The Philosophical Foundations of Bibliometrics: Bernal, Merton, Price, Garfield, and Small Chapter 3. De Bellis, N. (2009). Bibliometrics and citation analysis: from the Science citation index to cybermetrics: Scarecrow. 陳 陳陳 Charles Chen [email protected]陳陳陳陳陳陳陳陳 陳陳陳陳陳陳陳陳 2010-09-21
Informetrcs (2010)課堂導讀: Chapter 3 De Bellis, N. (2009). Bibliometrics and citation analysis: from the Science citation index to cybermetrics: Scarecrow.
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The Philosophical Foundations of Bibliometrics: Bernal, Merton, Price, Garfield, and Small
Chapter 3. De Bellis, N. (2009). Bibliometrics and citation analysis: from the Science citation index to cybermetrics: Scarecrow.
the massive publication of periodical literature would be destabilized
• 「是期刊服務科學,而非期刊造就科學」"periodicals exist for science and not science for periodicals."
• 現存科學期刊被廢除,取而代之的是個人論文,或是從期刊分離出來的論文the existing scientific journals had to be abolished, replaced by the set of all individual papers, or something quite similar to the individual papers detached from journals.
重建• 建立中心化的,或是去中心化的科學交換網絡,使人與人間
可以取得、收集、組織、篩選性的傳佈科學資訊。the building of a central clearinghouse or, alternatively, a network of decentralized clearinghouses in close communication with one another, for the storing, collection, organization, and selective dissemination of scientific information.
四種科學產出4 types of scientific archive
1. 短暫的日常實驗室紀錄2. 科普作品與手冊3. 舊式期刊4. 代表領域的完整報告與專書
… detailed, comprehensive reports and monographs documenting the advancement of each singular field of science over time as well as the interrelationships of various fields.
2. 出版研究結果。透過分享與出版,確保研究想法的優先性。 The results are communicated to the audience of qualified peers in the form of written publications, for example journal papers. Scientists are eager to publish to secure their priority in ideas and discoveries. Unlike private economic interests, indeed, scientific interests are better protected through resource sharing: the more a work of the intellect is made freely available to others, the safer its symbolic property is from larceny and fraud.
3. 其出版為學術同儕所閱讀,了解其價值並引用之。書目引用成為學術獎勵系統的基本元素:同儕承認的原子。 Published articles are read and assessed by the community of peers, who recognize their value by citing them in their own works. The bibliographic citation, therefore, is the first, elementary building block of the reward system, an “atom �of peer recognition.” �
4. 科學社群對於出版最多原創結果的人,給於社會 ( 或象徵 )地位。象徵性信譽由文本流向其作者,作者再將這種信譽轉換為社會聲望與機構權力。 The scientific establishment benefits researchers who publish
the most original results enhancing their social (and symbolic) status within the community, for instance through academic chairs and qualifications. Symbolic credit flows spontaneously from documents to authors, who convert it into social prestige and institutional power.
社會報酬關係
• 科學系統形成的分工機制為科學社群達成了功能性均衡,而因此權力與資源集中到少數個人手上The functional equilibrium thus reached by the science system informs the division of labor peculiar to scientific communities, where power and resources are concentrated in the hands of a comparatively small number of individuals.
• 這些規範確保了權力的集中分配;The norms guarantee that;
• 與其他社會系統不同,科學增長中的階層分化與科學不平等 是普遍準則的應用,因此最有貢獻的也能獲得最佳的報酬unlike other social systems, stratification and scientific inequalities in science grow by the application of universal criteria, so that the most significant contributors are also the best rewarded
缺點
1. 並非所有值得獲得承認其成就的研究者都能得到回報:先佔者全贏
2. 馬太效應 � Matthew Effect: 期刊出版的引用集中現象 3. 引用科學計量指數的不成熟,並強調導致錯失顯著資料的可
能現象 : 因太明顯而忽略 (obliteration by incorporation)
引文作為一種概念象徵Citation as concept symbol: Eugene Garfield and Henry Small
• 書目計量學與科學計量學的開創者
• ISI 的創始人
?
以科學家引用活動所建立的引文索引,取代主題分類專家所建立的主題索引
Eugene Garfield Henry Small
引文索引
• 為了解決文件檢索的問題
• 書目引文,與固定主題標題不同,所標明引用文獻代表了社群中潛在引用者的各種觀點。因此,(書目引文)比起主題索引,能更精確與更有彈性的作為既有文獻的主題歸類,並指出科學家(而非索引編制者)的思想單位。Bibliographic citations, unlike fixed subject headings, label cited documents from as many viewpoints as exist in the community of the potential citers. Hence, they perform a subject categorization of past literature that Garfield considered, on the whole, more precise and flexible than conventional subject indexing insofar as it uses an unequivocal document pointer to address the scientists’ (and not the indexers’) units of thought.� �
編織科學之網Weaving the network of science: Derek John De Solla Price
• 物理學家、科學史學家、資訊科學家• 被稱為科學計量學之父
Pho
to f
rom
Wik
iped
ia
Why should we not turn the tools of science on science itself? Why not measure and generalize, make hypotheses, and derive conclusions? . . . My approach will be to deal statistically, in a not very mathematical fashion, with general problems of the shape and size of science and the ground rules governing growth and behavior of science-in-the-large . . . The method to be used is similar to that of thermodynamics, in which is discussed the behavior of a gas under various conditions of temperature and pressure.