The Palms of Monserrate, Sintra, Portugal

PALMS Luckhurst: Palms of Monserrate Vol. 55(1) 2011

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The Palms ofMonserrate,Sintra,Portugal

GERALD LUCKHURSTLandscape ArchitectAvenida 25 de Abril, 56,Galamares,2710-246 [email protected]

The garden of Monserrate in Portugal contains a wealth of fine trees planted

mostly in the second half of the nineteenth century including giant Araucarias,

Kauri pines, Banyans and Metrosideros. The collection of palms is particularly rich

and has great historical significance since the palms at Monserrate were among

the first specimens of their kind planted in the open air in Europe. Today there

are some seventy or more species of palm growing at Monserrate, twenty-four of

them representing historic plantings (Fig. 1).

PALMS 55(1): 5–14

1. Dome ofMonserrate seenbehind Trachycarpusfortunei and Phoenixcanariensis.

Luckhurst Montserrate_Layout 1 2/9/11 12:53 PM Page 5

Sintra, near Lisbon, Portugal, enjoys one ofthe mildest climates in Europe, comparableonly to the southern-most coasts of Spain andItaly and some islands of the Mediterranean.However, its position at the western-mostpoint of continental Europe gives it a whollyAtlantic outlook with abundant winter rainsand cool, misty summers. Winter minimumtempera-tures on the northern slopes of theSerra de Sintra are warmer than those ofsurrounding areas, with frost-free conditionsthat allow plants classified for USDA Zone 10bto be grown. The soils are composed ofdecayed granite and abundant organicmaterial.

Monserrate is an historic garden founded inthe late 18th century by Gerard de Visme, awealthy English merchant who had made hisfortune in trade with Brazil. He built a neo-gothic house that quickly fell to ruin duringthe Napoleonic invasions and ensuing civilwar in Portugal (1807–1834). Lord Byron sawthe ruined house and garden in 1809 andwrote about them in Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage.Such was the effect of this poet’s fame that thegardens instantly became an obligatorydestination visited by all Grand Tourists of thenineteenth century.

One such wealthy traveller was the youngFrancis Cook returning from a tour of Greece,Turkey, Egypt, Italy and the Iberian Peninsula.Arriving in Lisbon he had letters ofintroduction to his father’s trading partnersand was entertained in Sintra by Englishmerchants who had their summer housesthere. He met and fell in love with Emily Lucas,daughter of one of these families and traditionhas it that they discovered the ruins ofMonserrate on their honeymoon in August1841.

Cook was the second son of William Cook,one of Britain’s largest traders in all kinds ofsilk, linen, woolen and cotton goods. When hiselder brother Francis died in 1852 the familyfirm became Cook, Son & Co. He then decidedit was time to begin making his garden inPortugal and planted the first Araucarias atMonserrate in the same year. Re-building ofthe house was begun in 1856 and completedby 1860.

In 1869 he inherited a fortune of two millionpounds.

Francis Cook was a collector. All things rareand wonderful fascinated him. His gardencontained Etruscan sarcophagi and Mughal

arches, Roman and Renaissance sculpture,Chinese urns and Iznik tiles. The house, builton de Visme’s gothic castle walls, wasdecorated in “Moorish style” with an amalgamof Indian and Venetian and FlorentineRenaissance details – the palace of a Nabob inthe words of one visitor. It contained works ofart in every room: paintings, sculpture, arms,books, textiles, rugs, even stuffed birds andtiger-skin rugs. Later he became Sir FrancisCook, Bt. and Visconde de Monserrate,renowned as the greatest art collector of hisage, guided by Sir J. C. Robinson, keeper ofpictures to Queen Victoria, and founder of theVictoria & Albert Museum, London.

