THE PAST PERFECT FORM + I had forgotten We had met before You had failed the exam You had gone to bed It had just started raining They had already left __ I hadn’t finished We hadn’t slept You hadn’t been to work You hadn’t made a reservation He hadn’t read the news They hadn’t gone home yet ? Had I missed anything ? Had we eaten ? Had you graduated yet ? Had you ever been to Brazil ? Had it stopped snowing ? Had they got divorced ? USE We use the Past Perfect (i) when we are talking about the past and then, just for a moment, we want to refer to something that happened before then. (ii) in type 3 conditional sentences e.g. “If I hadn’t made a reservation, we wouldn’t have got a table.”
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Transcript
THE PAST PERFECT
FORM
+ I had forgotten We had met before
You had failed the exam You had gone to bed
It had just started raining They had already left
__ I hadn’t finished We hadn’t slept
You hadn’t been to work You hadn’t made a reservation
He hadn’t read the news They hadn’t gone home yet
? Had I missed anything ? Had we eaten ?
Had you graduated yet ? Had you ever been to Brazil ?
Had it stopped snowing ? Had they got divorced ?
USE
We use the Past Perfect
(i) when we are talking about the past and then, just for a moment, we want to refer
to something that happened before then.
(ii) in type 3 conditional sentences
e.g. “If I hadn’t made a reservation, we wouldn’t have got a table.”
‘SPEAK OUT: INTERMEDIATE’
UNIT 4: GAVIN & STACEY
‘Speakout Intermediate BBC DVD PREVIEW Unit 4 with substitle’
THE MAGIC ‘e’ When we add an ‘e’ to the end of many words, especially words with a short vowel sound, it changes the sound and the meaning. It makes the vowel sound long, like its alphabet name:
‘a’ ➔ ‘ay’ ‘e’ ➔ ‘ee’ ‘i’ ➔ ‘eye’ ‘o’ ➔ ‘oh’ ‘u’ ➔ ‘you’ hat hate pet Pete rid ride cod code us use The final ‘e’ is a ‘marker’ in that it changes the sound and meaning of a word but remains silent. The ‘e’ is a marker of a long vowel sound. The nearest vowel to it sounds like its alphabet name: a e i o u Look at these words: alone, date, wine, life, shine, write, fume, those, twice, made They all have a long vowel sound:
vowel + consonant + silent ‘e’ = long vowel sound
A final ‘e’ also makes the 'g' soft, as in hug / huge, rag / rage, wag / wage, stag / stage. As well as indicating a long vowel sound, it makes the final ‘th’ more voiced, as here:
breath / breathe cloth / clothe bath / bathe
Here are some words that are changed with final ‘e’
Short Vowel Sound Long Vowel Sound at ate mat mate mad made bit bite rid ride strip stripe pin pine quit quite sit site on one hop hope tap tape cap cape tub tube us use hug huge rag rage There are exceptions, however. These words are so ancient that they retain their short vowels: Love / glove / above / have / come / some / none / oven / cover / glove / to live
First, watch this video-clip:
Frank Underwood 'You are entitled to nothing'
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=abnlvAQ_E7I
Good evening.
For too long, we in Washington have been lying to you. (STARTLING STATEMENT)
We say we’re here to serve you, when in fact, we’re serving ourselves.
And why? We are driven by our own desire to get re-elected.
Our need to stay in power eclipses our duty to govern.
That ends tonight.
Tonight, I give you the truth.
And the truth is this: The American dream has failed you. (STARTLING STATEMENT)
Work hard? Play by the rules? You aren’t guaranteed success. (STARTLING STATEMENT)
Your children will not have a better life than you did. (STARTLING STATEMENT)
Ten million of you can’t even get a job, even though you desperately want one.
We’ve been crippled by Social Security, Medicare, Medicaid, by welfare, by entitlements.
And that is the root of the problem: entitlements.
Let me be clear.
You are entitled to nothing.
You are entitled to nothing.
America was built on the spirit of industry.
You build your future.
It isn’t handed to you.
And the problem with Washington is that we haven’t given you the tools to build it.
The only way for us to serve you is to give you the means to serve yourselves.
Well, that’s exactly what I intend to do.
Not handouts.
Jobs.
Real paying jobs.
In the next few weeks, the Democratic leadership will introduce a program called ‘America Works’.
Its goal is simple: to put the ten million Americans who are unemployed to work.
All of them.
If you want a job, you get one.
The cost is five hundred billion dollars.
Now, that’s a lot of money.
To pay for it, we’ll need to rethink Social Security, healthcare and benefits from the ground up.
We can’t maintain the welfare state as we know it.
Now, that’s not a popular thing to say.
Anyone running for office wouldn’t dare utter those words.
Every advisor and consultant and staff member would beg a presidential candidate not to say
them.
But I can say them.
Because I will not be seeking the Democratic nomination in 2016.
