The Olmec Notes for sink spiral
Jan 24, 2016
The Olmec
Notes for sink spiral
EARLY CIVILIZATIONS
The ancient Olmec Civilization
The ancient Olmec civilization is now considered to be one of the earliest great civilizations in Mesoamerica.
This civilization came and went long before the Aztec empire was even thought of, and yet they left their mark on the peoples of Mexico and beyond, and developed a complex culture which is still echoed today, probably in ways we don't yet even realize.
Clips of Olmecs
http://videos.howstuffworks.com/hsw/7792-mexico-the-olmecs-video.htm
http://videos.howstuffworks.com/discovery/28709-discovery-atlantis-olmec-civilization-and-atlantis-video.htm
http://videos.howstuffworks.com/discovery/28710-discovery-atlantis-olmec-heads-video.htm
MESOAMERICA
Geography and Ecology of Olmec Area
Located in southern Veracruz and Tabasco
Olmec zone is about 125 mi long and 50 wide
High rainfall - over 300 cm/year
Dense tropical forest
Formed by Volcanic upthrust of the Sierra de los Tuxtlas
Who were the Olmec?
Olmec means “dweller in the land of rubber”, refers to people who lived along Gulf of Mexico, southern Veracruz, and western Tabasco.
Olmec lived in this area between 1500 B.C. and 100 A.D.
Sometimes called the “mother culture” of Mesoamerica.
Olmecs – most influential early Mesoamerican civilization (1200 – 400
B.C.)
The center of Olmec civilization was located near the tropical Atlantic coast (gulf coast) of what are now the Mexican states of Veracruz and Tobasco
Map of Mesoamerica
http://mexico.udg.mx/historia/precolombinas/ingles/olmecas/
SOCIETY
Divided into two groups:
the elite group- lived in the small urban centers (towns, really)
the common people -lived in the rural areas
WHAT DID THEY DO?
Agriculture, Religion and Commercial Trade
. The elite lived off of the agriculture of the common people, but they probably didn't rule over the agricultural populations.
They carried out religious ceremonies centered in the towns
Commercial trade in luxury and artistic items.
FACTS
Depended on rich plant diversity and fishing
Had craft and social specialization
Not much known about the political structure but thought to be based on kinship
The authority of the rulers and their kin groups is suggested by a series of colossal carved stone heads
FINDINGS:
FACTS
Devised a crude writing system.
Put up elaborate ceremonial centers.
Famous for the basalt heads- multi ton carvings of ruler’s faces.
carving:
Olmec facts
The Olmec were polytheistic, and most of their deities had dual (male/female) natures
Had shamans that provided practical advice about the periodic rains essential to agricultural life
Produced a calendar that was used to organize ritual life and agriculture.
Also played a game similar to soccer, played on a special court by teams in protective gear.
Olmec Decline
Each major Olmec center was eventually abandoned, its monuments defaced and buried and its buildings destroyed. Archaeologists can only infer what happened.
1. evidence of internal upheavals
2. military defeat
3. rituals associated with death of ruler
End of Olmec?
Around 300 BC, the Olmec vanished for reasons that vanished with them.
We do know, however, that much of their culture and social structure was absorbed by other peoples.
The Olmecs, as far as we can tell, are the first chain in the development of Mesoamerican culture.
Evidence from Pottery
He found through chemical analysis of the clays and potsherds that while other ancient settlements made pottery with symbols and designs in the "Olmec style," only the early Olmec themselves -- at San Lorenzo near Mexico's Gulf Coast -- exported their pottery.
This suggests that Olmec was “mother culture”.
http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A32926-2005Feb17.html
Pottery at Etlatongo
Pottery is made from Clay found at San Lorenzo. Excavated by Jeffrey Blomster and colleagues.
www.archaeology.org/online/features/olmec/
Art Jade
carved with techniques such as drilling, string-sawing, and incising
blue-green color until recently, more were known from
Guerrero than heartland Stingray spines
real and jade "icepicks" or perforators
Clamshells
Ceramic babies
Art Con’d Mirrors
made of polished iron ore (magnetite, ilmenite, hematite)
Sculpture colossal heads thrones ("altars")
figures seated in cave mouths theme of royal descent (ruler with infant God
IV) forerunner of ceremonial bar? theme of conquest (ruler grasping a rope with
captive)
Jade
Jade Axe Were-Jaguar Olmec Figure
http://isis.csuhayward.edu/dbsw/anthropology/miller/3250/03olmec/aolmec2.html#PHOTO%20GALLERY:
Ceramic
Duck Figure Human Figure
http://isis.csuhayward.edu/dbsw/anthropology/miller/3250/03olmec/aolmec2.html#PHOTO%20GALLERY:
Thrones/Altars
Altar #4 La Venta
Monument #19 La Venta
Altar #5 La Venta
http://isis.csuhayward.edu/dbsw/anthropology/miller/3250/03olmec/aolmec2.html#PHOTO%20GALLERY:
Colossal Heads
Colossal Head #10 Basalt San Lorenzo
http://isis.csuhayward.edu/dbsw/anthropology/miller/3250/03olmec/aolmec2.html#PHOTO%20GALLERY:
“Mutilation”
Colossal Head #2 San Lorenzo
Colossal Head #5 San Lorenzo
http://isis.csuhayward.edu/dbsw/anthropology/miller/3250/03olmec/aolmec2.html#PHOTO%20GALLERY:
Calendar The epi-Olmec - from 31B.C. - the
peoples who subsequently inhabited the same lands and were probably descended at least in part from the Olmec, seem to have been the earliest users of the bar and dot system of recording time.