Naturally he began to fill the garden withexotic and expensive plants. This was the ageof great Victorian glasshouses filled with thetreasures of uncharted lands – Brazil, Australia,New Zealand, South Africa, China and Japan.Cook’s ambition was to make a garden atMonserrate that would rival the greatestbotanical collections of Europe. In England helived on Richmond Hill, close to the epicenterof Victorian plant exploration, the RoyalBotanic Gardens at Kew, where he maintaineda close relationship with the directors Williamand Joseph Hooker. At Monserrate the gardenwas to contain a greater variety of plants thanany other garden in Europe – except Kew!

All of this was to be grown in the open air.“Imagine,” said Dr. David Moore (director ofGlasnevin botanic garden) in 1867, “imaginea piece of ground a thousand times the size ofthe palm house at Kew,” wholly dedicated tothe culture of exotic plants.

It was David Moore that gave us the first recordof some of the successful plantations of palmsfrom when the garden was first established.These were listed as Areca sapida, Chamaeropsmartiana, Chamaerops fortunei, Seaforthiaelegans, Latania borbonica and Phoenixdactylifera. Here we are confronted with aproblem that dogs all those interested in thehistory of Victorian horticulture – thecomplexity of synonymy and inaccuratebotanical nomenclature, even when used bythe most eminent botanists. This is notsurprising when one considers the remoteorigins of the palms and the difficulty thatscientists had in procuring floweringspecimens for taxonomic examination. Thesheer size of the inflorescences made evenmaking herbarium sheets a daunting prospect.

Throughout this article the names of plantsare referred to as cited by original authors.


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Please refer to Table 1 for modern acceptednames in accordance with the Kew WorldCheck List of Selected Plant Families(http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/home.do). There arehowever situations in which the treatment ofhorticultural names does not agree withbotanical synonymy. An example would be

Latania borbonica Hort. as opposed to Lataniaborbonica Lam. The first, as undoubtedlyintended by Dr. Moore in 1867 is equivalentto Livistona chinensis (Jacq.) R.Br. ex Mart.,whereas the latter is botanically consideredsynonymous with Latania lontaroides (Gaertn.)H.E. Moore.


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2. Palms growing between two giant Araucarias, including Livistona australis and L. chinensis, Washingtoniarobusta, Archontophoenix cunninghamiana and Phoenix canariensis.


Garden making in Portugal in the mid-nineteenth century was dominated by twoaristocratic figures. Foremost was FerdinandSaxe-Coburg and Gotha, king-consort ofQueen Maria II and regent during the infancyof his sons Pedro V and Luis I. He was a cousinof Queen Victoria’s husband Albert andnephew of Leopold of Belgium. In Portugal hebecame known as Dom Fernando II. Secondlythere was the Duke of Palmella, Dom Pedro deSousa Holstein, an important figure in the longperiod of civil war, protector of Queen Maria,and briefly prime minister of Portugal.

Dom Fernando II made a number of gardensin Portugal, the most important being thatsurrounding his castellated palace of Pena ontop of the Serra de Sintra, but also others inLisbon at the Palace of Necessidades and inroyal residences such as Alfeite on the southernmargin of the Tagus River and at Mafra, northof Sintra. He is famous amongst palmenthusiasts for the fantastic Jubaea that heplanted outside at Necessidades in 1858, butin fact the vast majority of his palms in thisgarden were grown in his wonderful domedpalm house built in 1857. Before the Jubaea,only Cocos flexuosa and Phoenix dactylifera were

to be found out in the park. The greenhousemay be visited today; unfortunately it is totallybereft of plants, and sadly the Jubaea no longerexists.

The Duke of Palmella had in his service twoexceedingly competent plantsmen, thebotanist Friedrich Welwitsch and the gardenerJacob Weiss. Together they made a series offantastic gardens on the Duke’s estates, themost important of which, at Lumiar in Lisbon,is today a public park. The first palms werebrought to Lumiar in 1856 and were laterplanted in the open air. These were Jubaeaspectabilis, Chamaerops ghiesbreghtii, Chamae-rops excelsa, Livistona sinensis, Phoenix leonensis(P. spinosa), Copernicia sp. from Bahia, Brazil,Rhapis sp. aff. flabelliformis, Rhapis aspera,Chamaerops tomentosa; Seaforthia elegans; Sabalumbraculifera, and of course, Phoenix dactyliferaand Chamaerops humilis. Livistona australis wasalso planted in this garden, though somewhatlater.