Candidates are cautious.
They must equivocate, they dodge and tiptoe.
But I’d rather leave this office having accomplished something of value than secure another four
years having done nothing at all.
Franklin Delano Roosevelt ushered in an era of hope and progress when he proposed the New
Deal.
And at the time, his reforms were considered radical.
But he once said, “This country demands bold, persistent experimentation. (QUOTATION)
It is common sense to take a method and try it.
And if it fails, admit it frankly and try another.
But above all, try something”.
Roosevelt would have understood better than anyone the necessity for trying something different.
The New Deal succeeded for many years, but we must now try something newer before it fails us.
If ‘America Works’ succeeds, we will reinvent the American dream.
If we fail in our attempt, we will admit it frankly and try another. (QUOTATION)
But above all, we must try something.
Thank you, and God Bless the United States of America.
Notice how the President uses the following rhetorical devices:
QUOTATION
CONTRAST
ALLITERATION REPETITION
THE RULE OF THREE
RHETORICAL QUESTION
“Get Brexit Done !” — Boris Johnson, 13 December 2019
Good morning my friends. We did it. We did it. We pulled it off, didn’t we? We pulled it off. We broke the deadlock, we ended the gridlock, we smashed the roadblock. And in this glorious pre-breakfast moment before a new dawn rises on a new day and a new government, I want, first of all, to pay tribute to good colleagues who lost their seats through no fault of their own, in the election that has just gone by.
I, of course, want to congratulate absolutely everybody involved in securing the biggest Conservative majority since the 1980’s, which was, literally, as I look around, before many of you were even born. And with this mandate and with this majority, we will at last be able to do… what?
[Crowd shouts “Get Brexit Done!”].
You paid attention. Because this election means that getting Brexit done is now the irrefutable, irresistible, unarguable decision of the British people. And with this election, I think we have brought to an end all of those miserable threats of a second referendum. And I say, respectfully, to our stentorian friend in the blue twelve-star hat, “THAT’S IT ! - time to put a sock in the megaphone and give everybody some peace.”
Our stentorian friend in the blue twelve-star hat Jeremy Corbyn, the Labour party leader
But I have a message to all those who voted for us yesterday — especially those who voted for us Conservatives, One-Nation Conservatives, for the first time.
You may only have LENT us your vote. And you may not think of yourself as a natural Tory. And as I think I said 11 years ago to the people of London when I was elected in what was thought of as a Labour city, your hand may have quivered over the ballot paper before you put your cross in the Conservative box. And you may intend to return to Labour next time round. And I, and we, will never take your support for granted. And I will make it my mission to work night and day, flat out, to prove you right in voting for me this time and to earn your support in the future.
I say to you, in THIS election your voice has been heard (and about time, too), because we politicians have squandered the last three-and-a-half years in squabbles about Brexit. And we have even been arguing about arguing. And about the TONE of our arguments.
I want to put an end to all of that nonsense. And we will get Brexit done on time by the 31st of January — no if’s, no but’s, no maybe’s. We will leave the European Union as one United Kingdom, taking back control of our laws, borders, money; our trade, immigration system, delivering on the democratic mandate of the people. And, at the same time, this One-Nation Conservative government will massively INCREASE our investment in the NHS, the health service that represents the very best of our country with this single beautiful idea that, whoever we are, — rich, poor, young, old — the NHS is there for us when we are sick. And every day, that service performs miracles.
That is why the NHS is this One-Nation Conservative government’s top priority. And so we will deliver 50,000 more nurses and 50 million more GP surgery appointments and how many new hospitals?
[Crowd replies “Forty!”].
Correct. And we will deliver a long term NHS budget enshrined in law — £650 million more every week — and all the other priorities that YOU, the people of this country, voted for. Record spending on schools. An Australian-style points based immigration system. More police. How many?
[Crowd replies “20,000!”].
Colossal new investments in infrastructure, in science, using our incredible technological advantages to make this country the cleanest, greenest on earth with the most far-reaching environmental programme. And YOU, the people of this country, voted to be carbon neutral in this election. You voted to be carbon neutral by 2050 and we will do it. You also voted to be Corbyn neutral by Christmas, by the way, and we will do that, too.
YOU voted for all of these things and it is now this government, this PEOPLE’s government, OUR solemn duty to deliver on each and every one of those commitments. It is a great and heavy responsibility, a sacred trust for me; for every other elected Conservative MP; for everyone in this room and everyone in this party. I repeat, in winning this election, we have won votes and the trust of people that have never voted Conservative before and people who have always voted for other parties. Those people want change. We cannot, must not, must not, let them down. And, in delivering change, WE must change, too. WE must recognise the incredible reality that we now speak as a One Nation Conservative Party — literally for everyone from Woking to Workington, from Kensington, I'm proud to say, to Clwyd South, from Surrey Heath to Sedgefield, from Wimbledon to Wolverhampton.
