The Philosophy of Taoism and Art of War Xuezhu Bai PhD of Management (La Trobe University) Deputy Director General of Academics and Head of International Teaching Department of Academics, CELAP Supervisor of MPA at Fudan University Vice President of Institute of International Leadership Studies, SJTU
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The Philosophy of Taoism and Art of War
Xuezhu BaiPhD of Management (La Trobe University)
Deputy Director General of Academicsand Head of International TeachingDepartment of Academics, CELAP
Supervisor of MPA at Fudan UniversityVice President of Institute of International Leadership Studies, SJTU
Content
I, Philosophy of TaoismII, Art of WarIII, Implications for Business OperationIV, Discussion
I The Philosophy of Taoism
I, Philosophy of Taoism 1, Origin of Taoism
The Book of Changes or I-Ching (3,000~2,000 BC) and the ClassicBook Shangshu (about 2,600 BC) were the earliest records ofYin and Yang, Five Elements and Taoism theories.
YangActive Proactive Hard Open Optimistic
Yin Quiet Passive Soft Conservative Pessimistic
I, Philosophy of Taoism 2, Quantum Theory-(String Theory)
String Theory (M-Physics) : Five Strings of Quantum andthe universe
I, Philosophy of Taoism 3, Yin-Yang and Five-Element Theory
Yin-Yang and Five-Element Theory, Chinese Traditional Medicinedemonstrate the philosophy of Taoism
I, Philosophy of Taoism 4, Eight-Diagram Theory
Eight-Diagram Theory demonstrates eight scenarios of Yin-Yangand five energies
5--宇宙抽象框架
Model of
Taosim
a
Spleen
EarthFaithfulness
Liver
WoodBenevolence
Kidney
WaterWisdom
Heart
FirePropriety
Lungs
MetalJustice
6, Nature and Body in TaoismNature Human Body
Five Eleme
nts Sound Taste Color Direction season function
Inter-organs(yin)
Ex-organs Tissues Emotio
nsBody
liquids
Inter-Organs (yang)
wood shu sour Green East spring birth Liver Eyes Tendons Anger Tears Gall-bladder
Fire ker bitter Red South Summer Growth Heart Tongue Blood Vessels Joy Sweat Small
Metal shee pungent White West Autumn Harvest Lungs Nose Skin Grief mucous Big
Intestine
Water chwea salty Black North Winter Storage Kidney Ears Bones Fear urine Bladder
I, Philosophy of Taoism 7, Bridging Different Cultures
The core value system of Confucianism is from Taoism. Later,Chinese Buddhism accepted Taoism as part of its system
Modern Chinese culture is a combination of Chinese traditional culture,communism and other cultural elements
I, Philosophy of Taoism 8, Impact of Taoist Mentality on Chinese Culture
Sun Tzu
IIArt of War
Army 止:Stop 戈:Fight or War
II, Art of War1, The Chinese Wisdom of Army
Sun Tzu: The highest state of war is to win without the use of force,
that is, to win by the use non-violence strategyThe Book “Arts of War” is based on Taoist philosophy and Sun Tzu’s own warfare
experience.
II, Art of War2, Tao-oriented Art
Yin-Yang and Five Element TheoryYang: direct methodsYin: indirect methods1,Five major factors of war:The Moral Law; Heaven; Earth; the
Commander; Method and discipline.2, Five virtues of commanders: wisdom,
courage, benevolence, faithfulness, andstrictness
The five elements (water, fire, wood, metal, earth) are not always equallypredominant; the four seasons make way for each other in turn. There areshort days and long; the moon has its periods of waning and waxing.(Lionel Giles Translation)
4,
TaoistPrinciples
inArtof
War
a
Earth
EarthFaithfulness
Wood
HeavenBenevolence
Water
TaoWisdom
FireCommanderCourage
Metal
MethodsStrictness
II, Art of War5, Mission: Defend for Peace
As Taoist philosophy upholds values of the Great Tao,therefore, the utmost goal of warfare is to defend thecountry so that the people can live and work in peace.