So it was against this aristocratic backgroundthat Francis Cook began to plant his garden atMonserrate. His palms soon grew to impressivedimensions as recorded by another botanical


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3. Monserrate: main entrance to the house with Archontophoenix cunninghamiana.


visitor, Professor T. C. Archer from Edinburgh,who wrote up his Botanical Notes on the Gardenof Montserrate, Portugal in 1870. Archerconsidered that Monserrate surpassed evenKew since “the whole of the plants atMontserrat have no other covering than theazure sky above.”

On the western side of the upper lawn he saw“a large grove of palms, on the borders ofwhich are magnificent specimens of Cycasrevoluta and Cycas circinalis, the former withtwo immense cones of ripe fruit. The palms arechiefly Areca sapida, Latania borbonica,

Seaforthia Elegans, Chamærops Fortunei andMartiana, each about forty-five feet high,Corypha australis, Sabal Blackburniana, and thedate palm.”

Forty-five feet high, or nearly fourteen metersis a tremendous height for any garden palm inEurope at this time. The palm house at Kew is66 feet (20 m) at its highest, but outside whatwas there to rival these dimensions? As a directcomparison the very first Trachycarpus fortuneiplanted in the palm house at Kew had reachedonly 28 feet by 1860. Prince Albert’s specimenplanted out at Osborne House (Isle of Wight)


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4. Young Archontophoenix cunninghamiana growing next to Nolina longifolia.



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Table 1. Historic Palm Collection at Monserrate.

Dates refer to Literature Cited. 1867 = D. Moore. 1870 = T.C. Archer

Species

Date

Most likely match

Currently Accepted Nam

e (W

orld Checklist, Kew

)

Areca sap

ida

1867

Areca sap

idaSol. ex G. Forst.

Rho

palostylis sap

ida(Sol. ex G. Forst.) H. Wendl. & Drude

Brahe

a Roezlii

1929

Brahe

a roezlii Linden

Brahe

a armataS.Watson

Butia cap

itata

1946

Butia cap

itata(Mart.) Becc.

Butia cap

itata (Mart.) Becc.

Caryo

ta urens

1885

Caryo

ta urensL.

Caryo

ta urensL.

Cha

mae

dorea elatior

1929

Cha

mae

dorea elatiorhort. ex

Cha

mae

dorea po

chutlens

is Liebm. in Mart.

H. Wendl.

Cha

mae

rops Fortune

i1867

Cha

mae

rops fortune

iHook.

Trachy

carpus

fortune

i(Hook.) H. Wendl.

Cha

mae

rops hum

ilis

1946

Cha

mae

rops hum

ilisL.

Cha

mae

rops hum

ilisL.

Cha

mae

rops m

artian

a1867

Cha

mae

rops m

artian

aWall.

Trachy

carpus

martian

us (Wall. ex Mart.) H. Wendl.

ex Mart.

Cocos plumosa

1885

Cocos plumosaHook. f.

Syag

rus roman

zoffiana(Cham.) Glassman

Cocos W

eddellian

a1885

Cocos W

edde

llian

aH. Wendl.

Lytocaryum

wed

dellian

um(H. Wendl.) Toledo

Coryp

ha aus

tralis

1870

Coryp

ha aus

tralisR. Br.

Liviston

a au

stralis

(R. Br.) Mart.

Diplothem

ium arena

rium

1946

Diplothem

ium arena

rium

Alla

goptera aren

aria (Gomes) Kuntze

(Gomes) Vasc. & Franco

Euterpe edulis

1885

Euterpe ed

ulisMart.

Euterpe ed

ulisMart.

