The Optical Constants of Poly Methyl Methacrylate PMMA ...iasir.net/AIJRFANSpapers/AIJRFANS16-206.pdf · used among them is poly (methyl methacrylate) PMMA. Poly (methyl methacrylate)
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
AIJRFANS is a refereed, indexed, peer-reviewed, multidisciplinary and open access journal published by International Association of Scientific Innovation and Research (IASIR), USA
(An Association Unifying the Sciences, Engineering, and Applied Research)
http://www.iasir.netAvailable online at
The Optical Constants of Poly Methyl Methacrylate PMMA Polymer
Doped by Alizarin Red Dye Fadhil A. Tuma
Department of Physics,
College of Education for Pure Sciences,
University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq
I. Introduction In recent years, polymeric materials has gained widespread attention by the scientific and technological
researchers, because of their important industrial applications. Such materials play today a very great role in
numerous fields of everyday life due to their unique advantages over conventional materials (e.g. wood, clay
and metals) like lightness, resistance to corrosion, ease of processing and low cost production. Furthermore, the
physical properties of polymers may be affected by doping using various materials as an additives. Such
additives are used in polymers for a variety of reasons, for example: improved processing, density control,
optical effects, thermal conductivity, control of the thermal expansion, electrical properties that enable charge
dissipation or electro-magnetic interference shielding, magnetic properties, flame resistance and improved
mechanical properties, such as hardness, elasticity and tear resistance [1-4]. Currently, the doped polymers have
been the subject of interest for both theoretical and experimental studies, because of the physical and chemical
properties needed for specific application may be obtained by adding or doping with some dopant [5]. Detailed
studies of doped polymer with different dopant concentrations allow the possibility of choice of the desired
properties [6]. General poly (methacrylates) are polymers of the esters of methacrylic acid. The most commonly
used among them is poly (methyl methacrylate) PMMA. Poly (methyl methacrylate) PMMA is one of the
earliest and best known polymers, with chemical formula (C5H8O2)n [7]. It is naturally transparent and colorless
polymer with density (1.15-1.19 g/cm3), and available on the market in both pellet (granules) and sheet form
under the names Plexiglas, Acrylite, Perspex, Plazcryl, Acryplast, Altuglas, Lucite etc. It is commonly called
acrylic glass or simply acrylic [8]. Table.1 shows some of optical characteristics of PMMA. Table.1 optical characteristics of PMMA
Optical property Value
Haze 1-96%
Transmission, Visible 80-93%
Refractive Index 1.49-1.489
PMMA is produced by free-radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate in mass (when it is in sheet form) or
suspension polymerization according to the following chart [9] Fig.(1).
Fig.(1) Preparation of the polymer PMMA
Abstract: In this work, the optical constants: refractive index (n), extinction coefficient (k), real and
imaginary parts of dielectric constants (εr ,εi) and the optical energy gap (Eg) of poly methyl methacrylate
PMMA doped by Alizarin red AR dye with thickness in the range ((40-60)µm have been investigated in the
wavelength range (190-900)nm. The AR dye was added by different concentrations (1,2 and 3) wt.%. The
study of the optical properties of the doped films have done in order to identify the possible change that
happen to the PMMA films due to doping. The results show that the optical constants change with
increasing dye doping concentration, and it has been found that optical energy gap (Eg) decreases with the
increasing of dye concentration.
Keywords: PMMA polymer, Alizarin red AR dye, Optical constants, Optical energy gap.
The calculation of (Eg) of doped PMMA films showed which decreased with increasing of AR concentration,
this is ascribed to increase in absorption coefficient as a result of introducing dopant atoms and hence (Eg) will
be decreasing [21].The values of (Eg) for doped PMMA with AR dye are listed in Table.4.
Table.4 The values of (Eg) for doped PMMA Sample Eg (eV)
PMMA + 1% AR 1.6
PMMA + 2% AR 1.4
PMMA + 3% AR 0.8
IV. Conclusions
1. The absorbance of prepared films of doped PMMA with AR dye is increased with increasing the AR
concentration.
2. The optical constants: refractive index, extinction coefficient, real and imaginary parts of dielectric constants
are changed with increasing weight percentages of AR dye.
3. The doped PMMA with AR dye have indirect energy band gap (optical energy gap) which decrease with
increasing the AR concentration.
References
[1] J. F. Gerard, "Fillers and Filled Polymers", Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2001.
