The Pectoral (shoulder) Girdle The Pelvic Girdle
Jan 11, 2016
The Pectoral (shoulder) GirdleThe Pelvic Girdle
The Pectoral (Shoulder) GirdleThe Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle
Slide 5.33Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Composed of two bones
Clavicle – collarbone
Scapula – shoulder blade
These bones allow the upper limb to have exceptionally free movement
Bones of the Shoulder GirdleBones of the Shoulder Girdle
Slide 5.34aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.20a, b
Bones of the Shoulder GirdleBones of the Shoulder Girdle
Slide 5.34bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.20c, d
Bones of the Upper LimbBones of the Upper Limb
Slide 5.35aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The arm is formed by a single bone
Humerus
Figure 5.21a, b
Bones of the Upper LimbBones of the Upper Limb
Slide 5.35bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• The forearm has two bones
• Ulna
• Radius
Figure 5.21c
Bones of the Upper LimbBones of the Upper Limb
Slide 5.36Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The hand
Carpals – wrist
Metacarpals – palm
Phalanges – fingers
Figure 5.22
Bones of the Hand
• It supports the weight of the body from the vertebral column.
• It also protects and supports the lower organs, including the urinary bladder, the reproductive organs, and the developing fetus in a pregnant woman.
FUNCTIONS OF PELVIC GIRDLE
Bones of the Pelvic GirdleBones of the Pelvic Girdle
Slide 5.37Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Hip bones Composed of three pair of fused bones
Ilium Ischium Pubic bone
The total weight of the upper body rests on the pelvis
Protects several organs Reproductive organs Urinary bladder Part of the large intestine
The PelvisThe Pelvis
Slide 5.38aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.23a
The PelvisThe Pelvis
Slide 5.38bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 5.23b
Gender Differences of the PelvisGender Differences of the Pelvis
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Figure 5.23c
DIFFERENCES IN M/F PELVIS
• Female inlet is larger and circular• Female pelvis is shallower, lighter, thinner• Female sacrum is shorter• Female ischial spines are shorter, farther apart• Pubic arch is more rounded
Bones of the Lower LimbsBones of the Lower Limbs
Slide 5.40aCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The thigh has one bone
Femur – thigh bone
Figure 5.35a, b
Bones of the Lower LimbsBones of the Lower Limbs
Slide 5.40bCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The leg has two bones
Tibia
Fibula
Figure 5.35c
Bones of the Lower LimbsBones of the Lower Limbs
Slide 5.41Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The foot
Tarsus – ankle
Metatarsals – sole
Phalanges – toes
Figure 5.25
Arches of the FootArches of the Foot
Slide 5.42Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Bones of the foot are arranged to form three strong arches
Two longitudinal
One transverseFigure 5.26
JointsJoints
Slide 5.43Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Articulations of bones
Functions of joints
Hold bones together
Allow for mobility
Ways joints are classified
Functionally
Structurally
Functional Classification of JointsFunctional Classification of Joints
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Synarthroses – immovable joints
Amphiarthroses – slightly moveable joints
Diarthroses – freely moveable joints
INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS
• Fibrous = syndesmoses “give”• Cartilaginous• Synovial – fluid• 1. articular cartilage• 2. fibrous capsule• 3. joint cavity• 4. reinforcing ligaments
ARTHRITIS
• 3 sx:• 1. pain• 2. stiffness• 3. swelling
• OA – osteoarthritis – “wear-and-tear”• Affects articular cartilage• Analgesics (pain)
ARTHRITIS
• RA – rheumatoid arthritis – 3x women• Autoimmune disease• Joint replacement usually necessary
• GA – gouty arthritis• Uric acid • Males 30+• genetic
Osteoarthritis is a deterioration of cartilage and overgrowth of bone often due to "wear and tear". Rheumatoid arthritis is the inflammation of a joint's connective tissues, such as the synovial membranes, which leads to the destruction of the articular cartilage.