How

ea (Ken

tia) Belmorea

na1885

Ken

tia be

lmorea

naC. Moore

How

ea belmorea

na(C. Moore & F. Muell.) Becc.

& F. Muell.

How

ea Forsteriana

1885

How

ea Forsteriana(F.Muell.) Becc.

How

ea forsteriana(F. Muell.) Becc.

Juba

ea spectab

ilis

1923

Juba

ea spectab

ilisKunth in HBK

Juba

ea chilens

is(Molina) Baill.

Latania bo

rbon

ica

1867

Latania bo

rbon

icahort., non Lam.

Liviston

a ch

inen

sis(Jacq.) R. Br.

Latania lontaroide

s 1923

Latania lontaroide

s(Gaertn.)

Latania lontaroide

s (Gaertn.) H.E. Moore

H.E. Moore



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Table 1, continued

.

Liviston

a Hoo

gend

orpii

1885

Liviston

a Hoo

gend

orpiiTeijsm.

Liviston

a saribu

s(Lour.) Merr. ex A. Chev.

& Binn. ex Miq.

Phænix sylvestris

1891

Phoenix sylvestris(L.) Roxb.

Phoenix sylvestris(L.) Roxb.

Phœnix da

ctylifera

1867

Phoenix da

ctyliferaL.

Phoenix da

ctyliferaL.

Phoenix loureirii

1946

(misidentification)

Phoenix roeb

elen

ii O’Brien

Phœnix reclinata

1885

Phoenix reclinata Jacq.

Phoenix reclinataJacq.

Phœnix rupicola

1885

Phoenix rupicolaT. Anderson

Phoenix rupicolaT. Anderson

Phœnix tenu

is qui son

t 1891

Phoenix tenu

isVerschaff.

Phoenix cana

rien

sis Chabaud

des P. C

anariens

is

Pritch

ardia fillifera

1891

Pritch

ardia filiferaLinden ex André

Washing

tonia filifera(Linden ex André) H. Wendl. ex de Bary

Ptycho

sperma Alexa

ndræ

1885

Archo

ntop

hoen

ix A

lexa

ndrae

Archo

ntop

hoen

ix alexa

ndrae(F.Muell.) H. Wendl. & Drude

(Archo

ntop

hoen

ix A

lexa

ndræ

)(F. Muell.) H. Wendl. & Drude

Rha

pis excelsa

1946

Rha

pis excelsa(Thunb.) Henry

Rha

pis excelsa (Thunb.) Henry

Rho

palostylis (Areca) Bau

eri1885

Areca bau

eriHook.f.

Rho

palostylis bau

eri (Hook. f.) H. Wendl. & Drude

Saba

l Blackbu

rniana

1870

Saba

l blackb

urnian

aGlazebrook

Saba

l pa

lmetto(Walter) Lodd. ex Schult. & Schult.f.

Seaforthia elega

ns1867

Seaforthia elega

nsR. Br.

Ptycho

sperma elegan

s(R. Br.) Blume

Seafortia elegan

s1867

Seaforthia elega

nsHook.

Archo

ntop

hoen

ix cun

ning

hamianaH. Wendl. & Drude

Trithrinax

brasilie

nsis

1929

Trithrinax

brasilens

isMart.

Trithrinax

brasilie

nsisMart.

Washing

tonia robu

sta

1929

Washing

tonia robu

staH. Wendl.

Washing

tonia robu

staH. Wendl.


and thought to be the largest of its speciesgrown without shelter in Europe, was at thistime only ten feet tall.

Archer tells the story of how Cook’s gardenerhad transplanted a giant date palm. “It issupposed to be some centuries old, andformerly grew at Cascaes, a place twelve milesdistant, whence it was removed by Mr Burt, thegardener at Montserrat, across the interveningSerra with great difficulty. Its leaves were tiedup, and its roots protected, and twenty-fouroxen worked for a whole week to bring it tothe paradise in which it now so proudlyflourishes ... The stem of this prince of palmsis seven feet six inches in girth, and the heightnot less than thirty feet, — the beautiful crownof leaves being at least ten feet more.”

