The Ottoman Empire From Osman to the Young Turks Spath – 351 CPME .

The Ottoman Empire

From Osman to the Young Turks

Spath – 351 CPMEhttp://euroheritage.net/serbscroatsbosnians.shtml

Readings

M.E. & Islamic World Reader – Origins of Islam, excerpts from Qu’ran, the Caliphate, schism, various early dynasties, The Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires, In Cleveland – Tanzimat period of the Ottoman Empire (1839-1876).

Today:Ottoman Empire (end of 13th c. – 1922)

We will cover up to the turn of the 20th century

Big Questions:- What happened? How did the empire change?- Why was the Ottoman Empire so dominant?- Why did it decline?- Why is this important to contemporary ME politics?

Where are We Going?- Thursday: Colonialism- Monday (9/21): WWI, Inter-War Years, Ideological Trends

But first…- Rise and Decline of Muslim Caliphate (and associated dynasties)

- Feudalism among Muslim societies

- Two sets of elites (military and religious)

Ottomans, Safavids, Mughals became dominant after Mongol Empire. Why?- Legacy of Mongols- Feudalism around agrarianism- Increased revenue from trade- Gunpowder- Strategies of Governance

The Gunpowder Empires

Why were they dominant?- Mongol Legacy

-Agrarianism

- Trade Revenue

- Gunpowder

- Governing Strategies

The Ottomans:- Started with Osman and his son Orhan- Gazi Tradition- Pragmatic Considerations

Ottoman Rule- Gaza

- Centralization of different kinds

- Toleration of local customs

- Dynastic Succession

- Devshirme Levy

- Three-level ruling elite

The Ottoman Empire

18th Century:Decline- Decentralization

- External Forces

19th Century: Towards Consolidation and Re-centralization

- Selim III

- MuhammadAli

- Mahmud II

Discussion: Tanzimat and Its Effects

-“Reorganization” – continuation of reforms- Focus on more than military and bureaucracy, also on society- Rate of Change was faster- Comprehensive Education Reforms- Huge land reform changes – increased private ownership- Legal reforms… why? Attempted to make ottoman law appropriate for Europeans to lift Capitulations; secular courts; civil code developed; nationality law; gave more control to millets

EXTRA CREDIT