And, as the nation hands us this historic mandate, we must rise to the challenge and to the level of expectations. Parliament must change so that WE in Parliament are working for YOU, the British people. And that is what we will now do, isn’t it? That is what we will do. Let’s go out and get on with it. Let’s unite this country. Let’s spread opportunity to every corner of the UK with superb education, superb infrastructure and technology. Let’s get Brexit done. But first, my friends, let’s get breakfast done too. Thank you all very much for coming. Well done, everybody.
Notice how the Prime Minister uses the following rhetorical devices:
CONTRAST
ALLITERATION
REPETITION
THE RULE OF THREE
RHETORICAL QUESTION
THE MANTRA
Good morning my friends. We did it. We did it. We pulled it off, didn’t we? We pulled it off. We broke the deadlock, we ended the gridlock, we smashed the roadblock. And in this glorious pre-breakfast moment before a new dawn rises on a new day and a new government, I want, first of all, to pay tribute to good colleagues who lost their seats through no fault of their own, in the election that has just gone by.
I, of course, want to congratulate absolutely everybody involved in securing the biggest Conservative majority since the 1980’s, which was, literally, as I look around, before many of you were even born. And with this mandate and with this majority, we will at last be able to do… what?
[Crowd shouts “Get Brexit Done!”].
You paid attention. Because this election means that getting Brexit done is now the irrefutable, irresistible, unarguable decision of the British people. And with this election, I think we have brought to an end all of those miserable threats of a second referendum. And I say, respectfully, to our stentorian friend in the blue twelve-star hat, “THAT’S IT ! - time to put a sock in the megaphone and give everybody some peace.”
But I have a message to all those who voted for us yesterday — especially those who voted for us Conservatives, One-Nation Conservatives, for the first time.
You may only have LENT us your vote. And you may not think of yourself as a natural Tory. And as I think I said 11 years ago to the people of London when I was elected in what was thought of as a Labour city, your hand may have quivered over the ballot paper before you put your cross in the Conservative box. And you may intend to return to Labour next time round. And I, and we, will never take your support for granted. And I will make it my mission to work night and day, flat out, to prove you right in voting for me this time and to earn your support in the future.
I say to you, in THIS election your voice has been heard (and about time, too), because we politicians have squandered the last three-and-a-half years in squabbles about Brexit. And we have even been arguing about arguing. And about the TONE of our arguments.
I want to put an end to all of that nonsense. And we will get Brexit done on time by the 31st of January — no if’s, no but’s, no maybe’s. We will leave the European Union as one United Kingdom, taking back control of our laws, borders, money; our trade, immigration system, delivering on the democratic mandate of the people. And, at the same time, this One-Nation Conservative government will massively INCREASE our investment in the NHS, the health service that represents the very best of our country with this single beautiful idea that, whoever we are, — rich, poor, young, old — the NHS is there for us when we are sick. And every day, that service performs miracles.
That is why the NHS is this One-Nation Conservative government’s top priority. And so we will deliver 50,000 more nurses and 50 million more GP surgery appointments and how many new hospitals?
[Crowd replies “Forty!”].
Correct. And we will deliver a long term NHS budget enshrined in law — £650 million more every week — and all the other priorities that YOU, the people of this country, voted for. Record spending on schools. An Australian-style points based immigration system. More police. How many?
[Crowd replies “20,000!”].
Colossal new investments in infrastructure, in science, using our incredible technological advantages to make this country the cleanest, greenest on earth with the most far-reaching environmental programme. And YOU, the people of this country, voted to be carbon neutral in this election. You voted to be carbon neutral by 2050 and we will do it. You also voted to be Corbyn neutral by Christmas, by the way, and we will do that, too.
YOU voted for all of these things and it is now this government, this PEOPLE’s government, OUR solemn duty to deliver on each and every one of those commitments. It is a great and heavy responsibility, a sacred trust for me; for every other elected Conservative MP; for everyone in this room and everyone in this party. I repeat, in winning this election, we have won votes and the trust of people that have never voted Conservative before and people who have always voted for other parties. Those people want CHANGE. We cannot, must not, must not, let them down. And, in delivering change, WE must change, too. WE must recognise the incredible reality that we now speak as a One Nation Conservative Party — literally for everyone from Woking to Workington, from Kensington, I'm proud to say, to Clwyd South, from Surrey Heath to Sedgefield, from Wimbledon to Wolverhampton.
And, as the nation hands us this historic mandate, we must rise to the challenge and to the level of expectations. Parliament must change so that WE in Parliament are working for YOU, the British people. And that is what we will now do, isn’t it? That is what we will do. Let’s go out and get on with it. Let’s unite this country. Let’s spread opportunity to every corner of the UK with superb education, superb infrastructure and technology. Let’s get Brexit done. But first, my friends, let’s get breakfast done too. Thank you all very much for coming. Well done, everybody.