source assimilaon storage distribuon · Effecveness as end goal · Symbiosis · Closed-loop system · Mulple pathways · Within renewal capacity · Integrate with natural processes REGENERATIVE SYSTEMS HeaƟng, 42% Cooling, 5% Fans, Pumps, and Controls, 11% Lights, 17% Equipment, 25% Energy Grid Solar Energy Input 579,105 MWh / year Pre-Settlement Condition Eastern Deciduous Forest Solar Energy Reected, Absorbed & Released 550,150,282 kWh/year 95% Solar Energy Used by Photosynthesis 26,059,750 kWh/year 4.5% Total Energy Use: 60,984 MWh / year Code-Based Buildings - ASHRAE 90.1 2010 2015 Energy Grid Wind Generated - 15% Hydro Generated - 6% Biomass Generated - 4% Nuclear Generated - 30% Natural Gas Generated - 8% Coal Generated - 37% Electricity Imported 39,640,124,749 kWh / year 65% of Total Energy Natural Gas Imported 21,344,682,557 kWh / year 35% of Total Energy Built Up Area: Low Density Housing - 534,000 Ō2 Med Density Housing - 1,296,000 Ō2 High Density Housing - 570,000 Ō2 Civic - 50,000 Ō2 Retail and Mixed Use - 375,000 Ō2 InsƟtuƟonal - 194,000 Ō2 Total - 3,019,000 Ō2 Total Energy Use: 60,984 MWh / year Code-Based Buildings - ASHRAE 90.1 2010 2030 Energy Grid Wind Generated - 25% Hydro Generated - 2% Biomass Generated - 0% Nuclear Generated - 28% Natural Gas Generated - 22% Coal Generated - 15% Electricity Imported 39,640,124,749 kWh / year 65% of Total Energy Natural Gas Imported 21,344,682,557 kWh / year 35% of Total Energy Solar Generated - 8% Built Up Area: Low Density Housing - 534,000 Ō2 Med Density Housing - 1,296,000 Ō2 High Density Housing - 570,000 Ō2 Civic - 50,000 Ō2 Retail and Mixed Use - 375,000 Ō2 InsƟtuƟonal - 194,000 Ō2 Total - 3,019,000 Ō2 Total Energy Use: 26,121 MWh / year 57% Reduction SB2030 80% Better Buildings 2030 Energy Grid Wind Generated - 25% Hydro Generated - 2% Biomass Generated - 0% Nuclear Generated - 28% Natural Gas Generated - 22% Coal Generated - 15% Electricity Imported 16,978,730 kWh / year 65% of Total Energy Natural Gas Imported 9,142,392 kWh / year 35% of Total Energy Solar Generated - 8% Built Up Area: Low Density Housing - 534,000 Ō2 Med Density Housing - 1,296,000 Ō2 High Density Housing - 570,000 Ō2 Civic - 50,000 Ō2 Retail and Mixed Use - 375,000 Ō2 InsƟtuƟonal - 194,000 Ō2 Total - 3,019,000 Ō2 PV Electricity PotenƟal: 15,219,152 kWh / year 100% of Roof Area 89% of Electricity Demand 58% of Total Energy Demand Wind Generated - 25% Hydro Generated - 2% Biomass Generated - 0% Nuclear Generated - 28% Natural Gas Generated - 22% Coal Generated - 15% Electricity Imported 1,759,578 kWh / year 7% of Total Energy Solar Generated - 8% Natural Gas Imported 9,142,392 kWh / year 35% of Total Energy Total Energy Use: 26,121 MWh / year SB2030 80% Better Buildings 2030 Energy Grid + PV Roofs Built Up Area: Low Density Housing - 534,000 Ō2 Med Density Housing - 1,296,000 Ō2 High Density Housing - 570,000 Ō2 Civic - 50,000 Ō2 Retail and Mixed Use - 375,000 Ō2 InsƟtuƟonal - 194,000 Ō2 Total - 3,019,000 Ō2 PV Electricity PotenƟal: 15,219,152 kWh / year 100% of Roof Area 58% of Total Energy Renewable Generated Solar Power Wind Power Hydro Power Electricity Imported 10,901,970 kWh / year 42% of Total Energy Total Energy Use: 26,121 MWh / year SB2030 80% Better Buildings Renewable Energy Grid + PV Roofs Built Up Area: Low Density Housing - 534,000 Ō2 Med Density Housing - 1,296,000 Ō2 High Density Housing - 570,000 Ō2 Civic - 50,000 Ō2 Retail and Mixed Use - 375,000 Ō2 InsƟtuƟonal - 194,000 Ō2 Total - 3,019,000 Ō2 Net-Zero PV Electricity PotenƟal: 10,448,449 kWh / year 55% of Roof Area, 100% Of Demand 40% of Total Energy Net-PosiƟve PV Electricity PotenƟal: 15,219,152 kWh / year 100% of Roof Area, 145% of Demand 4,770,703 kWh back to grid, electricity for 491 single family homes HeaƟng and Cooling Energy Generated by Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage System 15,672,673 kWh / year 60% of Total Energy Total Energy Use: 26,121 MWh / year SB2030 