Warfare is ominous, and Saints only resort to weapons of war when out ofabsolute necessity. (Lao Tzu: Tao Te Jing)
But a kingdom that has once been destroyed can never come again into being;nor can the dead ever be brought back to life.
II, Art of War6, Virtue-oriented Principles
Enlightened ruler and the good general are required to cultivate theirmoral virtues (Cultivating Tao)
Hence the enlightened ruler is heedful, and the good general fullof caution. This is the way to keep a country at peace and anarmy intact.
The consummate leader cultivates the moral law(Tao), and strictlyadheres to method and discipline; thus it is in his power to controlsuccess.
In the practical art of war, the best thing of all is to take the enemy’s countrywhole and intact; to shatter and destroy it is not so good. So, too, it is betterto recapture an army entire than to destroy it, to capture a regiment, adetachment or a company entire than to destroy them.
II, Art of War7, Nature of War: Yin/Justice
Warfare is ominous, and Saints only resort to weapons of war whenout of absolute necessity. (Lao Tzu: Tao Te Jing)
But a kingdom that has once been destroyed can never come againinto being; nor can the dead ever be brought back to life.
It is only one who is thoroughly acquainted with the evils of war thatcan thoroughly understand the profitable way of carrying it on.
All warfare is based on deception but for justice.
II, Art of War8, Being Cautious in War
No ruler should put troops into the field merely to gratify his ownspleen; no general should fight a battle simply out of pique(Anger).
Move not unless you see an advantage; use not your troops unlessthere is something to be gained; fight not unless the position iscritical.
II, Art of War9, Importance of Commanders
A commander of armies is the arbiter of the people’s fate, theman on whom it depends whether the nation shall be inpeace or in peril.
He who can modify his tactics in relation to his opponent and therebysucceed in winning, may be called a heaven-born commander.
Know when to fight and when not to fight: avoid what is strongand strike at what is weak.
Know how to deceive the enemy: appear weak when you arestrong, and strong when you are weak.
Know your strengths and weaknesses: if you know the enemyand know yourself, you need not fear the result of a hundredbattles
II, Art of War10, Importance of Loving Soldiers
Regard your soldiers as your children, and they will follow you intothe deepest valleys; look upon them as your own belovedsons, and they will stand by you even unto death.
II, Art of War11, Methods of Army (1)
All warfare is based on deception.Attack him where he is unprepared, appear where you are not expected.
In all fighting, the direct method may be used for joining battle, butindirect methods will be needed in order to secure victory.
II, Art of War11,Methods of Army (2)
Military tactics are like water.For water, in its natural course, runs away from high places and
hastens downwards. So, in war, the way is to avoid what isstrong and strike at what is weak
A clever general, therefore, avoids an army when its spirit is keen,but attacks it when it is sluggish and inclined to return.
Ponder and deliberate before you make a move.
II, Art of War12, Tendency Building in War (1)
“In war, the victorious strategist only seeks battle after thevictory has been won.”
The good fighters first put themselves beyond the possibility ofdefeat, and then waited for an opportunity of defeating theenemy.
The general who is skilled in defense hides in the most secret recesses ofthe earth; he who is skilled in attack flashes forth from the topmostheights of heaven. Thus on the one hand we have ability to protectourselves; on the other, a victory that is complete.
II, Art of War13, Tendency Building in War (2)
A victorious army opposed to a routed one, is as a pound’sweight placed in the scale against a single grain.
The onrush of a conquering force is like the bursting of pent-upwaters into a chasm a thousand fathoms deep.
Let your plans be dark and impenetrable as night, and when youmove fall like a thunderbolt.
When you surround an army, leave an outlet free. Do not press adesperate foe too hard.
