Celtic Celtic Old English Middle English Norman Invasion St. Augustine to Canterbury Viking Invasion Angles, Saxons, Jutes Invasion 1066 793 600 700 800 900 Important Milestones in the Development of English Friesian, German Latin, Greek Scandinavian Danish French 449 597 x x x x Romans Leave “Dane Law”
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CelticCeltic
Old English
Middle English
NormanInvasion
St. Augustineto Canterbury
VikingInvasion
Angles, Saxons,Jutes Invasion
1066
793
400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100
Important Milestones in theDevelopment of English
Friesian,German
Latin,Greek
ScandinavianDanish
French
449
597
xx xxRomans Leave “Dane Law”
Old English
Middle EnglishMiddle EnglishMiddle EnglishMiddle EnglishN
orm
an In
vasi
on10
66
1000 1100 1200 1300 1400
Important Milestones in theRe-establishment of English
Loss
of N
orm
andy
1204
Prov
isio
n of
Oxf
ord
1258
Stat
ues
of L
abor
ers
1350
Peas
ant’s
Rev
olt
1381
Hundred Years WarBlack Death
FrenchFrench
Indo-European Language Tree
Indo-European Language Tree
Indo-European Language Tree
Indo-European Language Tree
Fæder ure þu þe eart on heofonum Father our thou that art in heavensSi þin nama gehalgod be thy name hallowedto becume þin rice come thy kingdomgewurþe ðin willa be-done thy willon eorðan swa swa on heofonum. on earth as in heavensurne gedæghwamlican hlaf syle us todæg our daily bread give us todayand forgyf us ure gyltas and forgive us our sinsswa swa we forgyfað urum gyltendum as we forgive those-who-have-
sinned-against-usand ne gelæd þu us on costnunge and not lead thou us into temptationac alys us of yfele soþlice but deliver us from evil. truly.
The Lord’s Prayer - Old English
+--Burgundian
| +----East
| |
East--+--Gothic-------+----West
| | |
| | +----Gepid
| +--Lombardic
| |
| +--Vandalic
|
| +--Frankish: mutated to French
| |
| | +--English
| | |(Old,Mid,New)
| | |
| | Ingae- | +--East
| +--vonic--+ |
| | +---Frisian----+--West
| | |(Old,Mid,New) |
| | | +--North
West--+ |
Middle New
| | | +--Low ----Low ----Low
| | +--Low German--+ Saxon German German
| | (Old,Mid,New) | +--Dutch-
Germanic--+ | +--Low ----Middle--+ Flemish
| | Franconian Dutch +-Afrikaans
| | +--Alemannic
| | |
| | High +--Franconian
| +--German-+
| (Old, +--Swabian
| Mid,New) |
| +--Yiddish
|
| +--Danish
| | (Old, New)
| |
| +--East---+--Swedish
| | | (Old, New)
| | |
| | +--Gutnish
North-+
| +--Faroese
| |
| +--Icelandic
+--West---+ +--Nynorsk
+--Norwegian--+
| +--Bokmal
+--Norn
Old English Literature - Beowulf
Invasion of the Vikings
Celtic Language Speaking Areas
Here bygynneth the Book of the tales of Caunterbury.
Whan that Aprille, with hise shoures soote, The droghte of March hath perced to the roote And bathed every veyne in swich licour, Of which vertu engendred is the flour; Whan Zephirus eek with his swete breeth
Inspired hath in every holt and heeth The tendre croppes, and the yonge sonne Hath in the Ram his halfe cours yronne, And smale foweles maken melodye, That slepen al the nyght with open eye ...
Chaucer’s Canterbury Tales
Old & Middle English GrammarN A D Gic me me minðu ðe ðe ðin he hine him his heo hiere hiere hie hit hit him hiswe us us urege eow eow eowerhie hie himm hiera
N A D Gich mich mir meinerdu dich dir deiner er ihn ihm seiner sie sie ihr ihrer es es ihm seinerwir uns uns ihrereuch euch euch euersie sie ihnen ihrer
N A D GI me me mineyou you you your he him him his she her her her it it it itswe us us ouryou you you yourthey they they their
N A D GI me me my(n)thou thee thee thy(n) he him him his she hir hir hir hit hit him hiswe us us oureye yow yow yourethey hem hem hir
Old
Eng
lish
Ger
man
Mid
dle
Engl
ish
Mod
ern
Engl
ish
Old English (Anglo-Saxon)“Ic willa the sellen that hors the draegeth minne waegen.”
“Ek mun selja ther hrossit sem dregr vagn mine.”Old Norse (Viking)
Comparison of Old English & Norse
Deep in the heart of the old faction Kingdom of Mershaw lies the small Hamlet Bocknolia.Deer and other game of size thrive in this wooded land.I’ve lived and worked here all my life.Towards the end of the year, I have to kill some of thedeer which feed on the leafy shoots and bramble.Before the sun is high, I walk by fields and meadows, where horses, cows and sheep sometimes graze.I go into Wimpira Wood for doys? roof? and find the deer.I follow them up the hill. I walk pretty slowly now, so as not to frighten the game and look out across a glade.Carefully sighting a buck, I shoot. The buck falls to the ground.There will be a great deal of meat for my wife & family today.
Welsh Hunter Text
There were terrible lightning stormsand firery dragons flew through the air.Heathen men sacked God’s church at Lindesfarne.
Lindesfarne Invasion Text
Then, William, Earl of Normandy, came to Parmasea.Harold the King gathered a great army.William came against him unawares before his people assembled.
There was slain King Harold and many good men and the French wielded power over that place of slaughter.
When England fell in Norman hands, they spoke French as they did at home and also taught their children.
Norman Invasion Description
Recommended Books
Title:The Story of English
Author:Robert McRum
ISBN:0 140 154051
Publisher:Penguin
Cost:$20
Title:The Mother Tongue:
English & How It Got That Way
Author:Bill Bryson
ISBN:0 380 715430
Publisher:Avon
Cost:$10
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