The low relief on this stone shows the detail from a four-digit numerical recording, read as 15.6.16.18. The vigesimal (or base-20) counting system has been used across Mesoamerica.
A value of 5 is represented by a bar, and a value of 1 is represented by a dot, such that the three bars and single dot here stands for 16. The Maya would later adopt this counting system for their Long Count calendar. The date in this relief is the oldest recorded date in Mesoamerica, corresponding to a day in the year 31 B.C.
Detail of Long Count DateDetail of Long Count Datehttp://www.crystalinks.com/olmec.htmlhttp://www.crystalinks.com/olmec.html
San Lorenzo, Veracruz
Oldest Olmec site
Occupied by 1500 B.C. Pottery found from earliest period
Monumental sculptures not until 1250 B.C.
Carved from basalt which was floated on huge rafts from the Tuxtla mountains.
Ended around 900 B.C., and all monoliths intentionally mutilated or buried.
Thought to have been a revolt by the people who moved the stone to San Lorenzo and built the mounds.
San Lorenzo Sculpture
Monument 52
San Lorenzo
Figure #34 Basalt San Lorenzo
Located in the eastern part of the state of Morelos, three peaks rise from the nearly flat valley floor. These isolated, igneous intrusions rise over 300 m above the valley floor, and must have been considered sacred in ancient times, as they were by the Aztecs and even by the modern villagers. This place is called Chalcatzingo, a Nahuatl name that means "the revered or appreciated place of the Chalcas".
http://instructional1.calstatela.edu/bevans/Art446-01-Olmec/WebPage-Full.00021.html
Monument 9 was found by looters, apparently atop the "Plaza Central" structure 4. This sculpture repeats the earth-monster motif of "El Rey" and "The Governor", here manifested with a full-faced cruciform-shaped mouth. From the clefts on the exterior of the mouth, bromeliad-like plants again grow.
http://instructional1.calstatela.edu/bevans/Art446-01-Olmec/WebPage-Full.00021.html
The most striking carving in Chalcatzingo is known locally as "El Rey," a representation of an enthroned ruler, although it is not clear if it is male or female. "El Rey" seated within the Earth-monster's mouth has been identified as a rain deity or the God of the Mountain. The whole sequence of the reliefs may represent the collaboration of the clan groups, each one related to natural elements, in their petitions through prayers and ritual to bring the rain clouds from to the mountain of Chalcatzingo, in a ceremony associated with fertility.
http://instructional1.calstatela.edu/bevans/Art446-01-Olmec/WebPage-Full.00021.html
The relief shows a realistic squash plant that has its vines, leaves, and young fruits. About 61 cms. from this plant there is a small rectangular cavity cut out of the bedrock. It was intended for collecting rain or receiving dedicatory water. The placement of water at the foot of the squash plants implies that imitative magic was the reason the cavity is close to the carving.
http://instructional1.calstatela.edu/bevans/Art446-01-Olmec/WebPage-Full.00021.html
Monument 31: Jaguar as symbol of power and
fertility
http://instructional1.calstatela.edu/bevans/Art446-01-Olmec/WebPage-Full.00021.html
La Venta. c.1000 BC
•Although modern La Venta is an "island" of high ground surrounded by marshes, the Olmec capital occupied a ridge overlooking the then active Rio Palma River.
•During the 400 or 500 year occupation of the site, both monumental architecture and earthworks of colored clays and imported stones were completed.
http://instructional1.calstatela.edu/bevans/Art446-01-Olmec/WebPage-Full.00021.html
Jade mosaic mask representing a stylized jaguar. c. 1000 BC
http://instructional1.calstatela.edu/bevans/Art446-01-Olmec/WebPage-Full.00021.html
Basalt tomb. c.1000 BC
This tomb constructed with giant basalt columns in the form of a subterranean "log house" contained the red-pigment-impregnated remains of two infants accompanied by a rich offering of jade figurines and jewelry. The basalt columns are carved in a way that simulates wooden posts.
http://instructional1.calstatela.edu/bevans/Art446-01-Olmec/WebPage-Full.00021.html