80% Better Buildings On-Site Renewable Energy Built Up Area: Low Density Housing - 534,000 Ō2 Med Density Housing - 1,296,000 Ō2 High Density Housing - 570,000 Ō2 Civic - 50,000 Ō2 Retail and Mixed Use - 375,000 Ō2 InsƟtuƟonal - 194,000 Ō2 Total - 3,019,000 Ō2 Code Buildings 2015 Energy Grid Ford Plant Hydroelectric Power Pre-Settlement Code Buildings 2030 Energy Grid SB2030 80% Buildings 2030 Energy Grid SB2030 80% Buildings PV Roofs + 2030 Energy Grid SB2030 80% Buildings PV Roofs + Renewable Energy Grid SB2030 80% Buildings On-Site Renewables Renewable Energy Input Solar Energy Used: 5% Thermal Storage in Ground Solar Energy Used: 0% Hydro Energy Used: 100% Solar Energy Used: 8% Solar Energy Used: 8% Solar Energy Used: 58% Solar Energy Used: 58% Renewable Energy Used: 42% Solar Energy Used: 40% Extra Solar Energy Produced: +15% ATES Energy Used: 60% RETAIL OFFICE ENVELOPE: Tightly insulated walls (R42), windows (U-0.24), and roof (R35). Insula�on values exceed building code by 30-55%. 18.9 kBtu/sf / year EUI 44% reduc�on in energy demand 969 metric tons CO2 saved HUMAN POWERED LIVING: Open and a�rac�ve stair encourages occupants to use stairs instead of electricity-driven elevators. 50% reduc�on in elevator trips can save 6,701 kWh per year, equivalent to 4.6 metric tons of CO2 HVAC: Ground source heat pump �ed into aquifer thermal energy storage. Provides hea�ng and cooling using deep underground aquifer. HUMAN POWERED LIVING: Dense neighborhood with frequent pedestrian and bicycle paths encourages residents and building users to leave cars behind. INTERNAL LOADS: Ligh�ng power densi�es are limited to 0.4 wa�s / �2. Equipment power densi�es limited to 0.8 wa�s / �2. 44% reduc�on in ligh�ng wa�s / �2 from code 20% reduc�on in equipment wa�s / �2 from typical building GREY WATER REUSE: Collect and treat grey water from sinks and use it to ush toilets and urinals. Excess grey water will be used for irriga�on. 67,258 gallons of grey water produced each month 100% of demand for grey water met RAINWATER CAPTURE: Collect rainwater from roof, treat and store in cistern for use in building. 48,500 gallons of rain water collected each month 72% of demand for potable water met SOLAR ARRAY: Renewable energy generated on site using two-way solar array that maximizes produc�on poten�al. 1,394,650kWh produced yearly 92% of elec�city demand met 962 metric tons CO2 saved PROGRAM: A mixed-use building with retail and office program. 26,865 square feet of retail 150,000 square feet of office IMPROVED CASE - BY THE NUMBERS Multi Family and Retail BUILDING DETAILS 219,096 Total SF 7,658 Retail SF on 1st Floor 187 Units on 1st-6th Floor 37,073 Roof SF ENERGY PERFORMANCE 38.2 kBtu/sf/yr EUI 511,870 kW Photovoltaic Array WATER USE 35% of Potable Water Demand met by Rainfall 18.13 Gallon Demand per Person per Day VALUE $000 / SF Baseline $000 / SF Net Zero Energy $000 / SF Net Zero Water $000 / SF Living Building Challenge MAJOR DESIGN STRATEGIES 53% Potable Water Demand Reduction Rainwater capture & Greywater reuse Increased R Values for Walls & Roof Improved Glazing Performance Lighting Power Densities reduced 20% Lights dim when daylighting reaches 45fc Orientation optimized for performance STORAGE RETAIL RESIDENTIAL RESIDENTIAL SOLAR ARRAY: Photovoltaic panels covering the roof area generate 18% of the building’s energy demand. BUILDING ENVELOPE: Increased insulaƟon in exterior walls (R60) and roof (R80) and improved glazing (U-0.24) reduce energy demands throughout the year. PROGRAM: Mixed use ResidenƟal and Retail 171,459 SF of ResidenƟal Space 7,658 SF of Retail HUMAN POWERED LIVING: Centrally-located stairs provide views of surrounding neighborhood and encour- age users to use stairs rather than elevator. HVAC: Ground source heat pump system uses year-round average underground temperature to cool or warm interior spaces. RAINWATER CAPTURE: RooŌop rainwater collecƟon to treat and used to meet 35% of monthly potable water demand HUMAN POWERED LIVING: Dense neighborhood with frequent pedestrian and bicycle paths encourages residents and building users to leave cars behind. INTERNAL LOADS: ReducƟon in lighƟng power densiƟes and equipment power densiƟes by 20% reduces EUI by 3 kBtu/sf/yr. GREYWATER REUSE: Basement cisterns collect greywater from within building to reuse for toilets and urinals. Able to provide for 100% of greywater demand. Hydro Energy Input 14.4 MWh / year Ford Plant 1925-2011 Built Up Area: Total - Approx. 