DEMOCRITOS Final Conference – Genoa - September 23 rd , 2011 1 1 Gianfranco Burzio Centro Ricerche FIAT The OEM perspective on sustainable mobility measures
Feb 24, 2016
DEMOCRITOS Final Conference – Genoa - September 23rd, 2011 11
Gianfranco BurzioCentro Ricerche FIAT
The OEM perspective on sustainable mobility measures
DEMOCRITOS Final Conference – Genoa - September 23rd, 2011 2
More than one hundred years of mobility
0,1
1,0
10,0
100,0
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Pric
e / G
DP
per c
apita
Elitism
Accessibility
Sustainability
All Fiat Brand cars
Source: ISTAT
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… determined in the past by cost reduction needs, has been progressively shifting towards :
•Performance increase•Comfort and Ergonomy improvement•Safety improvement•Fuel economy•Emissions reduction
The last three items are still today top priorities, and will be the drivers of future technological evolutions in the perspective of
A SUSTAINABLE INDIVIDUAL MOBILITY
The driver to technological innovation…
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The greenhouse problem
The atmosphere as a bathtub:current inputs and outputs of carbon
4/5 is from fossil fuel burning.Nearly all the rest is from deforestation and other changes in land use
DEMOCRITOS Final Conference – Genoa - September 23rd, 2011 5
world average CO2 emission of a car : 1 tonC/yearworld number of circulating cars: 820 millionsglobal CO2 emissions from cars: 820 million tC/year
Today circulating car park has an impact on total CO2
emissions of:
820 / 7000 = 11.7%
and on CO2 increase of:
820 / 4000 = 20.5%
World Wide road transportation today
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World average carbon emissions of one car: 1 tonC/year
Number of cars expected by 2050 : 2 billions
Overall expected emissions by cars in 2050: 2 GtC/year
Effort needed in the next 40 years just to keep road transportation CO2 emissions constant:
Total park of light-duty vehicles by regionSource: WBCSD, 2004a.
The goal of road transportation
Halving the fuel consumption of fossil
fuels
- 16 % W.W.every 10 years
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What have we to do?
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The solutions must be “Sustainable”
“Sustainable development”: a development that meets the needs of the present without compromising
the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
(World Commission on Environment and Development, 1987)
Social
Environment Economic
EquitableBearable
Viable
Sustainable
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The 'integrated approach' of the CO2 legislation
The CO2 legislation sets a binding target for new cars of 120g/km by 2012. Nevertheless, legislation do not ask automobile manufacturers to bear the full responsibility for this reduction, proposing instead an 'integrated approach' where average emissions are to be brought down to just 130g/km through vehicle-technology improvements. The remaining cuts (10g/km) have to be achieved by complementary measures, such as the further use of Biofuels (5 g/km) Tyre Pressure Monitoring Systems Maximum Tyre Rolling Resistance Limit (for aftermarket) High efficiency Air Conditioning Gear Shift Indicator
Phase in: 2012: 65% of new cars will have to comply 2013: 75% have to comply 2014: 80% 2015: 100%
From 160 g/km in 2006 to 130 g/km in 2015 the rate of decrease is -20.6% in 10 years on new cars
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The benefit of European CO2 legislation
Carbon emissions by the European car park (261 million cars) amount to 150 MMTc/year.Carbon emissions by the 15 millions of yearly new European cars presently amount to 8.6 MMTc/yearThe 20.6% reduction of carbon emissions from new cars entailed by the European legislation, corresponds to 1.8 MMTc/yearThe benefit due to European legislation will imply a mere 1.2% reduction of carbon emissions coming from private mobility.On a global basis, the benefit of this same legislation against total carbon emissions of anthropogenic origin (~7000 MMTc) will be 0.023%
The move is in the right direction, but it is not enough !
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What have we to do?
Reduce the energy needed by the vehicle during operation
Increase the efficiency of the internal combustion engine
Adapt the engine to fuels with low fossil carbon content
Shift to new powertrains fed by new energy vectors that enable the use of non fossil energy
sources
Short term
Medium term
Long term
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What have we to do?
