The path forward to Sustainable Cities 1 Ed Groark
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The path forward to
Sustainable Cities
1
Ed Groark
CITIES ARE CHALLENGED
IN THE 21ST CENTURY:
GROWTH: URBAN POPULATIONS WITH DOUBLE BY 2050
RESILIENCE: RESPONDING TO THE CLIMATE DISRUPTIONS
GHG MITIGATION: REDUCING CARBON EMISSIONS TO EASE CLIMATE
CHANGES
HUMAN EQUITY: FINDING EQUITABLE LIFESTYLES FOR ALL
GROWTH: URBAN POPULATIONS DOUBLE BY 2050
RESILIENCE: RESPONDING TO CLIMATE DISRUPTIONS
GHG MITIGATION: REDUCING THEIR GHG EMISSIONS
LIFESTYLES: IMPROVING QUALITY OF LIFE FOR ALLTY
CITIES HAVE NETWORKED
GROWTH: URBAN POPULATIONS WITH DOUBLE BY 2050
RESILIENCE: RESPONDING TO THE CLIMATE DISRUPTIONS
GHG MITIGATION: REDUCING
HUMAN EQUITY: FINDING EQUITABLE LIFESTYLES FOR ALL
MAYORS HAVE FORMED GLOBAL PEER GROUPS
ICLEI, C40, USDN, ETC.
THEY ARE SOLVING PROBLEMS AS PEERS
GLOBAL BRAIN TRUST OF IDEAS AND PROGRESS
THE MOST DRAMATIC PLEDGE FOR CHANGE:
REDUCE GHG EMISSIONS BY 80% BY 2050
100 CITIES WORLDWIDE HAVE MADE THIS PLEDGE
HUMAN EQUITY
REDUCING GHG 80% BY 2050
GROWTH: URBAN POPULATIONS WITH DOUBLE BY 2050
RESILIENCE: RESPONDING TO THE CLIMATE DISRUPTIONS
GHG MITIGATION: REDUCING
HUMAN EQUITY: FINDING EQUITABLE LIFESTYLES FOR ALL
TO MEET THIS CHALLENGE CITIES MUST
ADDRESS SEVERAL SUSTAINABILITY ISSUES:
TRANSPORTATION
BUILDING EFFICIENCY
WASTE PROCESSING
ENERGY PRODUCTION
PROBLEM:
TRANSPORTATION
OVER-DEPENDENCE ON
AUTOMOBILES
MODERN
ROADS BUILT
ON ANCIENT
MAPS
OVER
DEPENDENCE
ON PERSONAL
CARS
NEED TO
TRAVEL
LONGER
DISTANCES
Image credits: Dolores Hayden, A Field Guide to Sprawl (Norton, 2004); Yann Arthus-Bertrand
SPRAWL
Mumbai
Hong KongSeoul
Bangkok
Beijing
Tokyo Cairo
Tunis
BarcelonaBerlin
London
Rome
Paris
Sydney
Los Angeles
Vancouver
San Francisco
New York
Houston
Atlanta
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
URBAN DENSITY(1,000s of inhabitants per square kilometer)
PE
R C
AP
ITA
PR
IVA
TE
PA
SS
EN
GE
R E
NE
RG
Y U
SE
Source: Peter Newman and Jeffrey Kenworthy, The End of Automobile Dependence (Island Press, 2015).
(Gig
ajo
ule
sper
year)
SOLUTIONS:
NEW OPTIONS
EVOLVING QUICKLY
CONGESTION CHARGES – PAY LANES
HOV LANES
HIGH CAR REGISTRATION CHARGES
PARKING LIMITATIONS
ALTERNATE DAY PERMITS
DISCOURAGE AUTOMOBILES
ENCOURAGE NEW IDEAS
GROWTH: URBAN POPULATIONS WITH DO
BLE BY 2050
RESILIENCE: RESPONDING TO THE CLIME DISRUPTIONS
GHG MITIGATION: REDUCING
HUMAN EQUITY: FINDING EQUITABLE LIFESTYLES FOR ALL
CARS AS SERVICES
METROS (SUBWAYS)
BUS RAPID TRANSIT
BIKE SHARING SYSTEMS
WHAT’S COMING?
1 SHARED CAR
REPLACES 15
OWNED CARS
CAN SAVE USER
UP TO $5k PER
YEAR
1,000+ CITIES
30+ COUNTRIES
PARTICIPANTS
1995: 15,000
2014: 4.9 MILLION
2020: 12 MILLION
Source: (NAVIGANT RESEARCH); Image credits: en.wikipedia.org
METRO
(SUBWAY) BIKE SHARING
Image credits: Michael Renner
CITY BUS
&
BUS RAPID TRANSIT
(BRT)
METRO OPENINGS BY DECADE1863-2015
0
50
100
150
200
0
10
20
30
40
1860s 1910s 1960s 2010-15
By Decade
Cumulative
Source: UITP
Image Credit: Institute for Transportation and Development Policy, www.itdp.org (Quito, Ecuador, BRT)
BRT
Source: http://brtdata.org
GROWTH IN BUS RAPID
TRANSIT SYSTEMS1968-2015
0
50
100
150
200
250
0
5
10
15
20
New Cities
Cumulative
Image credits: www.scmp.com; www.ilgiorno.it; en.wikipedia.org; www.underconsideration.com; M. Renner
CHICAGO
MILAN
VIENNA AMSTERDAM
BEIJING MELBOURNE
CARS BECOME ‘SERVICES’
DECLINE OF THE PERSONAL CAR
• CAR SHARING (ZIPCAR, CAR2GO)• NEW TAXI OPTIONS (UBER, LYFT)• AUTONOMOUS CARS (SOON!)