[2] Z. M. Huang, Y. Z. Zhang, M. Kotaki and S. Ramarkrishna, Composites Sci. & Tech., 63(15), 2223-2253, 2003.
[3] S. Glushanin, V. Y. Topolov and A. V. Krivoruchko, Materials Chem. & Phys., 97(2-3), 357-364, 2006. [4] P. Hine, V. Broome and I. Ward, Polymer, 46(24), 10936-10944, 2005.
[5] E. Abdelrazek, Physica B Condensed Matter, 351(1-2), 83-89, 2006.
[6] K. Al-Ammar, A. Hashim and M. Husaien, Chemical & Materials Eng., 1(3), 85-87, 2013. [7] Stevens and P. Malcolm, "Polymer Chemistry: An Introduction", Oxford University Press, USA, 1998.
[8] Harper, A. Charles and M. Petrie Edward, "Plastic Materials and Processes", John Wiley and Sons, 2003.
[9] Harper and A. Charles, "Handbook of Plastic Processes", John Wiley and Sons, 2005. [10] Van Krevelen, "Properties of Polymers", Elsevier, 2003.
[11] T. Tsai, C. Lin, G. Guo and T.Chu, , Materials Chem. & Phys., 108, 382, 2008.
[12] Y. Li, B. Zhang and X. Pan, Composites Sci. & Tech., 68,1954, 2008.
[13] V. Prajzler, V. Jerabek, O. Lyutako, I. Huttel, J. Spirkova, V. Machovic, J. Oswald, D. Chvostostova and J. Zavadil, Act Poly
Technica, 48(5), 14, 2008.
[14] J. E. Klemberg-Sapieha, L. Martinu, N. L. Yamasaki and C.W. Lantman, Thin Solid Films, 476,101, 2005. [15] J. M. Yu, X. M. Tao, H. Y. Tam and M. S. Demokan, Applied Surface Science, 252, 1283, 2005.
[16] M. Nakajima, T. Yoshikawa, K. Sogo and Y. Hirai, Micro Electron Eng., 83(4-9).876, 2006.
[17] G. Kim, European Polymer J., 41,1729, 2006. [18] R. V. Dabhade, D. S. Bodas and S. S. Gangal, Sensors Actuators B: Chemical, 98(1), 37, 2004.
[19] S. Shang, L. Li, X. Yang and Y. Wei, Composites Sci. & Tech., 69,1156, 2009.
[20] K. Beev, K. Temelkov, N. Vuchkov, T. Petrova, V. Dragostinova, R. Stoycheva-Topalova, S. Sainov and N. Sabotinov, J. Optoelectronics & Advanced Materials, 7, 3, 1315, 2005.
[21] Tariq J. Alwan, Malaysian Polymer J., 5(2), 204-213, 2010.
[22] A. H. Ahmad, A. M. Awatif and N. Zeid Abdul-Majied, Eng. &Tech. J., 25(4), 558-568, 2007. [23] Z. T. Khodair, M. H. Saeed and M. H. Addul-Allah, Iraqi J. Phys.,12(24), 47-51, 2014.
[24] R. Shanker, D. Mahanta and S. C. Tiwari, Dyes and Pigments, 76(1), 207–212,2008.
[25] H. Bien, J. Stawitz and K. Wunderlich, "Anthraquinone Dyes and Intermediates", in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2005.
[26] Alizarin, Dictionary.com, Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1), Random House,
Inc. http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/alizarin
[27] Herbert Müller, "Tetrahydrofuran" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2002.
[28] J. Tauc, "Amorphous and Liquid Semiconductors", Plenum Press, New York, 1979. [29] N. Mott and E. Davis, "Electronic Process in Non-Crystalline Materials", 2nd Edition, University Press, Oxford, 1979.
[30] S. M. Sze,"Semiconductor Devices Physics and Technology", 3rd Edition, John Wiley and Sons, Canada, 2007.
[31] J. H. Nahida and R. E. Marwa, Eng. &Tech. J., 29(4), 2011. [32] K. M. Abd El-Kader and A. S. Orbi, Polymer Testing, 21, 591-595, 2002.
[33] J. H. Almashhadani, Ph. D. Thesis, University of Baghdad, College of Science, 2004.
[34] K. Rtintu, K. Saurav, K. Sulakshnab, V. Nampoori, J. Non-Oxide Glasses, 2(4), 167-174, 2010. [35] B. L. Deng, Y. S. Hu, Y. S. Chiu and L. W. Chen, Polym. Degrade. Stab, 57, 269,2003.