The Optimal Mark-Up The Optimal Mark-Up and Price Discrimination and Price Discrimination Outline •The optimal mark-up over cost •What is price discrimination? •Examples of price discrimination •When is price discrimination feasible? •First, second, and third degree price discrimination •Multinational pricing of autos •Interdependent demand
The Optimal Mark-Up and Price Discrimination. Outline The optimal mark-up over cost What is price discrimination? Examples of price discrimination When is price discrimination feasible? First, second, and third degree price discrimination Multinational pricing of autos - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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The Optimal Mark-UpThe Optimal Mark-Upand Price Discriminationand Price Discrimination
Outline
•The optimal mark-up over cost
•What is price discrimination?
•Examples of price discrimination
•When is price discrimination feasible?
•First, second, and third degree price discrimination
•Multinational pricing of autos
•Interdependent demand
Price as the decision variablePrice as the decision variable
•Thus far we have assumed that quantity was the relevant decision-variable.
•In reality, most firms establish a price for their product and then try to satisfy demand for their product at that price.
•The price established by management is generally based on costs plus a mark-up.
The trade-off between price and The trade-off between price and profitprofit
The firm’s contribution can be written as:
Contribution = (P – MC)Q
We assume that marginal cost (MC) is constant.
Issue: How far above MC should the firm raise P to maximize its contribution (and hence profits)?
It depends on elasticity (EIt depends on elasticity (EPP))
We can show that the optimal mark-up over
MC is inversely proportional to elasticity
of demand (EP)
The markup ruleThe markup rule The size of the firm’s mark-up (above marginal cost expressed as a percentage of price) depends inversely on the price elasticity of demand for a good or service.
That is, the optimal markup is given by:
PEP
MCP
1[3.17]
Rearranging [3.1] we obtain:
MCE
EP
P
P
1
[3.18]
Elasticities and optimal pricesElasticities and optimal prices
ElasticitElasticityy
MCMC PricePrice
-1.5-1.5 3.03.0 100100 300300
-2.0-2.0 2.02.0 100100 200200
-3.0-3.0 1.51.5 100100 150150
-5.0-5.0 1.251.25 100100 125125
-11.0-11.0 1.11.1 100100 110110
-- 1.01.0 100100 100100
P
P
E
E
1
Students at Sherwood High in Sandy Springs, Maryland talk about things that bother them
What is price discrimination?What is price discrimination?
Price discrimination is the practice of selling the same product to different buyers (or groups of buyers) at
different prices.
Examples of price Examples of price discriminationdiscrimination
•Airlines charge full fares to business travelers, whereas they offer discount fares to vacationers.
•“Sizing up their income” pricing by dentists, plumbers, and auto mechanics.
•Publishers of academic journals charge higher prices for library as compared to individual subscriptions.
•Senior citizen discounts.
•Discounts for new buyers—e.g., magazine subscriptions.
•Theater ticket pricing
When is price When is price discrimination feasible?discrimination feasible?
1. The seller must be capable of identifying market segments that differ based on willingness to pay, or elasticity of demand.
2. The seller must be capable of “enforcing” the different prices charged to different market segments—that is, the seller must be able to prevent “arbitrage.”