RISE OF INTEGRATED SERVICES
• PROVIDE BETTER EXPERIENCE, LESS COST
• URBAN AUTO CONGESTION WILL FADE
INTEGRATING THE SERVICES
PROBLEM:
BUILDINGS
BUILDINGS WASTE
ENERGY & MATERIALS
Image credit: www.businessinsider.com
SOLUTIONS:
HOW CITIES ARE
RESPONDING
Image credits: www.spiegel.de; www.greenbuildingadvisor.com; IRENA Headquarters, UAE:
www.gulfnews.com; Bullitt Center, Seattle: Joe Mabel, commons.wikimedia.org
OLD & NEW
BUILDINGS
Source: Building Codes Assistance Project, http://energycodesocean.org/code-status-international-residential
Image credit: www.best-techs.org
COOL ROOFS
Image credit: www.badische-seiten.de (Freiburg, Germany)
SOLAR ROOFS
Image credits: landarchs.com; www.greenrooftechnology.com; www.dublinglobe.com;
http://livingarchitecturedaily.blogspot.com; www.lunetten.nl
DUBLIN
SINGAPORE
UTRECHT
ZAPOPAN,
MEXICO
CHICAGO
BIODIVERSITY
STORMWATER
URBAN FOOD
ENERGY
LAYERS OF EFFICIENCIES:
LED LIGHTING CAN SAVE 90%
‘SMART BUILDINGS’ SAVE 30%
IMPROVED EFFICIENCY OF NEW HVAC
TIGHTER BUILDING CODES
ROOFS: GREEN, SOLAR PV, SOLAR HOT WATER
USE OF RECYCLED CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
USE OF RECYCLED FINISHES AND FURNISHINGS
PROBLEM:
WASTE
SEWER WASTE AND FOOD
WASTE GENERATE GHG
FOOD WASTE AND SEWAGE RELEASE
METHANE INTO THE AIR
INPUT:
SOLID SEWAGE, FOOD WASTE, AGRICULTURAL WASTE
OUTPUTS:
BIOGAS FOR ELECTRICITY OR CITY TRANSPORTATION,
CONVERTS METHANE TO CO2
RICH COMPOST FOR HIGH CARBON SEQUESTRATION
OVERALL REMOVES GHG FROM THE AIR
ANAEROBIC DIGESTOR
PROBLEM:
ENERGY
CITIES RUN ON
DIRTY ENERGY
Image credits: arogyamasthu.com; thesaltcollective.org
Image credit: news.asiantown.net
CLEANER POWER
CLEANER ELECTRICITY
–UTILITIES TRANSITION RENEWABLES
CLEANER TRANSPORTATION
–ELECTRIC CARS, BIOFUELS
CLEANER HOT WATER
–ROOFTOP SOLAR
SELECTED CITIESTARGET SHARE FOR
RENEWABLES (%)
TARGET
YEAR
ASPEN, U.S. 100 2015
SAN FRANCISCO, U.S.;
MALMÖ, SWEDEN
100 2020
SAN JOSE, U.S. 100 2022
MUNICH, GERMANY 100 2025
VANCOUVER, CANADA 100 2050
WELLINGTON, NEW ZEALAND 78-90 2020
AUSTIN, U.S. 35 2020
AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS 25 2025
TOKYO 20 2024
CAPE TOWN, SOUTH AFRICA 15 2020
RENEWABLE ELECTRICITY TARGETS
Source: Betsy Agar, Renewable Cities (Vancouver)
Image credits: beginwiththebin.org; mlive.com; energy-photos.com
ISRAEL:
OLDEST
MANDATORY
ORDINANCE
BARCELONA:
1ST EUROPEAN
CITY
ORDINANCE
LANDFILL GAS
FUELS BUSES
& GENERATES
POWER
LINKOPING, SWEDEN LILLE, FRANCE
Image credits: Getty Images; permaculturenews.org; metaefficient.com
DEZHOU:
MILLION ROOF
PROJECT (2008)
ISRAEL:
OLDEST
MANDATORY
ORDINANCE
BARCELONA:
1ST EUROPEAN
CITY
ORDINANCE
SUMMARY:
Cities are
moving together
- quickly
An urban population may
be a more sustainable
population after all
City
governments
seeking clean
AND livable
outcomes
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