The Ottoman Empire and the Creation of Israel

The Ottoman Empire and The Ottoman Empire and the Creation of Israel the Creation of Israel

Break-up of the Ottoman EmpireBreak-up of the Ottoman Empire

By the 20th century, the Ottoman Empire By the 20th century, the Ottoman Empire was weak. was weak.

It sided with the Central powers in World It sided with the Central powers in World War I, which fought against the Allied War I, which fought against the Allied powers of England, France, Russia, and powers of England, France, Russia, and the United States. the United States.

Ottoman troops won only one key battle in Ottoman troops won only one key battle in World War I.World War I.

Break-up of the Ottoman EmpireBreak-up of the Ottoman Empire

The British took control of Jerusalem and The British took control of Jerusalem and Baghdad from the Ottomans. Baghdad from the Ottomans.

Arabia then rose up against Ottoman rule. Arabia then rose up against Ottoman rule. By 1918, the Ottoman Empire had ended. By 1918, the Ottoman Empire had ended. In 1920, after the end of World War I, the In 1920, after the end of World War I, the

Treaty of Sevres split the land of the Treaty of Sevres split the land of the Ottoman Empire among Allied, or Ottoman Empire among Allied, or Western, powers. Western, powers.

Break-up of the Ottoman EmpireBreak-up of the Ottoman Empire

France was granted mandates over Syria and France was granted mandates over Syria and Lebanon. Lebanon.

The United Kingdom was granted Palestine and The United Kingdom was granted Palestine and Iraq. Iraq.

The modern Turkish republic was declared on The modern Turkish republic was declared on October 29, 1923. October 29, 1923.

It was one of the first members of the United It was one of the first members of the United Nations. Nations.

Today, Turkey is the largest Muslim country in Today, Turkey is the largest Muslim country in Europe.Europe.

The State of IsraelThe State of Israel The modern state of Israel was The modern state of Israel was

established in 1948. established in 1948. Many beliefs and events led to its creation Many beliefs and events led to its creation

including Zionism, anti-Semitism, and the including Zionism, anti-Semitism, and the Holocaust.Holocaust.

ZionismZionism Zionism is a Jewish movement that began Zionism is a Jewish movement that began

in Europe in the late 19th century. in Europe in the late 19th century. Its goal was to establish a Jewish Its goal was to establish a Jewish

homeland in Palestine. homeland in Palestine. Theodor Herzl started the movement and Theodor Herzl started the movement and

also led the first Zionist Congress in 1897. also led the first Zionist Congress in 1897.

The Balfour DeclarationThe Balfour Declaration After World War I, the movement grew in After World War I, the movement grew in

popularity. popularity. In 1917, Britain issued the Balfour In 1917, Britain issued the Balfour

Declaration, which stated that Britain Declaration, which stated that Britain would work toward the establishment of a would work toward the establishment of a national home for the Jewish people in national home for the Jewish people in Palestine.Palestine.

In 1948, Zionism achieved its goal with the In 1948, Zionism achieved its goal with the creation of Israel, the Jewish state creation of Israel, the Jewish state

European Anti-SemitismEuropean Anti-Semitism Anti-Semitism is hostility toward or Anti-Semitism is hostility toward or

prejudice against Jews or Judaism. prejudice against Jews or Judaism. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, In the late 19th and early 20th centuries,

anti-Semitism began to spread throughout anti-Semitism began to spread throughout Europe. Europe.

Events in Russia, Austria, and France Events in Russia, Austria, and France fueled European anti-Semitism. fueled European anti-Semitism.

European Anti-SemitismEuropean Anti-Semitism In Russia, anti-Jewish mob attacks, called In Russia, anti-Jewish mob attacks, called

pogroms, began in 1881 and then spread pogroms, began in 1881 and then spread to Central and Eastern Europe.to Central and Eastern Europe.

Russians blamed Jews for the Russians blamed Jews for the assassination of the tsar, the leader of assassination of the tsar, the leader of Russia.Russia.

The Dreyfus AffairThe Dreyfus Affair In 1894, a man named Alfred Dreyfus, who was In 1894, a man named Alfred Dreyfus, who was

the only Jewish member of the French army’s the only Jewish member of the French army’s staff, was accused and convicted of spying for staff, was accused and convicted of spying for Germany. Germany.