The first Areca sapida (Rhopalostylis sapida)flowered in the palm house at Kew in 1859.The following year the French Revue Horticolewas appealing to “la liberalité anglaise” so thatseeds might be supplied to southern gardensfor experimentation with outdoor culture. By1861 Messrs. Veitch & Son had the plant onsale in London and the plant was “tolerablywell known in gardens.” On the French Rivierait was not until 1882 that this palm reachedflowering maturity.

Latania borbonica is not what it seems. Thisname was used by Victorian gardeners forLivistona chinensis (Jacq.) R. Br. in the mistakenbelief that this Chinese palm originated fromthe French Island of Réunion (Île Bourbon).Perhaps the first open air planting of thisspecies was at Hyères in 1846, on the FrenchRiviera some ten years before it was cultivatedin Portugal.

Seaforthia elegans is another problematicgardeners’ synonym, almost certainly what isintended is Archontophoenix cunninghamianaH. Wendl. & Drude. Some descriptions ofMonserrate list both Seaforthia elegans andPtychosperma cunninghamiana as growing sideby side. So we should perhaps consider thepossibility that Ptychosperma elegans (R. Br.)Blume was also cultivated at Monserrate.However there is none growing there todayand the Archontophoenix is still seenthroughout the gardens (Figs. 3 & 4). Not aparticularly hardy palm, what probablyprompted the experimentation withArchontophoenix at this early date was its readyavailability by seed imported from Sydney.Archontophoenix cunninghamiana is verysensitive to cold and although widely planted

on the French Riviera in the nineteenthcentury it often succumbed to cold winterswithout reaching impressive dimensions.

Corypha australis, in this context should beinterpreted as Livistona australis (R. Br.) Mart.Seeds placed casually as drainage material inthe bottom of Wardian cases sent byCunningham were found to have germinatedon arrival at Kew in 1824. Conrad Loddigesthen used this technique to import largenumbers of seeds and the palm became quicklyestablished in the greenhouses of Europe. Thispalm was among the first contenders foracclimatisation since it is the southernmostpalm occurring on the Australian continent.Small plants were growing in the open at theNaples Botanic garden at by 1867, and it wasincluded in a list of palms that were“reasonably common” at Nice in 1869.

Sabal blackburniana was first cultivated underglass in Europe by a Mr. Blackburn who hadhis plant from Lord Petre in 1737. It wasprobably grown from seeds collected inGeorgia (USA) by William Bartram. Amultiplicity of other names makes it difficultto determine when this palm was firstcultivated outdoors. In fact, the earliest recordsuse a wholly erroneous designation: Coryphaumbraculifera. Famously large specimens grownunder glass are frequently referred to by thisname. Messrs. Huber of Hyères on the FrenchRiviera planted out a very young specimen ofSabal blackburniana in the summer of 1864 andit was successfully over wintered.

Encouraged by these early successes: “Mr. Cook... has lately experimented with Palms that hewas chary of trying at first; a list of those thatare healthy will, therefore, be valuable. Theyare Phœnix reclinata, Ptychosperma Alexandræ(Archontophoenix alexandrae), Cocos plumosaand Weddelliana, Howea (Kentia) Belmoreana,and Rhopalostylis (Areca) Baueri.” This listappeared in 1885 written by C.A.M.Carmichael in a long two-part article for TheGardeners’ Chronicle. By then Seaforthia elegans,Livistonia borbonica and Corypha australis werethe tallest palms in the garden.

In another part of the garden known as“Mexico” Carmichael found that “Aloes andYuccas of every kind abound, and monotonyis avoided by inserting Palms.” He gave thefollowing list: “Areca (Rhopalostylis) sapida, oneleaf of which measured 12 feet; two wide-spread Date Palms, the circumference of thebranches of one was 39 paces; Phœnix rupicola,


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Caryota urens, Livistona Hoogendorpii, HoweaForsteriana, and Euterpe edulis were among themost prominent or worthy of notice for beinggrown in the open.”

