The Plant Kingdom Providers of the Planet. Why study/preserve plants? So you can: –Breathe plants process CO 2 and give off O 2 –Eat all food was.

The Plant KingdomThe Plant Kingdom

Providers of the PlanetProviders of the Planet

Why study/preserve plants?Why study/preserve plants? So you can:So you can:

– Breathe Breathe plants process CO plants process CO2 2 and give off Oand give off O22

– Eat Eat all food was made because of plants all food was made because of plants– Use energy Use energy Ancient plants formed coal Ancient plants formed coal– Have raw materials Have raw materials cotton to lumber cotton to lumber– Create new medicines/drugs Create new medicines/drugs non-stop research non-stop research– Save money Save money on home heating and cooling on home heating and cooling– Impress your girlfriend Impress your girlfriend they like roses they like roses – Have nice landscaping Have nice landscaping impress neighbors and impress neighbors and

increase property values!increase property values!– Slow/stop/reverse global warming Slow/stop/reverse global warming process CO process CO22

– Be a good steward of the environment!Be a good steward of the environment!

Challenges of Life on LandChallenges of Life on Land

1.1. Obtaining resources from two places Obtaining resources from two places at onceat once

2.2. Staying Staying ““afloatafloat”” in air in air

3.3. Maintaining moistureMaintaining moisture

4.4. ReproducingReproducing

Obtaining Resources From Two Obtaining Resources From Two Places at OncePlaces at Once

Resources required for photosynthetic Resources required for photosynthetic plant are found in air and soilplant are found in air and soil– Light and COLight and CO22 found above ground found above ground

– Water and minerals found below ground.Water and minerals found below ground. Adaptation – Vascular SystemAdaptation – Vascular System

Staying Staying ““AfloatAfloat”” in Air in Air

Air does not provide support to plantsAir does not provide support to plants– Plants stand upright because they contain Plants stand upright because they contain

strong and rigid tissuestrong and rigid tissue Adaptation – Lignin: chemical that Adaptation – Lignin: chemical that

hardens the plantshardens the plants’’cell wallscell walls

Maintaining MoistureMaintaining Moisture

Most plants are exposed to dry air, but Most plants are exposed to dry air, but cellular processes must still take place cellular processes must still take place in an aqueous environmentin an aqueous environment

Adaptation – Cuticle: waxy surface that Adaptation – Cuticle: waxy surface that coats the leaves, helping the plant body coats the leaves, helping the plant body retain waterretain water

Adaptation – Stomata: microscopic Adaptation – Stomata: microscopic pores that allow for gas exchangepores that allow for gas exchange

Reproducing on LandReproducing on Land

Plants must keep their gametes and Plants must keep their gametes and developing offspring from drying out in the airdeveloping offspring from drying out in the air

Plants must have some means for dispersal Plants must have some means for dispersal other than water currentother than water current

Adaptation – Production of gametes in Adaptation – Production of gametes in protective cellsprotective cells– sperm travel within pollensperm travel within pollen– embryos are eventually dispersed as seeds, embryos are eventually dispersed as seeds,

enclosed in protective coatsenclosed in protective coats

Adaptations:1. 1. Some plants developed

Vascular TissuesVascular TissuesVascular tissues Vascular tissues - - system of

tubes to move water and nutrients (plants have leaves, stems, and roots

Adaptations:

2. 2. CuticleCuticle - surface of plant covered with this waxy layer to reduce water loss

3. 3. SporesSpores - more effective way to reproduce

Continuing adaptationsContinuing adaptations

Thorns, poison, bad taste, etc. Thorns, poison, bad taste, etc. ward ward off predatorsoff predators

Woody tissue Woody tissue support support Seeds Seeds protected/distributed in fruit protected/distributed in fruit

BryophytesBryophytes

Non–vascular plantsNon–vascular plants– Small sizeSmall size– Require HRequire H22O for O for

sexual reproductionsexual reproduction

ExamplesExamples– mossesmosses– liverwortsliverworts– hornwortshornworts

TeraphytesTeraphytes

Seedless Vascular Plants

Water needed for Water needed for fertilizationfertilization

Drought–resistant Drought–resistant sporesspores

ExamplesExamples– FernsFerns– club Mossesclub Mosses– horsetailshorsetails

GymnospermsGymnosperms

Gymnosperms (+ seeds)

SeedsSeedsGymnos = nakedGymnos = nakedSperma = seedSperma = seed

Wind pollinationWind pollination Diploid generationDiploid generation

ExamplesExamples– conifersconifers– cycadscycads– ginkgoginkgo– gnetophytesgnetophytes

GymnospermsGymnosperms

The tallest living The tallest living plants are the plants are the redwoods of redwoods of California and California and OregonOregon

The oldest trees in The oldest trees in the world are the the world are the bristlecone pines. bristlecone pines. Some are ~5,000 Some are ~5,000 years old!years old!

AngiospermsAngiosperms

FlowersFlowers FruitsFruits

Angeion = caseAngeion = caseSperma = seedSperma = seed

EndospermEndosperm

ExamplesExamples– rosesroses– apple treesapple trees– corncorn– tomatoestomatoes

Evolution of PlantsEvolution of Plants

Bryophyte

Seedless Seeded

Pterophyte Gymnosperm Angiosperm

Plant Kingdom

Non-vascular Plants Tracheophyte

Other ways to classify plantsOther ways to classify plants

Size – taller plants need vascular tissueSize – taller plants need vascular tissue WoodinessWoodiness

– Woody plants (trees, shrubs, vines)Woody plants (trees, shrubs, vines)– Herbaceous plants (flowers, grasses)Herbaceous plants (flowers, grasses)

Reproduction (seeds or no seeds, fruit vs. Reproduction (seeds or no seeds, fruit vs. cones)cones)

Life spanLife span– Annual Annual one year life span (petunia, impatiens) one year life span (petunia, impatiens)– Biennial Biennial two year life span (hollyhock) two year life span (hollyhock)– Perennial Perennial live many years (trees, lilies, roses) live many years (trees, lilies, roses)