Ten years later, he was found innocent, but his Ten years later, he was found innocent, but his original conviction sparked anti-Semitic riots in original conviction sparked anti-Semitic riots in Paris. Paris.

The crowds in the streets shouted “Death to the The crowds in the streets shouted “Death to the Jews.” Jews.”

This was known as the Dreyfus Affair and was This was known as the Dreyfus Affair and was closely followed by Americans.closely followed by Americans.

Anti-SemitismAnti-Semitism In each of these and many other cases, In each of these and many other cases,

Jews were often irrationally blamed for Jews were often irrationally blamed for events over which they had no control and events over which they had no control and in which they played no part. in which they played no part.

This type of misplaced blame without proof This type of misplaced blame without proof is a common feature of racist belief is a common feature of racist belief systems like anti-Semitism.systems like anti-Semitism.

World War IIWorld War II The events that led to the Holocaust began in The events that led to the Holocaust began in

1933. 1933. From the time Adolf Hitler became the From the time Adolf Hitler became the

chancellor of Germany, the treatment of Jews in chancellor of Germany, the treatment of Jews in Germany, and eventually most of continental Germany, and eventually most of continental Europe, grew worse. Europe, grew worse.

The policies of Hitler’s Nazi Party slowly eroded The policies of Hitler’s Nazi Party slowly eroded the rights of Jews. the rights of Jews.

The government declared that Jews were no The government declared that Jews were no longer German citizens and removed them from longer German citizens and removed them from their jobs, businesses, schools, and homes. their jobs, businesses, schools, and homes.

World War IIWorld War II As Germany took over other European countries, As Germany took over other European countries,

including Poland, Czechoslovakia, the Netherlands, including Poland, Czechoslovakia, the Netherlands, France, much of Russia, and Austria, Jews in those France, much of Russia, and Austria, Jews in those locations were treated similarly or worse.locations were treated similarly or worse.

By the end of the war, Hitler’s “final solution” to rid the By the end of the war, Hitler’s “final solution” to rid the earth of Jews resulted in the murder of six million Jews earth of Jews resulted in the murder of six million Jews and the deaths of millions of other Europeans. and the deaths of millions of other Europeans.

Often the Jews that could flee Europe moved to Often the Jews that could flee Europe moved to Palestine during this time. Palestine during this time.

The Holocaust ended with Germany’s defeat in World The Holocaust ended with Germany’s defeat in World War II in 1945.War II in 1945.

The Creation of IsraelThe Creation of Israel The history of the Jews is traced back to the The history of the Jews is traced back to the

Fertile Crescent along other early civilizations. Fertile Crescent along other early civilizations. In more recent times, Palestine was part of the In more recent times, Palestine was part of the

Ottoman Empire, until World War I. Ottoman Empire, until World War I. After World War I and the fall of the Ottoman After World War I and the fall of the Ottoman

Empire, Britain ruled Palestine. Empire, Britain ruled Palestine. As more Jewish people moved into Palestine, As more Jewish people moved into Palestine,

tensions with the Arabs increased. tensions with the Arabs increased. Clashes became violent and more frequent.Clashes became violent and more frequent.

The Creation of IsraelThe Creation of Israel In 1937, the British created a plan to divide In 1937, the British created a plan to divide

up the land between the Arabs and Jews, up the land between the Arabs and Jews, but both groups rejected it. but both groups rejected it.

Although the United States was not Although the United States was not directly involved at this time, they did directly involved at this time, they did believe that Jewish people should be believe that Jewish people should be allowed to move to the area. allowed to move to the area.

The United Nations supported the creation The United Nations supported the creation of a state of Israel.of a state of Israel.

The Creation of IsraelThe Creation of Israel Around 1936, one-third of the total Around 1936, one-third of the total

population of Palestine was made up of population of Palestine was made up of Jewish immigrants. Jewish immigrants.

The conflict between the Arabs and the The conflict between the Arabs and the Jews continued to get worse. Jews continued to get worse.

In May of 1948, British rule of Palestine In May of 1948, British rule of Palestine ended and the state of Israel was ended and the state of Israel was declared.declared.

SummarySummary

How did the Ottoman Empire breakup and How did the Ottoman Empire breakup and what happened to it’s empire?what happened to it’s empire?

What were the causes for the creation of What were the causes for the creation of the country of Israel?the country of Israel?