Amongst this list are a number of palms thateven today’s enthusiasts of hardy palms wouldbe surprised to encounter. How manyEuropean gardens today are growingLytocaryum weddellianum (H.Wendl.) Toledo orEuterpe edulis Mart. in the open? The Euterpeand Cocos insignis were still thriving in 1910as described by the French forester Léon Pardé.

The warm growing conditions found atMonserrate are indicated by the presence ofsuch delicate palms as Howea belmoreana, ratedzones 10 and 11 by Robert Lee Riffle and PaulCraft in their Encyclopedia and Archontophoenixalexandrae rated 10b and 11. Both species aregrowing today at Monserrate. Recently plantedCaryota urens (adapted only to zones 10b and11 and marginal in 10a) has come through thedifficult winter of 2009/2010 and is makingnew growth at the time of writing (March2010).

Sir Francis Cook died in 1901, appropriately atthe close of the Victorian era. He wassucceeded by his son Frederick, who was littleinterested in horticultural affairs but who hadthe good sense to entrust the garden to HenriNavel, trained at the Ecole de Versailles and atKew and who was later appointed headgardener at the Lisbon botanic garden. Thegardens were visited during his tenure, asmentioned above, by Léon Parde. His extensivebotanical descriptions indicate however thatthe palm collection at this time was essentiallythat planted by Sir Francis.

Only when the third baronet, Sir HerbertCook, appointed Walter Oates as his headgardener was the collection to see newdevelopment. Walter Oates wrote Monserrate:A Short Guide to the Gardens in 1923, shortlyafter he had arrived as new head gardener Hehad been working previously on the ItalianRiviera and was well acquainted with hardypalms. Oates remained at Monserrate for the rest ofthe decade and wrote a well-illustrated articlefor the Gardeners’ Chronicle in 1929 in whichhe lists many plants. He includes a list ofpalms: “Palms are very numerous, andmention of only a few of the best must suffice:Cocos flexuosa. C. romanzoffianum, Washing-tonia robusta, the tallest palm in the garden,about 70 feet high; Kentia belmoreana, K.

forsteriana, with trunks 25 ft. high; Phoenixcanariensis, P. dactylifera, P. reclinata, with sevenwell-furnished trunks from one root; Brahearoezlii, Areca baueri, A. sapida, Jubaea spectabilis,Seaforthia elegans, Sabal blackburniana and Sabalumbraculifera.” At other points in the article healso mentions Trithrinax brasilensis, andChamaedorea elatior plants not mentioned inany previous description of the garden andpresumably from his own introduction.

Sir Herbert died in 1939. Following the SecondWorld War, the Monserrate estate was sold bythe fourth baronet, who shared his name withhis great grandfather, Sir Francis Cook. Thegarden eventually passed into the hands ofthe Portuguese state, managed by the ForestService. The gardens continued as a greattourist attraction into the 1960s but were betterknown for their rhododendrons and camelliasthan the exotic plants of the Victorian era.The palms continued to grow, but slowly manywere lost either through old age or moresignificantly through competition frominvasive trees species such as Acaciamelanoxylon and Pittosporum undulatum.

Following the 1974 Portuguese Revolutioncircumstances had changed so radically that it


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Visiting Gardens

Monserrate

Parque de Monserrate 2710-405 Sintra, PortugalTel: 21 923 73 00Fax: 21 923 73 50

Parques de Sintra – Monte da Lua E-mail: [email protected]://www.parquesdesintra.pt/

Palácio das Necessidades

Tapada das NecessidadesRua Capitão Afonso PalaLisboa 1350-215 http://www.mne.gov.pt/mne/en/ministerio/palacio/

Lumiar (Museu National do Trajo e daModa)

Parque Monteiro-MorLargo Júlio Castilho1600-483 LisboaTel: (+351) 21 759 03 18Fax: (+351) 21 759 12 24http://www.museudotraje-ipmuseus.pt


was impossible to maintain the garden. Staffwere reduced to three people: one collectingtickets on the gate, one sweeping up aroundthe house and the last of the old gardeners,José Luis, who faced with the forests of invasiveplants that occupied the garden, retreated tothe broken glasshouse and nursery.