2,000,000 Ō2 St. Paul Ford Site: Twin Cities Assembly Plant to a 21st Century Community - Opened in 1925, built in St. Paul on the promise of cheap hydropower. - The Ford Dam, part of Lock and Dam No. 1, was completed in 1929 and provided 14.4 Mw of electricity. - Glass was made from 1926 to 1959, and was produced from silica mined on site. The mining tunnels still exist below grade. - Closure of the plant was announced in April of 2006, and the last vehicle was produced on December 16, 2011. - Site clean up and environmental testing is ongoing to prepare the property for future development. - St. Paul Mayor Chris Coleman has emphasized a desire for “net-zero” community that includes housing, commercial space, park space, and transportation options. DEMAND: 197,822 kWh / year ONE STORY OFFICE PV PRODUCTION: 649,745 kWh / year PV ARRAY MEETS TOTAL ENERGY DEMAND 328% DEMAND: 395,645 kWh / year TWO STORY OFFICE PV PRODUCTION: 649,745 kWh / year PV ARRAY MEETS TOTAL ENERGY DEMAND 164% DEMAND: 593,468 kWh / year THREE STORY OFFICE PV PRODUCTION: 649,745 kWh / year PV ARRAY MEETS TOTAL ENERGY DEMAND 109% DEMAND: 791,291 kWh / year FOUR STORY OFFICE PV PRODUCTION: 649,745 kWh / year PV ARRAY MEETS TOTAL ENERGY DEMAND 82% DEMAND: 989,114 kWh / year FIVE STORY OFFICE PV PRODUCTION: 649,745 kWh / year PV ARRAY MEETS TOTAL ENERGY DEMAND 66% EUI - 22.5 kBtu/sf/year EUI - 22.5 kBtu/sf/year EUI - 22.5 kBtu/sf/year EUI - 22.5 kBtu/sf/year EUI - 22.5 kBtu/sf/year DEMAND: 314,378 kWh / year ONE STORY RESIDENTIAL PV PRODUCTION: 724,581 kWh / year PV ARRAY MEETS TOTAL ENERGY DEMAND 230% DEMAND: 628,757 kWh / year TWO STORY RESIDENTIAL PV PRODUCTION: 724,581kWh / year PV ARRAY MEETS TOTAL ENERGY DEMAND 115% DEMAND: 943,135 kWh / year THREE STORY RESIDENTIAL PV PRODUCTION: 724,581 kWh / year PV ARRAY MEETS TOTAL ENERGY DEMAND 76% DEMAND: 1,257,514 kWh / year FOUR STORY RESIDENTIAL PV PRODUCTION: 724,581 kWh / year PV ARRAY MEETS TOTAL ENERGY DEMAND 58% DEMAND: 1,571,892 kWh / year FIVE STORY RESIDENTIAL PV PRODUCTION: 724,581 kWh / year PV ARRAY MEETS TOTAL ENERGY DEMAND 46% EUI - 32.0 kBtu/sf/year EUI - 32.0 kBtu/sf/year EUI - 32.0 kBtu/sf/year EUI - 32.0 kBtu/sf/year EUI - 32.0 kBtu/sf/year 2 3 1 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 Small Office Medium Office Large Office Stand Alone Retail Strip Mall Retail Supermarket Primary School Secondary School Hospital Outpatient Health Care Full‐Service Restaurant Quick‐Service Restaurant Small Hotel Large Hotel Warehouse Mid‐Rise Apartment High‐Rise Apartment Prototype Office Prototype Residential Square Feet Building Use Area Powered Per Sq.ft. of PV in St. Paul, MN 1 sq.ft. PV Panel 3.3 sq.ft. Office area 1 sq.ft. PV Panel 2.3 sq.ft. Residential area Center for Sustainable Building Research From Regenerave Design for Sustainable Development, John Tillman Lyle, 1994 Office Prototype Design Strategies Load Profiles Office - Code Residenal- Code Office - Improved Residenal - Improved Rendering Key Plan Design Strategies Residenal Prototype 1. Office Building Prototype 2. Residenal Building Prototype 3. Residenal Building Prototype Back Yard with Urban Agriculture On December 2011, Ford Motor Company closed its Twin Cies Assembly Plant, which had operated in Saint Paul for over 80 years. The 157 acre property is located on the east bank of the Mississippi River, surrounded by a vibrant residenal community and business district. The redeveloped