Pliny, in contrast, can be entirely free from the
city’s disturbing effects as the writer of
this letter. Living the metropolitan life, on the other hand,
seems to be a literary activity in his 1.9:
when Pliny walks in Rome, he cannot dissociate himself from
Horace’s walk, and when he writes on
his busy day(s) in Rome, he or his letter is being ‘intruded’ by
Horace. From this perspective, it is
Pliny whose (rustic) tranquillity is being disturbed in this
epistle: Horace, or his anonymous
interlocutor, is talking to him, or to us, through his mouth.
Rome’s inanis discursus is taking place in
the epistle itself.
Intertextuality in Pliny’s Letter on the Death of Silius
Italicus (Plin. Ep. 3.7)
Spyridon TZOUNAKAS (Cyprus)
For many centuries Silius Italicus’ reputation has been affected
by Pliny’s comments in his
famous obituary of the epic poet (Plin. Ep. 3.7). In the first
part of this letter Pliny refers to Silius’
illness and the way of his death, to his damaged reputation
because of his political connections to
Nero, to his writings and everyday life, but in the second part
he speaks more generally and focuses on
the shortness of human life and the need for prolonging our
passing moments by literary works.
The example of Xerxes’ tears for the loss of many thousands of
soldiers in so short a time,
told by Herodotus (7.45) and recalled by Seneca in his De
Brevitate Vitae (17.2), dominates in the
second part of Pliny’s letter. The employment of this story as
well as some other indications have led
Henderson (2002: 118-22) to argue persuasively for a Senecan
influence on this letter. In this paper,
building upon Henderson’s suggestion, I investigate further
allusions to Seneca’s Dialogi and
especially to his De Brevitate Vitae and argue that these
allusions implicitly facilitate Pliny’s intention
to denigrate Silius’ posthumous reputation. In this way, apart
from associating Silius with the
Neronian period and implying his political connections, Pliny
urges his readers to judge Silius’
personality through the lens of Stoicism and realize an
inconsistency between Silius’ un-Stoic way of
life and his decision to starve himself to death, which implies
commitment to Stoicism. An intertextual
allusion to Cicero’s Epistulae ad Familiares through the use of
the Greek word φιλόκαλος seems to
facilitate Pliny’s intentions even further. At the same time,
the citation of Hesiod’s famous phrase
ἀγαθὴ δ’ ἔρις could be seen as another apposite choice, since it
helps Pliny to protect himself from
possible accusations of mistreating Silius’ image. At the same
time valuable conclusions could be
drawn, if we co-examine Ep. 3.7, addressed to Caninius Rufus,
with other letters addressed to the
same person.
Reading for Letters in Pliny
Ari ZATLIN (New York)
The expanded interest in intertextuality in Pliny’s Letters over
the past twenty years has
enlivened the corpus and rightly turned focus to the
sophistication with which Pliny engages
historiography, oratory, philosophy, and poetry. However, I
contend that these investigations of
generic interaction have on the whole elided an understanding of
Pliny’s Letters qua letters. This is not
to say that scholars have ignored specific interfaces between
any given Plinian epistle and one of Ovid
or Seneca, but rather that the significance that these
intertextual meetings take place within a letter has
been largely ignored. In this paper, I seek to redress this
oversight by shining a light back on the
epistolary nature of Pliny’s Letters by investigating how this
aspect of their composition necessarily
informs and tinges their contact with other literary genres.
Most essentially, I ask (and hope to answer)
what are the effects of inscribing letters with other generic
elements, how the use of the epistolary
form as an intertextual bridge represents a unique hermeneutic
challenge, and finally (though of course
speculatively), why Pliny may have opted for such a path.
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To aid in answering these questions, I borrow from Janet
Altman’s influential Epistolarity:
Approaches to a Form, which while focused on narratological
elements within fictional letter
collections nevertheless offers fruitful models of analysis.
Altman gives particular attention to the
“weight” of the addressee/reader in the generation of the text,
and sees the epistolary form as unique in
making the narratee almost as determinant a factor in narrative
construction as the writer. In this paper,
I confine my remarks to two generic categories: historiography
and poetry, particularly verse
compositions for which Pliny relates a performance or critical
reception. With both genres, I contend
that Pliny employs the epistolary form to highlight ways in
which readers fail, whether by interpreting
historic events incorrectly, celebrating individuals for the
wrong reasons, behaving incorrectly at
recitations, or forgetting altogether works of otherwise
canonical authors. The letter, existing as it does
as a tenuous bridge between past and present, near and far, and
writer and reader, stands as a kind of
“formative” text that both explores and embodies the tensions
within it. This paper thus brings to the
fore the fundamental epistolarity of Pliny’s Letters, and seeks
to prioritize the letter form in
intertextual analysis.
Selected Bibliography
Altman, Janet. Epistolarity: Approaches to a Form. Ohio State
University Press, 1982.
Landy, Joshua. How to Do Things With Fictions. Oxford University
Press, 2012.
Marchesi, Ilaria. The Art of Pliny’s Letters. A Poetics of
Allusion in the Private Correspondence.
Cambridge University Press, 2008.