In 1987 a group of young Canadian landscapearchitects and horticulturists from the RoyalBotanical Gardens of Hamilton, Ontario beganto work on the restoration of the gardens. Thiswas the beginning of a long and difficultprocess that has yet to be completed. Today thegardens are managed by a state-owned, butself-funding organization called the Parquesde Sintra – Monte da Lua. There is acomprehensive restoration project underwayof both house and gardens, co-ordinated byProf. Antonio Lamas, the organization’spresident.

And the palms? Twenty-four species havemanaged to survive from the originalplantings, some of them centenarian and ofmonumental dimensions. In addition, clearingwork and reconstruction have enabled aprogram of replanting of the garden’s botanicalheritage. This includes the palm collectionwhich today includes some 70 different taxa.A new head gardener has been appointed, TimStretton, who trained at Kew. One hopes theday will soon be here when Monserrate willonce again resemble the palm house of Kew.But under the azure sky above!

LITERATURE CITED

ARCHER, T.C. 1870. Botanical notes on thegarden of Montserrat, Portugal. Transactionsand Proceedings of the Botanical Society ofEdinburgh 10: 414–420.

BEAN, W.J. 1925. Trees and Shrubs Hardy inthe British Isles. John Murray, London.

BERGMAN, E. 1890. Palmiers en Portugal, Jubaeaspectabilis. La Nature: revue des sciences etde leurs applications aux arts et à l’industrie888: 40–42.

COOK, H. AND W. OATES. 1923. Monserrate,Cintra, Portugal: a Short Guide to theGardens. Privately published.

CARMICHAEL, C. 1885. Montserrat. Gardeners’Chronicle 23: 389–91, 426–427.

GOEZE, E. 1875. Jardins notaveis em Portugal,Lumiar. Jornal de Horticultura Practica 7:230–233.

GOEZE, E. 1876. Jardins notaveis em Portugal,Palacio das Necessidades. Jornal de Horti-cultura Practica 6: 43.

GOMES, A.G. 1855. Da Aclimatação em Portugaldo Cycas revolutas, uma das árvores do Sagu.Flora e Pomona 2: 108.

HARDY, A. 1864. Note sur la situation desderniers plantations d’espèces ligneusesexotiques au Jardin d’Acclimatation a Alger.Bulletin de la Société d’horticulture dudépartement de Seine-et-Oise. p. 24.

LEPELLETIER, M. 1860. Floraison de l’Areca sapidadans la grande serre de Kew. Revue Horticole1860: 18, 19.

LUCKHURST, G.L. 1988. Sintra: a Landscape withVillas. Edições Inapa, Lisbon.

MOORE, D. 1870. Botanical and horticulturalnotes, made on a journey through parts ofthe south of France, Spain and Portugalduring the autumn of 1867. Journal of theRoyal Dublin Society 5: 241–255.

OATES, W. 1929. Monserrate. Gardeners’Chronicle 86: 90–93.

PARDÉ, L. 1910. Excursion dendrologique auPortugal et en Espagne. Bulletin de la SociétéDendrologique de France 17: 118.

SAINT VICTOR, L.G., 1891. Portugal: Souvenirs etImpressions de Voyage. Librairie Blériot,Paris.

VASCONCELLOS, J. & J.A. FRANCO 1946. Aspalmeiras de Lisboa e arredores. PortugaliaeActa Biologicae 2–4: 289–245.


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The Palms of Monserrate, Sintra, Portugal

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