Saint Paul Ford site is envisioned to be a global model of ingenuity, cung edge sustainability, and vibrant, transit-oriented urban living that aracts the generaons of tomorrow and today. This project will build on Saint Paul’s demonstrated success of iniaves to improve energy efficiency, reduce fossil fuel use and expand renewable energy generaon, but will take it to the next level by striving for a net-zero community. The underpinning of this requires a site-wide,integrated energy system that incorporates renewable energy sources and design efficiencies to reduce demand and reuse energy. The site will be redeveloped from scratch starng in 2018 with installaon of new ulies, streets, sewers and water providing a unique opportunity to design an integrated energy system. A fundamental understanding of the energy goals for the site, demonstrated feasibility and an implementaon framework were analyzed for three opons to achieve a resilient and sustainable energy system. All opons assumed very energy efficient buildings with performance guided by the Sustainable Buildings 2030 program the state of Minnesota adapted from Architecture 2030. The pathway to a Net Zero community is an integrated energy design concept that could serve as a model of future sustainable development. This chart describes the relaonship between energy use intensity and photovoltaic panel producon potenal in St. Paul, Minnesota. Various building uses are listed on the leſt, and the square feet of building powered by 1 square foot of PV panel is indicated by the bar. The building type highest floor-to-pv rao is warehouse, at 3.6 sq.ſt. of floor to 1 sq.ſt. of PV. The building type with the lowest rao is supermarket, at 1.25 sq.ſt. of floor to 1 sq.ſt. of PV. These EUI numbers are based on SB2030 80% reducon targets established for each use type. This parametric study examines the relaonship between one square foot of PV panel and the area of building able to be powered by it. The PV generated numbers calculated were established with NREL’s PV Was soſtware and assume a premium, roof mounted module with an 18% efficiency. This results in 73.8 kBtu (21.63 kWh) per square foot per year potenal to be generated. 100% of the roof area is assumed to be available for PV generaon - 33,500 ſt2 for the residenal building and 30,000 ſt2 for the office building. The building energy use values are the result of the energy efficiency measures established above. The residenal building consumes 32.0 kBtu/ſt2/year (9.38 kWh/ſt2/year). The office building consumes 22.5 kBtu/ſt2/year (6.59 kWh/ſt2/year). THE PATH TO NET-ZERO Richard Graves, AIA - CSBR Liz Kutschke - CSBR CARRYING CAPACITY AND NET ZERO DEVELOPMENT ATES System PV Panels Efficiency, 57% Hea�ng, 4% Cooling, 5% Fans, Pumps, and Controls, 6% Lights, 8% Equipment, 14% Hot Water, 6% HeaƟng, 30% Cooling, 5% Fans, Pumps, and Controls, 12% Lights, 3% Equipment, 50% Energy Grid ATES System PV Panels Efficiency, 66% Hea�ng , 3% Cooling, 2% Fans, Pumps, and Controls, 5% Lights, 12% Equipment 6% Hot Water, 7% Net-Zero PV Electricity PotenƟal: 10,448,449 kWh / year 55% of Roof Area, 100% Of Non-HeaƟng and Cooling Demand 40% of Total Energy Net-PosiƟve PV Electricity PotenƟal: 15,219,152 kWh / year 100% of Roof Area, 145% of Non-HeaƟng and Cooling Demand 4,770,703 kWh back to grid, electricity for 491 single family homes HeaƟng and Cooling Energy Transferred by Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage System 15,672,673 kWh / year 60% of Total Energy Total Energy Use: 26,121 MWh / year SB 2030 80% Better Buildings On-Site Renewable Energy Built Up Area: Low Density Housing - 534,000 Ō2 Med Density Housing - 1,296,000 Ō2 High Density Housing - 570,000 Ō2 Civic - 50,000 Ō2 Retail and Mixed Use - 375,000 Ō2 InsƟtuƟonal - 194,000 Ō2 Total - 3,019,000 Ō2 source sinks efficiency waste inputs outputs consume EXISTING THROUGHPUT SYSTEMS · Efficiency as end goal · Degenerave linear flows