III Implications
for Business Operation
III, Implications for Business Operation1, Some Hints
1, Holistic thinking: Compete with all resources2, Business is in the Yang (Earth, trust), opposite to War (Yin),thus Win-Win strategy is the best for business3, Great values and vision are vital for starting a business4, Virtual leaders are key to success and to maintain success5, Strategies and methods must change with time6, Strong morale (business culture) is crucial for business
7, No business war unless all other options are exhausted8, Never give up even at the most critical time
III, Implications for Business Operation 2, Model Of
Strategic Leadership
Tendency -SHI
Execution -SHU
Strategy -FA
Vision/values-TAO
Mission -DE
III, Implications for Business Operation 3, Holistic Thinking of Strategic Leadership
SHI-Tendency (Context, field): Metal, justice, all resourcesand actions coordinated to bring about an expected outcome(New tendency, context and unchangeable field)
4, Strategic Leadership
Earth ShuExecutionFaithfulness
WoodDeMissionBenevolence
Water
TaoVision
Wisdom
FireFaStrategyPropriety
Metal
ShiTendencyJustice
III, Implications for Business Operation5, Following Tao is of vital importance:
Values and VisionsEstablish moral values and visions for your business
Description A comprehension of revolutionary technology, skills, systems, and innovation in production, resulting in the beginning of a totally new era..
A comprehension of economic factors, such as finance, production, technology, market, labor and others, showing dynamic development.
A comprehension of demographic and environmental factors, such as education, health, welfare, environment protection, maturing at this stage
A comprehension of legal and political factors, such as legislation, jurisdiction, administration, politics, military, police, and others, functioning as protection of the system
A comprehension of social and cultural factors, such as history, culture, religion, customs, education, media and others, trying to maintain the old order.At the same time, new thoughts for a new era are born as well.
Stage Infancy Youth Maturity Declining Dying
III, Implications for Business Operation8, De: Mission and Virtual Leaders
Set up sound mission and select virtual leaders foryour business
9, De: Virtual Leaders
aou
EarthFaithfulness
Loyalty
WoodBenevolence
Water
Wisdom
FirePropriety
Courage
MetalJustice
Strictness
10, De: Traits of Virtual Leaders
Names Wood Fire Earth Metal WaterTraits of Leaders Benevolence Propriety Faithfulness Justice Wisdom
Traits of Successful leaders
Compassion, Easy-going, Care, listen to others,
Tolerance
Doing things or treating followers to the right point, convincing by demonstrating good balance in actions and behaviors
Consistence of behaviors, faithful to words and acts, loyal to vision and mission, democratic way of doing things
Power of Cohesion
Strong responsibility, doing things by law and regulations, justice on reward and punishment
Visionary, farsighted, super-cognitive capability
Leadership style Power of Embracing
Power of Convincing
Power of Cohesion Power of Accountability
Power of Inspiring
Best theories charismatic Traits/behavioral
Transformational or Transactional
Behavioral(Managerial)
Visional
Organizational Stage
Infancy Youth Maturity Declining Dying
III, Implications for Business Operation11, Fa: Adaptive Strategies
Make your strategies adaptive to the changes ofbusiness environment
Cost accounting, resource management, technology development, time control and information utilization
operational planning, planning and implementation ability
Leadership authority, vision, communication, motivation, performance appraisal, organizational culture, team building
“Seven Valued" principles
"Store"Hide one's capacities and bide one's time
“Grow”Start out of thin air
“Make”Build up “shi” by all means
“Transform”Change “shi”by plotting
“Harvest”Fight for justice and gather people
“Think over" (weighing pros and cons), “Change accordingly" (changing with time)
Stage Hidden Starting Developing Maturing Final
Category Water Wood Fire Earth Metal
IV
Discussion
IV, Discussion (1)Sun Tzu’s Art of War is based on Taoism which emphasizes
moral values and principles of executing practicalmethods.
Cultivating Tao (moral virtues) is a must for businessleaders
IV, Discussion (2)
Western business theoriesare good at positivismand analysis, yetChinese Taoism is goodat holistic studies. Acombination of bothmay provide a bettersolution to existingproblems.