Short term
Medium term
Long term
Reduce the energy needed by the vehicle during operation
Increase the efficiency of the internal combustion engine
Adapt the engine to fuels with low fossil carbon content
Shift to new powertrains fed by new energy vectors that enable the use of non fossil energy
sources
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The short term approach
Data referring to Fiat Punto EVO 1.4 on NEDC Cycle
Heat at tailpipe42%
Heat at water38%
Aerodynamics35%
KineticEnergy
35%
RollingResistance
30%
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Weight and fuel consumption
If Punto EVO would make a diet …
100
105
110
115
120
125
130
135
140
145
150
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
Peso vettura [kg]
Emis
sion
i CO
2 [g
/km
]
-3,47 g/km CO2 per 100 kg di riduzione peso
Individual mobility in Europe accounts for 2700 billion km/yearA weight reduction of 100 kg on all European cars would imply a CO2 saving of 10.8 Megatons per year
-3.5 g/km CO2 every 100kg saved
Car weight [kg]
CO2 e
miss
ions
[g/k
m]
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MULTIAIR technology
Engine turbocharging
Exhaust
Coolant
Heat exchanger
By-pass valve
Engine Warm up
Automatic clutch opening Engine offAccelerator pedal released
Automatic clutch closingEngine onAccelerator pedal pressed
3
Extended Start&Stop
Priority technologies
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What have we to do?
Short term
Medium term
Long term
Reduce the energy needed by the vehicle during operation
Increase the efficiency of the internal combustion engine
Adapt the engine to fuels with low fossil carbon content
Shift to new powertrains fed by new energy vectors that enable the use of non fossil energy
sources
DEMOCRITOS Final Conference – Genoa - September 23rd, 2011 17
FUELCO2 thermal
emission factor [g/kWht]
Engine efficiency on NEDC Cycle (*)
CO2 mechanical emission factor
[g/kWhm ]
Gasoline 242 19% 1274 reference
Diesel 249 24% 1038 -19%
LPG 215 19% 1132 -11%
CNG 181 19% 953 -25%
Fuels with low carbon content (CNG, LPG)
DEMOCRITOS Final Conference – Genoa - September 23rd, 2011 18
What have we to do?
Short term
Medium term
Long term
Reduce the energy needed by the vehicle during operation
Increase the efficiency of the internal combustion engine
Adapt the engine to fuels with low fossil carbon content
Shift to new powertrains fed by new energy vectors that enable the use of non fossil energy
sources
DEMOCRITOS Final Conference – Genoa - September 23rd, 2011 19
Towards alternate resources
FOSSILFUELS
BIOFUELS SYNTHETICFUELS ELECTRICITY
RENEWABLES NUCLEAR
( No Hydrogen ! )
sources
carriers
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The “Integrated Approach” as the only way to sustainability
Reducing Road TransportCO2 Emissions
ConsumerInformationlabeling
Publicprocurement
Infrastructure and traffic
managementEco-driving and driver behaviour
Fuels and
energy
Motor vehicles
Taxation and fiscal
measures
Consumer & Real World
Driving
Fleet renewal
Conventional stand-alone
approach
Integratedapproach
DEMOCRITOS Final Conference – Genoa - September 23rd, 2011 21
Reducing Road TransportCO2 Emissions
ConsumerInformationlabeling
Publicprocurement
Infrastructure and traffic
management
Eco-driving
and driver
behaviour
Fuels and
energy
Motor vehicles
Taxation and fiscal measures
Consumer & Real
World Drivin
g
Fleet renewal
Traffic management
Traffic Mng
Routing
Pre Trip Real Time
Control
Traffic Flow
Vehicle Speed
Demand Mng
Pay Per Use
Access
Mobility Credits
Parking
Road pricing
Land Planning
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Pay per use
CO2 emission
• Km travelled• Vehicle fuel consumption• Behaviour
Congestion
• Km travelled• Vehicle dimension• Time of day
Space
• Vehicle dimension• Time
Emissions (Noise, pollution)
• Km travelled• Vehicle Emissions
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• Transport modes do not compete with each other; in general modes are complementary, mobility credits have to be consumed also using public transport.
• Accessibility (or availability) of different transport means has to be considered.
• Mobility credits consuming/road pricing has to be fair and scientifically measurable avoiding any negative side effects.
• Charging has to be technology neutral.
• Electric (or hybrids in electric mode) vehicles have also to be charged (CO2 emission for electric power production, space occupancy, congestion impacts).
• Real time emissions measurements has to be, in medium term, the main criteria to follow.
• Mobility credits could be more effective to push people to adopt more sustainable behaviour (use smaller/low emission vehicles, adopt different transport modes, etc.) since they will produce not only a cost saving but also an economic resource.
OEMs suggestions
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Gianfranco BurzioCentro Ricerche FIATEmail [email protected]
The OEM perspective on sustainable mobility measures